Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation

Content: Preface xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii List of Symbols xix About the Authors xxix 1 Introduction 1 2 PvT Behavior of Pure Components 5 2.1 General Description 5 2.2 Caloric Properties 10 2.3 Ideal Gases 14 2.4 Real Fluids 16 2.4.1 Auxiliary Functions 16 2.4.2 Residual Functions 17 2.4.3 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient 19 2.4.4 Phase Equilibria 22 2.5 Equations of State 25 2.5.1 Virial Equation 26 2.5.2 High-Precision Equations of State 30 2.5.3 Cubic Equations of State 37 2.5.4 Generalized Equations of State and Corresponding-States Principle 42 2.5.5 Advanced Cubic Equations of State 49 Problems 57 References 60 3 Correlation and Estimation of Pure Component Properties 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Characteristic Physical Property Constants 63 3.2.1 Critical Data 64 3.2.2 Acentric Factor 69 3.2.3 Normal Boiling Point 69 3.2.4 Melting Point and Enthalpy of Fusion 72 3.2.5 Standard Enthalpy and Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation 74 3.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties 77 3.3.1 Vapor Pressure 78 3.3.2 Liquid Density 90 3.3.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 94 3.3.4 Ideal Gas Heat Capacity 98 3.3.5 Liquid Heat Capacity 105 3.3.6 Speed of Sound 109 3.4 Correlation and Estimation of Transport Properties 110 3.4.1 Liquid Viscosity 110 3.4.2 Vapor Viscosity 115 3.4.3 Liquid Thermal Conductivity 120 3.4.4 Vapor Thermal Conductivity 125 3.4.5 Surface Tension 128 3.4.6 Diffusion Coefficients 131 Problems 135 References 138 4 Properties of Mixtures 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Property Changes of Mixing 144 4.3 Partial Molar Properties 145 4.4 Gibbs-Duhem Equation 148 4.5 Ideal Mixture of Ideal Gases 150 4.6 Ideal Mixture of Real Fluids 152 4.7 Excess Properties 153 4.8 Fugacity in Mixtures 154 4.8.1 Fugacity of an Ideal Mixture 155 4.8.2 Phase Equilibrium 155 4.9 Activity and Activity Coefficient 156 4.10 Application of Equations of State to Mixtures 157 4.10.1 Virial Equation 158 4.10.2 Cubic Equations of State 159 Problems 169 References 170 5 Phase Equilibria in Fluid Systems 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 185 5.3 Application of Activity Coefficients 192 5.4 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using gE Models 195 5.5 Fitting of gE Model Parameters 212 5.5.1 Check of VLE Data for Thermodynamic Consistency 218 5.5.2 Recommended gE Model Parameters 227 5.6 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State 229 5.6.1 Fitting of Binary Parameters of Cubic Equations of State 235 5.7 Conditions for the Occurrence of Azeotropic Behavior 243 5.8 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 252 5.8.1 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Henry Constants 254 5.8.2 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Equations of State 262 5.8.3 Prediction of Gas Solubilities 263 5.9 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 266 5.9.1 Temperature Dependence of Ternary LLE 277 5.9.2 Pressure Dependence of LLE 279 5.10 Predictive Models 280 5.10.1 Regular Solution Theory 281 5.10.2 Group Contribution Methods 282 5.10.3 UNIFAC Method 284 5.10.3.1 Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) 291 5.10.3.2 Weaknesses of the Group Contribution Methods UNIFAC and Modified UNIFAC 295 5.10.4 Predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong (PSRK) Equation of State 302 5.10.5 VTPR Group Contribution Equation of State 306 Problems 315 References 319 6 Caloric Properties 323 6.1 Caloric Equations of State 323 6.1.1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy 323 6.1.2 Entropy 326 6.1.3 Helmholtz Energy and Gibbs Energy 327 6.2 Enthalpy Description in Process Simulation Programs 329 6.2.1 Route A: Vapor as Starting Phase 330 6.2.2 Route B: Liquid as Starting Phase 334 6.2.3 Route C: Equation of State 335 6.3 Caloric Properties in Chemical Reactions 343 Problems 349 References 350 7 Electrolyte Solutions 351 7.1 Introduction 351 7.2 Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions 355 7.3 Activity Coefficient Models for Electrolyte Solutions 360 7.3.1 Debye-Huckel Limiting Law 360 7.3.2 Bromley Extension 361 7.3.3 Pitzer Model 361 7.3.4 NRTL Electrolyte Model by Chen 364 7.3.5 LIQUAC Model 372 7.3.6 MSA Model 380 7.4 Dissociation Equilibria 381 7.5 Influence of Salts on the Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Behavior 383 7.6 Complex Electrolyte Systems 385 Problems 386 References 386 8 Solid-Liquid Equilibria 389 8.1 Introduction 389 8.2 Thermodynamic Relations for the Calculation of Solid-Liquid Equilibria 392 8.2.1 Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Simple Eutectic Systems 394 8.2.1.1 Freezing Point Depression 401 8.2.