Child Abuse and Neglect: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact and Management

Front Cover
Child Abuse and Neglect: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and Management
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Part 1: Types of Child Abuse
	Chapter 1: Child Abuse: Types and Emergent Issues
		1  Introduction
		2  Emotional Abuse
		3  Foetal Abuse
			3.1  Intimate Partner Violence
			3.2  Maternal Substance Abuse
		4  Neglect
		5  Physical Abuse
		6  Sexual Abuse
		7  Conclusion
		Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 2: Intimate Partner Violence as a Form of Child Abuse
		1  Introduction
		2  Definition and Terminology
		3  Understanding IPV
		4  Children’s Rights
		5  Research With Children Living With IPV
		6  Data and Research Challenges
		7  IPV and Other Violence in Children’s Lives
		8  Trauma Theory
		9  Role of Developmental Stage
		10  Differentiating Children’s Experiences by Age and Developmental Stage
		11  Children’s Experiences and Responses
		12  Nonabusive Caregiver and Their Relationship With the Child
		13  Postseparation Violence and Fathering
		14  Children’s Voices
		15  Conclusion
		Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 3: Keeping Our Eye on Sex, Power, Relationships, and Institutional Contexts in Preventing Institutional Child Sexu ...
		1  Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Abuse in Institutions
			1.1  The Nature and Extent of Institutional Child Sexual Abuse
		2  Organisational, Contextual, Individual Risk Factors: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach
		3  Institutional Child Sexual Abuse: Similarities and Differences to Other Abuse Contexts and Types
			3.1  Home and Away: Are the Risks for Child Sexual Abuse Dependent on Location/Context?
		4  Creating Cultures that Foster Positive Attitudes Towards Sex, Sexuality and Healthy Relationships
			4.1  The Influence of Organisational Cultures
			4.2  Attitudes and Behaviours Regarding Sex and Sexuality That may Compromise Children’s Safety
			4.3  Hypersexualized and Macho Cultures
			4.4  Organisational Cultures and Responses to Abuse
			4.5  Promoting Child-Safe Cultures
		5  Conclusions
		Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 4: Online Child Sexual Abuse
		1  Introduction
			1.1  Online Risks: The Broad Picture
		2  Understanding and Defining Online Grooming
		3  Understanding the Types of Online Offenders
		4  Policy and Legislation Context in Dealing With Online Child Sexual Abuse
		5  Child Sexual Abuse Images on the Internet
		6  Classification of the Severity of the Image
		7  Addressing the Problem of Child Abuse Images in the United Kingdom and in Europe
		8  Conclusion
		Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 5: Understanding Violent Extremism and Child Abuse: A Psychological Analysis
		1  World Health Organisation’s Classification of Child Abuse
			1.1  Physical Abuse
			1.2  Emotional Abuse
			1.3  Neglect and Negligent Treatment
			1.4  Sexual Abuse
			1.5  Exploitation
		2  Case Study Analysis of Violent Extremism and Child Abuse
			2.1  Syria: The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
			2.2  Sri Lanka: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam [LTTE]
		3  Implications for Academics and Practitioners
		4  Chapter Review Questions
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 6: Child Trafficking: Characteristics, Complexities, and Challenges
		1  Introduction
		2  Definitions, Laws, and Policies
		3  Different Dimensions to Child Trafficking
		4  The State of the Evidence-Base on Human Trafficking
		5  Child Trafficking: The International Picture
		6  A National Overview of Child Trafficking: The UK as a Case Study
			6.1  International Trafficking for Cannabis Cultivation
			6.2  Internal Trafficking for Child Sexual Exploitation
			6.3  Internal Trafficking for ‘County Lines’ Activity
			6.4  International Trafficking for Domestic Servitude
		7  Conclusions and Implications
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 7: Gender Comparisons of Offenders: Males and Females Who Sexually Offend Against Children
		1  Introduction
		2  Scope of Issue
		3  Characteristics Across Male- and Female-Perpetrated Sexual Abuse
		4  Typologies/Pathways to Offending
		5  Impact of Sexual Abuse on Victims
		6  Barriers to Disclosure
		7  Public and Professional Perceptions Across Male and Female Perpetrators
		8  Conclusion
		9  Chapter Review Questions
		References
