Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry

Cover
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Features
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
	1.1 What Is Matter?
	1.2 Properties and Changes
	1.3 A Model of Matter
	1.4 Classifying Matter
	1.5 Measurement Units
	1.6 The Metric System
	1.7 Large and Small Numbers
	1.8 Significant Figures
	1.9 Using Units in Calculations
	1.10 Calculating Percentages
	1.11 Density
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules
	2.1 Symbols and Formulas
	2.2 Inside the Atom
	2.3 Isotopes
	2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
	2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights
	2.6 Avogadro's Number: The Mole
	2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 3: Electronic Structure and the Periodic Law
	3.1 The Periodic Law and Table
	3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms
	3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties
	3.4 Electronic Configurations
	3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table
	3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 4: Forces between Particles
	4.1 Noble Gas Configurations
	4.2 Ionic Bonding
	4.3 Ionic Compounds
	4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
	4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds
	4.6 Covalent Bonding
	4.7 Polyatomic Ions
	4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
	4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules
	4.10 More about Naming Compounds
	4.11 Other Interparticle Forces
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 5: Chemical Reactions
	5.1 Chemical Equations
	5.2 Types of Reactions
	5.3 Redox Reactions
	5.4 Decomposition Reactions
	5.5 Combination Reactions
	5.6 Replacement Reactions
	5.7 Ionic Equations
	5.8 Energy and Reactions
	5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations
	5.10 The Limiting Reactant
	5.11 Reaction Yields
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 6: The States of Matter
	6.1 Observed Properties of Matter
	6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
	6.3 The Solid State
	6.4 The Liquid State
	6.5 The Gaseous State
	6.6 The Gas Laws
	6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships
	6.8 The Ideal Gas Law
	6.9 Dalton's Law
	6.10 Graham's Law
	6.11 Changes in State
	6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure
	6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point
	6.14 Sublimation and Melting
	6.15 Energy and the States of Matter
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 7: Solutions and Colloids
	7.1 Physical States of Solutions
	7.2 Solubility
	7.3 The Solution Process
	7.4 Solution Concentrations
	7.5 Solution Preparation
	7.6 Solution Stoichiometry
	7.7 Solution Properties
	7.8 Colloids
	7.9 Dialysis
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 8: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
	8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
	8.2 Reaction Rates
	8.3 Molecular Collisions
	8.4 Energy Diagrams
	8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates
	8.6 Chemical Equilibrium
	8.7 The Position of Equilibrium
	8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium Position
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Salts
	9.1 The Arrhenius Theory
	9.2 The Bronsted Theory
	9.3 Naming Acids
	9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water
	9.5 The pH Concept
	9.6 Properties of Acids
	9.7 Properties of Bases
	9.8 Salts
	9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases
	9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases
	9.11 Titration Calculations
	9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts
	9.13 Buffers
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 10: Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes
	10.1 Radioactive Nuclei
	10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions
	10.3 Isotope Half-Life
	10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation
	10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation
	10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes
	10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes
	10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions
	10.9 Nuclear Energy
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 11: Organic Compounds: Alkanes
	11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds
	11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared
	11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism
	11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry
	11.5 Alkane Structures
	11.6 Conformations of Alkanes
	11.7 Alkane Nomenclature
	11.8 Cycloalkanes
	11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes
	11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes
	11.11 Alkane Reactions
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
	12.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes
	12.2 The Geometry of Alkenes
	12.3 Properties of Alkenes
	12.4 Addition Polymers
	12.5 Alkynes
	12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure
	12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
	12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 13: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
	13.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
	13.2 Classification of Alcohols
	13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols
	13.4 Reactions of Alcohols
	13.5 Important Alcohols
	13.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols
	13.7 Ethers
	13.8 Properties of Ethers
	13.9 Thiols
	13.10 Polyfunctional Compounds
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Reactions
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 14: Aldehydes and Ketones
	14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
	14.2 Physical Properties
	14.3 Chemical Properties
	14.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 15: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	15.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
	15.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
	15.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
	15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids
	15.5 Carboxylic Esters
	15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters
	15.7 Reactions of Esters
	15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 16: Amines and Amides
	16.1 Classification of Amines
	16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines
	16.3 Physical Properties of Amines
	16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines
	16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters
	16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines
	16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides
	16.8 Physical Properties of Amides
	16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 17: Carbohydrates
	17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates
	17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates
	17.3 Fischer Projections
	17.4 Monosaccharides
	17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides
	17.6 Important Monosaccharides
	17.7 Disaccharides
	17.8 Polysaccharides
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 18: Lipids
	18.1 Classification of Lipids
	18.2 Fatty Acids
	18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils
	18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils
	18.5 Waxes
	18.6 Phosphoglycerides
	18.7 Sphingolipids
	18.8 Biological Membranes
	18.9 Steroids
	18.10 Steroid Hormones
	18.11 Prostaglandins
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 19: Proteins
	19.1 The Amino Acids
	19.2 Zwitterions
	19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids
	19.4 Important Peptides
	19.5 Characteristics of Proteins
	19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins
	19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins
	19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
	19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
	19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 20: Enzymes
	20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes
	20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification
	20.3 Enzyme Cofactors
	20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action
	20.5 Enzyme Activity
	20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
	20.7 Enzyme Inhibition
	20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity
	20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 21: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
	21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
	21.2 The Structure of DNA
	21.3 DNA Replication
	21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
	21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information
	21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis
	21.7 The Genetic Code
	21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis
	21.9 Mutations
	21.10 Recombinant DNA
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 22: Nutrition and Energy for Life
	22.1 Nutritional Requirements
	22.2 The Macronutrients
	22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins
	22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals
	22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere
	22.6 Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production
	22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier
	22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 23: Carbohydrate Metabolism
	23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates
	23.2 Blood Glucose
	23.3 Glycolysis
	23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate
	23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle
	23.6 The Electron Transport Chain
	23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation
	23.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose
	23.9 Glycogen Metabolism
	23.10 Gluconeogenesis
	23.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
	24.1 Blood Lipids
	24.2 Fat Mobilization
	24.3 Glycerol Metabolism
	24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids
	24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids
	24.6 Ketone Bodies
	24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis
	24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism
	24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms
	24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton
	24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 25: Body Fluids
	25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids
	25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
	25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells
	25.4 The Constituents of Urine
	25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
	25.6 Acid-Base Balance
	25.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH
	25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH
	25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH
	25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis
	Concept Summary
	Key Terms and Concepts
	Key Equations
	Exercises
	Additional Exercises
	Chemistry for Thought
Appendix A: The International System of Measurements
Appendix B: Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises
Appendix C: Solutions to Learning Checks
Glossary
Index