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Systems with Solid Solutions 402 8.2.2.1 Ideal Systems 402 8.2.2.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibria for Nonideal Systems 403 8.2.3 Solid-Liquid Equilibria with Intermolecular Compound Formation in the Solid State 406 8.2.4 Pressure Dependence of Solid-Liquid Equilibria 409 8.3 Salt Solubility 409 8.4 Solubility of Solids in Supercritical Fluids 414 Problems 416 References 419 9 Membrane Processes 421 9.1 Osmosis 421 9.2 Pervaporation 424 Problems 425 References 426 10 Polymer Thermodynamics 427 10.1 Introduction 427 10.2 gE Models 433 10.3 Equations of State 444 10.4 Influence of Polydispersity 460 10.5 Influence of Polymer Structure 464 Problems 465 References 467 11 Applications of Thermodynamics in Separation Technology 469 11.1 Introduction 469 11.2 Verification of Model Parameters Prior to Process Simulation 474 11.2.1 Verification of Pure Component Parameters 474 11.2.2 Verification of gE Model Parameters 475 11.3 Investigation of Azeotropic Points in Multicomponent Systems 483 11.4 Residue Curves, Distillation Boundaries, and Distillation Regions 484 11.5 Selection of Entrainers for Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 491 11.6 Selection of Solvents for Other Separation Processes 499 11.7 Selection of Solvent-Based Separation Processes 499 Problems 503 References 504 12 Enthalpy of Reaction and Chemical Equilibria 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Enthalpy of Reaction 506 12.2.1 Temperature Dependence 507 12.2.2 Consideration of the Real Gas Behavior on the Enthalpy of Reaction 509 12.3 Chemical Equilibrium 511 12.4 Multiple Chemical Reaction Equilibria 530 12.4.1 Relaxation Method 531 12.4.2 Gibbs Energy Minimization 535 Problems 544 References 547 13 Examples for Complex Systems 549 13.1 Introduction 549 13.2 Formaldehyde Solutions 549 13.3 Vapor Phase Association 555 Problems 568 References 570 14 Practical Applications 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Flash 573 14.3 Joule-Thomson Effect 575 14.4 Adiabatic Compression and Expansion 577 14.5 Pressure Relief 581 14.6 Limitations of Equilibrium Thermodynamics 586 Problems 589 References 591 15 Experimental Determination of Pure Component and Mixture Properties 593 15.1 Introduction 593 15.2 Pure Component Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature 594 15.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 598 15.4 Critical Data 599 15.5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 599 15.5.1 Dynamic VLE Stills 601 15.5.2 Static Techniques 604 15.5.3 Degassing 611 15.5.4 Headspace Gas Chromatography (HSGC) 613 15.5.5 High-Pressure VLE 614 15.5.6 Inline True Component Analysis in Reactive Mixtures 616 15.6 Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution 617 15.6.1 Gas Chromatographic Retention Time Measurement 618 15.6.2 Inert Gas Stripping (Dilutor) 620 15.6.3 Limiting Activity Coefficients of High Boilers in Low Boilers 622 15.7 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria (LLE) 622 15.8 Gas Solubility 623 15.9 Excess Enthalpy 624 Problems 626 References 626 16 Introduction to the Collection of Example Problems 631 16.1 Introduction 631 16.2 Mathcad Examples 631 16.3 Examples Using the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) and the Integrated Software Package DDBSP 633 16.4 Examples Using Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Office VBA 634 Appendix A Pure Component Parameters 635 Appendix B Coefficients for High-Precision Equations of State 663 References 668 Appendix C Useful Derivations 669 A1 Relationship Between (