Part 2: Impact and Outcomes of Child Abuse
	Chapter 8: Forensic Victimology Assessments in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases
		1  Introduction
		2  Victim Precipitation
		3  Victimology in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases
			3.1  Positive and Negative Documentation
			3.2  Administrative Inclusions
			3.3  Demographics
			3.4  Medical History
			3.5  Psychological History
			3.6  Justice System History
			3.7  Drugs and Alcohol History
			3.8  Relationship History
			3.9  Residential History
			3.10  Employment History
			3.11  Financial History
			3.12  Technological History
			3.13  Media History
			3.14  Past Victimisation
			3.15  Wounds
			3.16  Risk Assessment
		4  Determine Patterns, Themes, and Associations
		5  Conclusion
		Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 9: Cumulative Harm: Chronicity, Revictimisation, and Developmental Victimology
		1  Introduction
		2  Cumulative Harm
			2.1  The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study
			2.2  Cumulative Harm: Theoretical Perspectives
			2.3  Chronic Child Maltreatment
			2.4  Cumulative Harm: Multitype Maltreatment, Polyvictimisation and Revictimisation
		3  Impact of Cumulative Harm
			3.1  Developmental Victimology
			3.2  Impact of Cumulative Harm on the Developing Child
			3.3  Later Life Implications of Cumulative Harm
			3.4  Cumulative Harm and Complex Trauma
			3.5  Cumulative Harm and Resilience
		4  Prevention and Intervention
		5  Conclusion
		6  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 10: The Pathological Consequences of Exposure to Domestic and Family Violence in Childhood
		1  Introduction
		2  An Overview of the Impact of Childhood Maltreatment Through DFV
		3  Characteristics of Normal Brain Development
		4  Characteristics of Maltreatment-Induced Neurodevelopmental Impairment
			4.1  Maltreatment and Gene Expression
			4.2  Neuropsychological Impacts
				4.2.1  Executive function
				4.2.2  Memory
				4.2.3  Affective function
			4.3  Neurobiological Impacts
				4.3.1  Corporal punishment
				4.3.2  Verbally aggressive parenting
			4.4  Increased Risk of Psychiatric Disorder
			4.5  Increased Risk of Drug Addiction
			4.6  Increased Suicide Risk
			4.7  Increased Risk of Somatic Illness
			4.8  Increased Risk of Early Mortality
			4.9  Additional Risks From Childhood Maltreatment
		5  Summary and Conclusion
		6  Chapter Summary
		7  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 11: Physical Punishment and Offending in Two Successive Generations of Males
		1  Introduction
			1.1  Child Physical Abuse and Offending
			1.2  Aims of This Chapter
		2  Method
			2.1  The CSDD
			2.2  Interviews
			2.3  Criminal Record Searches of the G2 Males
			2.4  Criminal Record Searches of the G3 Children
			2.5  Measures of Physical Punishment
			2.6  G1 Risk Factors at Age 8–10
			2.7  G2 Risk Factors
		3  Results
			3.1  Physical Punishment and Convictions
			3.2  Physical Punishment Versus Convictions
			3.3  Family Risk Factors Versus Physical Punishment and Violence
		4  Conclusions
		5  Chapter Revision Questions
		References
	Chapter 12: Physical ‘Discipline’, Child Abuse, and Children’s Rights
		1  Introduction
		2  Background
		3  International Law and the Human Rights Context Within Which Children’s Physical Discipline Continues to Be Tolerated
		4  Physical ‘Discipline’—A Human Rights Violation and a Disquieting Public Health Concern
		5  Corporal Punishment From the Child’s Perspective
		6  Some Obstacles and Pathways to Recognition of Children’s Rights and to Legislative Reform
			6.1  Distinguishing Corporal Punishment of Children From Child Abuse
			6.2  Language and Tradition
			6.3  Recognition of Parents and Their Important Role in Society
			6.4  The Importance of Parenting Programs and Supports, and Universal Education
		7  Conclusion
		8  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 13: Understanding the Nature and Dimensions of Child Sexual Abuse to Inform Its Prevention
		1  The Public Health Prevention Model
			1.1  Levels of Prevention
			1.2  Targets for Prevention
				1.2.1  Individual factors
				1.2.2  Ecological factors
				1.2.3  Situational factors
		2  Preventing and Responding to the Problem
			2.1  Primary Prevention
			2.2  Secondary Prevention
			2.3  Tertiary Prevention
		3  Conclusion
		4  Chapter Review Questions
		References
Part 3: Management: Responding to Child Abuse
	Chapter 14: False Reports in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases
