Chemistry.

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Contents in Brief
Contents
List of Applications
List of Videos
Preface
Acknowledgments
A Note to the Student
Chemistry: The Study of Change
	1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century
	1.2 The Study of Chemistry
	1.3 The Scientific Method
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Search for the Higgs Boson
	1.4 Classifications of Matter
	1.5 The Three States of Matter
	1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
	1.7 Measurement
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Importance of Units
	1.8 Handling Numbers
	1.9 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems
	1.10 Real-World Problem Solving: Information, Assumptions, and Simplifications
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Disappearance of the Dinosaurs
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
	2.1 The Atomic Theory
	2.2 The Structure of the Atom
	2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
	2.4 The Periodic Table
		CHEMISTRY in Action Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems
	2.5 Molecules and Ions
	2.6 Chemical Formulas
	2.7 Naming Compounds
	2.8 Introduction to Organic Compounds
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
	3.1 Atomic Mass
	3.2 Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass of an Element
	3.3 Molecular Mass
	3.4 The Mass Spectrometer
	3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
	3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas
	3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
	3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products
	3.9 Limiting Reagents
	3.10 Reaction Yield
	CHEMISTRY in Action Chemical Fertilizers
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
	4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
	4.2 Precipitation Reactions
		CHEMISTRY in Action An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction
	4.3 Acid-Base Reactions
	4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
		CHEMISTRY in Action Breathalyzer
	4.5 Concentration of Solutions
	4.6 Gravimetric Analysis
	4.7 Acid-Base Titrations
	4.8 Redox Titrations
		CHEMISTRY in Action Metal from the Sea
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY Who Killed Napoleon?
Gases
	5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases
	5.2 Pressure of a Gas
	5.3 The Gas Laws
	5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation
	5.5 Gas Stoichiometry
	5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
		CHEMISTRY in Action Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
	5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
		CHEMISTRY in Action Super Cold Atoms
	5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY Out of Oxygen
Thermochemistry
	6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy
	6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
	6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics
		CHEMISTRY in Action Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire
	6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
	6.5 Calorimetry
		CHEMISTRY in Action White Fat Cells, Brown Fat Cells, and a Potential Cure for Obesity
	6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction
		CHEMISTRY in Action How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself
	6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Exploding Tire
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
	7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory
	7.2 The Photoelectric Effect
	7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
	7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron
		CHEMISTRY in Action Laser—The Splendid Light
		CHEMISTRY in Action Electron Microscopy
	7.5 Quantum Mechanics
	7.6 Quantum Numbers
	7.7 Atomic Orbitals
	7.8 Electron Configuration
	7.9 The Building-Up Principle
		CHEMISTRY in Action Quantum Dots
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY Discovery of Helium and the Rise and Fall of Coronium
Periodic Relationships Among the Elements
	8.1 Development of the Periodic Table
	8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements
	8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties
	8.4 Ionization Energy
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Third Liquid Element?
	8.5 Electron Affinity
	8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
		CHEMISTRY in Action Discovery of the Noble Gases
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
	9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols
	9.2 The Ionic Bond
	9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds
		CHEMISTRY in Action Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound
	9.4 The Covalent Bond
	9.5 Electronegativity
	9.6 Writing Lewis Structures
	9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure
	9.8 The Concept of Resonance
	9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
		CHEMISTRY in Action Just Say NO
	9.10 Bond Enthalpy
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equation
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
	10.1 Molecular Geometry
	10.2 Dipole Moments
		CHEMISTRY in Action Microwave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work
	10.3 Valance Bond Theory
	10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
	10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds
	10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory
	10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations
	10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals
		CHEMISTRY in Action Buckyball, Anyone?
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
	11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids
	11.2 Intermolecular Forces
	11.3 Properties of Liquids
		CHEMISTRY in Action A Very Slow Pitch
		CHEMISTRY in Action Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down?
	11.4 Crystal Structure
	11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals
	11.6 Types of Crystals
		CHEMISTRY in Action High-Temperature Superconductors
		CHEMISTRY in Action And All for the Want of a Button
	11.7 Amorphous Solids
	11.8 Phase Changes
	11.9 Phase Diagrams
		CHEMISTRY in Action Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers, and Ice Skating
		CHEMISTRY in Action Liquid Crystals
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Physical Properties of Solutions
	12.1 Types of Solutions
	12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process
	12.3 Concentration Units
	12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
	12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Killer Lake
	12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
	12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
		CHEMISTRY in Action Dialysis
	12.8 Colloids
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Wrong Knife
Chemical Kinetics
	13.1 The Rate of a Reaction
	13.2 The Rate Law
	13.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time
		CHEMISTRY in Action Radiocarbon Dating
	13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants
	13.5 Reaction Mechanisms
	13.6 Catalysis
		CHEMISTRY in Action Pharmacokinetics
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Chemical Equilibrium
	14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant
	14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions
	14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
	14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?
