Chemistry : an introduction to general, organic, and biological chemistry

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
Applications and Activities
About the Author
Preface
Chapter 1 Chemistry in Our Lives
	CAREER Forensic Scientist
	CLINICAL UPDATE Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime
	1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
	1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Early Chemist: Paracelsus
	1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry
	1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
	1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Key Math Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 2 Chemistry and Measurements
	CAREER Registered Nurse
	CLINICAL UPDATE Greg’s Visit with His Doctor
	2.1 Units of Measurement
	2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
	2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations
	2.4 Prefixes and Equalities
	2.5 Writing Conversion Factors
	2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion
	2.7 Density
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Bone Density
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Greg’s Visit with His Doctor
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Key Math Skill
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 3 Matter and Energy
	CAREER Dietitian
	CLINICAL UPDATE A Diet and Exercise Program
	3.1 Classification of Matter
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Breathing Mixtures
	3.2 States and Properties of Matter
	3.3 Temperature
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Variation in Body Temperature
	3.4 Energy
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change
	3.5 Energy and Nutrition
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Losing and Gaining Weight
	3.6 Specific Heat
	3.7 Changes of State
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Steam Burns
		CLINICAL UPDATE: A Diet and Exercise Program
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
	COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 1 to 3
Chapter 4 Atoms and Elements
	CAREER Farmer
	CLINICAL UPDATE Improving Crop Production
	4.1 Elements and Symbols
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Toxicity of Mercury
	4.2 The Periodic Table
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Elements Essential to Health
	4.3 The Atom
	4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Many Forms of Carbon
	4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
	4.6 Electron Energy Levels
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Biological Reactions to UV Light
	4.7 Trends in Periodic Properties
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Improving Crop Production
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry
	CAREER Radiation Technologist
	CLINICAL UPDATE Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope
	5.1 Natural Radioactivity
	5.2 Nuclear Reactions
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Radon in Our Homes
	5.3 Radiation Measurement
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Radiation and Food
	5.4 Half‐Life of a Radioisotope
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Dating Ancient Objects
	5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Brachytherapy
	5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Nuclear Power Plants
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
	CAREER Pharmacy Technician
	CLINICAL UPDATE Compounds at the Pharmacy
	6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Ions in the Body
	6.2 Ionic Compounds
	6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
	6.4 Polyatomic Ions
	6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
	6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules
	6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
	6.8 Shapes of Molecules
	6.9 Polarity of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Compounds at the Pharmacy
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
	COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 4 to 6
Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities and Reactions
	CAREER Exercise Physiologist
	CLINICAL UPDATE Improving Natalie’s Overall Fitness
	7.1 The Mole
	7.2 Molar Mass
	7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass
	7.4 Equations for Chemical Reactions
	7.5 Types of Chemical Reactions
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Incomplete Combustion: Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide
	7.6 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
	7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
	7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
	7.9 Energy in Chemical Reactions
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cold Packs and Hot Packs
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Improving Natalie’s Overall Fitness
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 8 Gases
	CAREER Respiratory Therapist
	CLINICAL UPDATE Exercise‐Induced Asthma
	8.1 Properties of Gases
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Measuring Blood Pressure
	8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Pressure-Volume Relationship in Breathing
	8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
	8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
	8.5 The Combined Gas Law
	8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
	8.7 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hyperbaric Chambers
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Exercise-Induced Asthma
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 9 Solutions
	CAREER Dialysis Nurse
	CLINICAL UPDATE Using Dialysis for Renal Failure
	9.1 Solutions
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Water in the Body
	9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Electrolytes in Body Fluids
	9.3 Solubility
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids
	9.4 Solution Concentrations
	9.5 Dilution of Solutions
	9.6 Properties of Solutions
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Using Dialysis for Renal Failure
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
	COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 7 to 9
Chapter 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
	CAREER Clinical Laboratory Technician
	CLINICAL UPDATE Acid Reflux Disease
	10.1 Acids and Bases
	10.2 BrØnsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
	10.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
	10.4 Acid–Base Equilibrium
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Oxygen–Hemoglobin Equilibrium and Hypoxia
	10.5 Dissociation of Water
	10.6 The pH Scale
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Stomach Acid, HCl
	10.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Antacids
	10.8 Buffers
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Buffers in the Blood Plasma
