Chemical Processing of Ceramics, Second Edition (Materials Engineering)

dk4027fm.pdf......Page 1
Chemical Processing of Ceramics, Second Edition......Page 4
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Editors......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Table of Contents......Page 14
Section I: Powder Synthesis and Characterization......Page 18
Table of Contents......Page 0
CONTENTS......Page 19
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 20
II. HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS......Page 21
1. Zirconium Metal......Page 23
C. HYDROTHERMAL REACTIONS......Page 24
1. Alumina......Page 25
E. HYDROTHERMAL ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD......Page 27
G. HYDROTHERMAL MECHANOCHEMICAL PROCESS......Page 30
H. MICROWAVE HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS......Page 32
III. IDEAL POWDERS AND REAL POWDERS......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
CONTENTS......Page 37
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 38
1. Water......Page 39
1. General Considerations......Page 40
2. Paraffins......Page 41
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 42
4. Alcohols......Page 43
7. Carboxylic Acids and Esters......Page 44
b. Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), diethanolamine (2,2’-iminobisethanol), and triethanolamine (2,2’,2’’-nitrilotrisethanol)......Page 45
10. Dipolar Aprotic Solvents......Page 46
A. SOLVOTHERMAL DEHYDRATION......Page 47
1. Solvothermal Dehydration of Aluminum Hydroxide in Alcohols......Page 48
2. Alcohothermal Dehydration of Hydroxides of Metals Other Than Aluminum......Page 50
3. Solvothermal Dehydration of Aluminum Hydroxide in Glycols and Related Solvents......Page 51
4. Glycothermal Synthesis of Alpha-Alumina......Page 52
1. Metal Alkoxide in Inert Organic Solvents......Page 53
2. Metal Alkoxides in Inert Organic Solvent: Synthesis of Mixed Oxides......Page 56
4. Metal Carboxylates......Page 57
6. Solvothermal Decomposition of Alkoxide Followed by Removal of Organic Media in a Supercritical or Subcritical State......Page 58
7. Metal Alkoxide in Alcohols......Page 59
8. Reaction of Alkoxide in Secondary Alcohols......Page 60
9. Reaction of Alkoxide in Glycols......Page 61
1. Rare Earth Aluminum Garnets......Page 62
2. Rare-Earth (Nd-Lu) Gallium Garnets......Page 63
4. Other Mixed Oxides......Page 64
D. CRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS STARTING MATERIALS......Page 66
E. HYDROTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION IN ORGANIC MEDIA......Page 69
F. SOLVOTHERMAL ION EXCHANGE AND INTERCALATION......Page 70
G. SOLVOTHERMAL OXIDATION OF METALS......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 80
B. MILLING SYSTEMS FOR MECHANOCHEMICAL PROCESSING......Page 81
III. MECHANICAL ALLOYING......Page 82
B. SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-COERCIVITY FERRITE MAGNETS......Page 83
A. REACTION KINETICS......Page 84
C. MECHANOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF ULTRAFINE POWDERS......Page 86
V. CONCLUSION......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
A. MAIN PROCESSES OF CRYOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS......Page 91
B. ALTERNATIVE CRYOPROCESSING TECHNIQUES......Page 95
A. CRYOCRYSTALLIZATION......Page 99
B. FREEZE-DRYING......Page 107
C. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION......Page 114
III. CONTEMPORARY APPLICATIONS OF CRYOCHEMICAL PROCESSING......Page 117
B. MAGNETIC MATERIALS......Page 119
C. FERROELECTRICS......Page 123
D. SOLID STATE IONICS......Page 126
E. ELECTRODE MATERIALS......Page 129
F. HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS......Page 133
G. CATALYSTS......Page 134
H. MATERIALS WITH HIGH POROSITY......Page 137
J. FINE AND NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS......Page 140
K. HOMOGENEOUS PRECURSORS FOR FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
CONTENTS......Page 152
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 153
II. SYNTHESIS OF WATER-SOLUBLE TITANIUM COMPLEXES......Page 154
III. STRUCTURE OF WATER-SOLUBLE TITANIUM COMPLEX......Page 155
A. STRUCTURE OF CITRATOPEROXOTITANIUM COMPLEX......Page 157
B. STRUCTURE OF LACTATOTITANIUM COMPLEX......Page 158