		1  Introduction
		2  What Is a False Report?
		3  How Common Are False Reports?
		4  Motivations for False Reports
			4.1  Child Custody
			4.2  Mental Disorder
			4.3  Revenge
			4.4  Mistaken Belief
			4.5  Material Gain
			4.6  Malingering
			4.7  Concealment of Activities
		5  Effects of False Reports
			5.1  Who Makes the Report
			5.2  Who the Report Is Made Against
			5.3  Specific Acts Alleged in the Report
			5.4  Circumstances of the Allegation
		6  Assessing False Reports
			6.1  Examination of the Evidence
			6.2  Victimology
			6.3  Involvement of Others
			6.4  Behavioural Considerations
			6.5  The Origin of the Original Disclosure
			6.6  The Timing of the Allegation
			6.7  The Age of the Child
			6.8  Behaviour of the Accusing Parent
			6.9  Nature of the Allegations
			6.10  Characteristics of the Child’s Statement
			6.11  Personality Characteristics of the Parties Involved
			6.12  Behaviour of the Professionals Involved
		7  Conclusion
		8  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 15: Mandatory Reporting: Managing Disclosure and Information Gathering
		1  Mandatory Reporting
			1.1  Defining Harm or Abuse
			1.2  Reasonable Suspicion or Reasonable Belief
			1.3  Decision Making and Reporting Harm
		2  Information Gathering and Managing Disclosures
			2.1  Why Do We Need to Speak to Children Disclosing Child Abuse?
			2.2  Having Conversations With Children Who Disclose Abuse
				2.2.1  Listening
				2.2.2  Ask open questions
		3  Maintaining the ‘Chain of Disclosure’
		4  Conclusion
		5  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 16: Virtue Ethics and Good Professional Judgement in Child Protection
		1  Introduction
		2  Aristotle and Virtue Ethics
			2.1  Virtue Ethics and Child Protection Work
			2.2  Practical Wisdom
		3  Good Professional Judgement
			3.1  The Goal of Practice
			3.2  Analytical Reasoning
			3.3  Intuition
			3.4  The Importance of Experience
			3.5  Reflective Practice
			3.6  Use of Emotion
			3.7  The ‘Golden Mean’
		4  Hindering and Encouraging the Development of Good Professional Judgement
			4.1  Ignoring the Central Role of Emotion Can Erode the Development of Professional Judgement
			4.2  Key Performance Indicators Can Reshape the Goal of Practice by Encouraging Practitioners to Prioritise Elements Th ...