	14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium
		CHEMISTRY in Action Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Haber Process
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Acids and Bases
	15.1 Brønsted Acids and Bases
	15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water
	15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity
		CHEMISTRY in Action Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach
	15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases
	15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants
	15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
	15.7 The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
	15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
	15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids
	15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
	15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides
	15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY Decaying Papers
Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
	16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria
	16.2 The Common Ion Effect
	16.3 Buffer Solutions
	16.4 Acid-Base Titrations
		CHEMISTRY in Action Maintaining the pH of Blood
	16.5 Acid-Base Indicators
	16.6 Solubility Equilibria
	16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation
	16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility
	16.9 pH and Solubility
	16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility
		CHEMISTRY in Action How an Eggshell Is Formed
	16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY A Hard-Boiled Snack
Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
	17.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics
	17.2 Spontaneous Processes
	17.3 Entropy
	17.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
	17.5 Gibbs Free Energy
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Efficiency of Heat Engines
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band
	17.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
	17.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Electrochemistry
	18.1 Redox Reactions
	18.2 Galvanic Cells
	18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
	18.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions
	18.5 The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf
	18.6 Batteries and Fuel Cells
		CHEMISTRY in Action Bacteria Power
	18.7 Corrosion
		CHEMISTRY in Action Dental Filling Discomfort
	18.8 Electrolysis
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY Tainted Water
Nuclear Chemistry
	19.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions
	19.2 Nuclear Stability
	19.3 Natural Radioactivity
	19.4 Nuclear Transmutation
	19.5 Nuclear Fission
		CHEMISTRY in Action Nature’s Own Fission Reactor
	19.6 Nuclear Fusion
	19.7 Uses of Isotopes
	19.8 Biological Effects of Radiation
		CHEMISTRY in Action Food Irradiation
		CHEMISTRY in Action Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Art Forgery of the Twentieth Century
Chemistry in the Atmosphere
	20.1 Earth’s Atmosphere
	20.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere
	20.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere
	20.4 Volcanoes
	20.5 The Greenhouse Effect
	20.6 Acid Rain
	20.7 Photochemical Smog
	20.8 Indoor Pollution
	Learning Objectives
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
	21.1 Occurrence of Metals
	21.2 Metallurgical Processes
	21.3 Band Theory of Electrical Conductivity
	21.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties
	21.5 The Alkali Metals
	21.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals
	21.7 Aluminum
		CHEMISTRY in Action Recycling Aluminum
	Learning Objectives
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
	22.1 General Properties of Nonmetals
	22.2 Hydrogen
		CHEMISTRY in Action Metallic Hydrogen
	22.3 Carbon
		CHEMISTRY in Action Synthetic Gas from Coal
	22.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
		CHEMISTRY in Action Ammonium Nitrate—The Explosive Fertilizer
	22.5 Oxygen and Sulfur
	22.6 The Halogens
	Learning Objectives
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Transition Metals Chemistry and Coordination Compounds
	23.1 Properties of the Transition Metals
	23.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper
	23.3 Coordination Compounds
	23.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds
	23.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory
		CHEMISTRY in Action Coordination Compounds in Living Systems
	23.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds
	23.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds
		CHEMISTRY in Action Cisplatin—The Anticancer Drug
	Learning Objectives
	Key Equations
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
Organic Chemistry
	24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds
	24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
		CHEMISTRY in Action Ice That Burns
	24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups
		CHEMISTRY in Action The Petroleum Industry
	Learning Objectives
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Disappearing Fingerprints
Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers
	25.1 Properties of Polymers
	25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers
	25.3 Proteins
		CHEMISTRY in Action Sickle Cell Anemia—A Molecular Disease
	25.4 Nucleic Acids
		CHEMISTRY in Action DNA Fingerprinting
	Learning Objectives
	Summary of Concepts & Facts
	Questions & Problems
	CHEMICAL MYSTERY A Story That Will Curl Your Hair
Appendix 1 Units for the Gas Constant
Appendix 2 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C
Appendix 3 Mathematical Operations
Glossary
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
Index