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Acid Reflux Disease
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Key Math Skills
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
	CAREER Firefighter/Emergency Medical Technician
	CLINICAL UPDATE Diane’s Treatment in the Burn Unit
	11.1 Organic Compounds
	11.2 Alkanes
	11.3 Alkanes with Substituents
	11.4 Properties of Alkanes
	11.5 Alkenes and Alkynes
	11.6 Cis–Trans Isomers
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Pheromones in Insect Communication
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cis–Trans Isomers for Night Vision
	11.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats
	11.8 Aromatic Compounds
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Common Aromatic Compounds
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Diane’s Treatment in the Burn Unit
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Summary of Naming
	Summary of Reactions
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
	CAREER Dermatology Nurse
	CLINICAL UPDATE Diana’s Skin Protection Plan
	12.1 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Alcohols and Phenols
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Ethers as Anesthetics
	12.2 Properties of Alcohols
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hand Sanitizers
	12.3 Aldehydes and Ketones
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones
	12.4 Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Diana’s Skin Protection Plan
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Summary of Naming
	Summary of Reactions
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
	COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 10 to 12
Chapter 13 Carbohydrates
	CAREER Diabetes Nurse
	CLINICAL UPDATE Kate’s Program for Type 2 Diabetes
	13.1 Carbohydrates
	13.2 Chiral Molecules
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Enantiomers in Biological Systems
	13.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
	13.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
	13.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Testing for Glucose
	13.6 Disaccharides
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: How Sweet Is My Sweetener?
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Blood Types and Carbohydrates
	13.7 Polysaccharides
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Kate’s Program for Type 2 Diabetes
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Summary of Carbohydrates
	Summary of Reactions
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides
	CAREER Environmental Health Practitioner
	CLINICAL UPDATE Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals
	14.1 Carboxylic Acids
	14.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Carboxylic Acids in Metabolism
	14.3 Esters
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Salicylic Acid from a Willow Tree
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Plastics
	14.4 Hydrolysis of Esters
	14.5 Amines
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Amines in Health and Medicine
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Alkaloids: Amines in Plants
	14.6 Amides
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Amides in Health and Medicine
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Summary of Naming
	Summary of Reactions
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 15 Lipids
	CAREER Clinical Lipid Specialist
	CLINICAL UPDATE Rebecca’s Program to Lower Cholesterol
	15.1 Lipids
	15.2 Fatty Acids
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils
	15.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
	15.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Converting Unsaturated Fats to Saturated Fats: Hydrogenation
	15.5 Phospholipids
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
	15.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Anabolic Steroids
	15.7 Cell Membranes
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Rebecca’s Program to Lower Cholesterol
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Summary of Reactions
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
	COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 13 to 15
Chapter 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
	CAREER Physician Assistant
	CLINICAL UPDATE Jeremy’s Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle‐Cell Anemia
	16.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
	16.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Essential Amino Acids and Complete Proteins
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Polypeptides in the Body
	16.3 Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Protein Secondary Structures and Alzheimer’s Disease
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Sickle‐Cell Anemia
	16.4 Enzymes
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools
	16.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Jeremy’s Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle‐Cell Anemia
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Understanding Protein Structures
	Answers
Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
	CAREER Histology Technician
	CLINICAL UPDATE Ellen’s Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery
	17.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
	17.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
	17.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication
	17.4 RNA and Transcription
	17.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Many Antibiotics Inhibit Protein Synthesis
	17.6 Genetic Mutations
	17.7 Recombinant DNA
	17.8 Viruses
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cancer
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Ellen’s Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production
	CAREER Public Health Nurse (PHN)
	CLINICAL UPDATE Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C
	18.1 Metabolism and ATP Energy
	18.2 Digestion of Foods
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Lactose Intolerance
	18.3 Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
	18.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
	18.5 The Citric Acid Cycle
	18.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: ATP Synthase and Heating the Body
	18.7 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Stored Fat and Obesity
		CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Ketone Bodies and Diabetes
	18.8 Degradation of Amino Acids
		CLINICAL UPDATE: Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C
	Concept Map
	Chapter Review
	Summary of Reactions
	Key Terms
	Core Chemistry Skills
	Understanding the Concepts
	Additional Practice Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Answers
	COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 16 to 18
Credits
Glossary/Index
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