		5  The Way Forward
		6  Conclusion
		7  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 17: Decision-Making Guidelines for the Child Protection Intake Phase
		1  Introduction
		2  The Australian Context
			2.1  Child Protection Intake Programs
		3  The Child Protection Intake Phase: Guidelines to Inform Practice
			3.1  Information Gathering
				3.1.1  The five “W” questions
				3.1.2  Follow up telephone calls
				3.1.3  Incorporating the views of other professionals and appropriate experts
			3.2  Focusing on Risk
				3.2.1  Severity of harm to the child
				3.2.2  The likelihood of harm to the child
				3.2.3  The particularities of the context
			3.3  Might the Allegations Be True?
			3.4  Is There Safety?
				3.4.1  The access the perpetrator has to the child
				3.4.2  Whether there is parental cooperation with support services and intention and capacity to change
		4  Conclusion
		5  Chapter Review Questions
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 18: Eight Core Principles of Neurobiologically Informed Interventions for Trauma From Childhood Maltreatment
		1  Introduction
		2  Eight Core Principles of Neurodevelopment and Neurorehabilitation
			2.1  Principle 1: Social Affiliation, Attachment, and Empathy Are Essential for Healthy Neurodevelopment
			2.2  Principle 2: Sequential Brain Development
			2.3  Principle 3: Use-Dependent Neurodevelopment
			2.4  Principle 4: Neuroplasticity
			2.5  Principle 5: Neuroarchitecture Mirrors Neuroarchaeology
			2.6  Principle 6: Intervention Sequence Must Mirror Neurodevelopmental Sequence
			2.7  Principle 7: Formal Intervention Not Always the Best Policy
			2.8  Principle 8: Prevention Is Better Than a Cure
				2.8.1  Reducing the risk of DFV occurring
				2.8.2  Prevention through teaching competency and resilience
					2.8.2.1  Predictability and flexibility
					2.8.2.2  Outlet for managing and resolving stressors
					2.8.2.3  Social affiliation
		3  Summary and Conclusion
		4  Chapter Summary
		5  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 19: Understanding Childhood Maltreatment and Subsequent Revictimisation: A Singapore Perspective
		1  Introduction
		2  Managing Childhood Maltreatment in Singapore
		3  Prevalence of Maltreatment in Singapore
		4  Predictors of Maltreatment and Revictimisation
			4.1  Child Case Characteristics
			4.2  Household Environment and Parental Background
			4.3  Cumulative Risk
		5  Impact of Childhood Maltreatment
			5.1  Maltreatment History
			5.2  Multiple Maltreatment
			5.3  Subtypes of Maltreatment
			5.4  Age of Onset
		6  Responding to Child Maltreatment in Singapore
			6.1  Decision-Making Tools
			6.2  Interventions
			6.3  Engaging the Community
			6.4  Prevention Efforts
		7  Conclusion
		8  Chapter Review Questions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 20:Understanding Child Maltreatment Across Ethnic Minority Communities in Australia: Physical Abuse, Neglect, Witn ...
		1  Introduction
		2  Child Protection and Cultural Diversity
		3  Child Maltreatment Across Diverse Cultures
		4  Cross-Cultural Child Protection Assessment Framework
		5  Culturally Sensitive Practice
		6  Child Protection Ethnic Case Studies
		7  Physical Abuse
		8  Witnessing Domestic and Family Violence
		9  Child Sexual Abuse
		10  Royal Commission Into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
		11  Forced Child Marriage
		12  Child Sexual Trafficking
		13  Conclusion
		14  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 21: Child Abuse and Neglect and the Judicial System: The Limits of Legal Enterprise
		1  Child Protection and the Legal Process
		2  Child Protection Legislation
		3  Child Protection in the Australian Context
		4  Legal Responses to Child Protection Systems
		5  A Problem-Solving Approach
		6  Chapter Review Questions
		References
	Chapter 22: Public (Mis)perceptions of Individuals Who Sexually Abuse Children and the Implications Thereof
		1  Public Perceptions of Those Who Commit Child Sex Crimes
		2  Moral Panic, Punitive Legislation, and Crime Control Theatre
		3  Terminology and Prevention
		4  Chapter Review Questions
		References
Index
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