IV. SYNTHESIS OF TITANIUM-BASED CERAMICS USING WATER-SOLUBLE TITANIUM COMPLEX......Page 159
A. TIO2......Page 160
B. BATIO3......Page 162
C. BAXSR1-XTIO3......Page 163
D. SRTIO3......Page 164
E. BI4TI3O12......Page 167
F. “COMPOUND” PRECIPITATION METHOD......Page 169
V. CONCLUSION......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 171
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 173
II. EXPERIMENTAL SYNTHESIS OF LiNbO3 AND NaNbO3 POWDERS......Page 175
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 176
IV. FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) SPECTRA OF PRECURSOR SOLIDS AND THE ANbO3 (A = Li OR Na) POWDERS......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 182
CONTENTS......Page 184
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 185
II. SUBMICRON BT PARTICLE SYNTHESIS VIA THE ACS PROCESS......Page 187
A. EFFECT OF SOLUTION PH......Page 188
C. EFFECT OF MINERALIZER......Page 190
D. EFFECT OF POLYMER ADDITIVE......Page 192
III. BARIUM ION LEACHING IN WATER......Page 193
IV. TETRAGONAL NANOPARTICLES......Page 195
V. TETRAGONALITY AND K......Page 199
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 204
II. SIZE OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES......Page 205
III. MAGNETIC PARTICLES FOR MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA......Page 208
A. ACICULAR Gamma-FE2O3 PARTICLES......Page 209
C. IRON PARTICLES......Page 210
E. BARIUM FERRITE PARTICLES......Page 211
IV. COERCIVE FORCE AND DISPERSIBILITY OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES FOR RECORDING MEDIA......Page 212
V. NANOMAGNETIC PARTICLES AND MAGNETIC FLUIDS......Page 213
VII. COMPOSITE MAGNETIC PARTICLES......Page 216
IX. HEMATITE PARTICLES: WEAKLY MAGNETIZED PARTICLES......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 222
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 227
II. GENERAL SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY......Page 228
III. SURFACE TREATMENT AND COATING TECHNOLOGY......Page 230
A. LUMINESCENT ENHANCEMENT OF ZNS:CU BY BATIO3 AND SRTIO3 COATING......Page 231
B. SURFACE ETCHING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL MODELING OF ZNS:CU,AL PHOSPHOR......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 240
CONTENTS......Page 243
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 244
A. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY......Page 246
1. X-Ray Diffraction......Page 248
2. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering......Page 253
3. Light Scattering......Page 256
2. UV-Vis Spectroscopy......Page 260
3. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 262
4. Ultrasound Methods......Page 263
1. Adsorption/Desorption......Page 264
2. Specific Surface Area, BET Analysis......Page 265
3. Mercury Porosimetry......Page 267
2. Thermogravimetric Analysis......Page 268
1. Sedimentation......Page 269
1. Differential Mobility Analyzer......Page 270
VI. SUMMARY......Page 271
VII. APPENDIX......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 273
Section II: Powder Processing at Nanoscale......Page 276
NOTATIONS......Page 277
A. VAN DER WAALS FORCES......Page 279
B. ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER FORCES......Page 285
C. COLLOIDAL STABILITY......Page 288
D. COAGULATION KINETICS......Page 289
E. STERIC AND ELECTROSTERIC FORCES......Page 292
F. DEPLETION......Page 294
G. RHEOLOGY OF CERAMIC SLURRIES......Page 295
A. INTRODUCTION......Page 298
C. CHEMICAL GELATION TECHNIQUES: GELCASTING......Page 299
E. DIRECT COAGULATION CASTING......Page 302
F. TEMPERATURE-INDUCED FORMING AND TEMPERATURE-INDUCED GELATION......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 305
CONTENTS......Page 311
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 312
II. PRECURSORS AND ANALYSIS METHODS......Page 313
A. GEL STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION......Page 317
B. SINTERING......Page 320
C. MULTICOMPONENT MATERIALS......Page 322
A. PARTICULATE-REINFORCED MATERIALS......Page 323
B. METAL- AND CERAMIC-CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 324
C. ONE-DIMENSIONAL AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES......Page 325
D. THREE-DIMENSIONAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES: NEAR NET-SHAPE SINTERING......Page 326
V. CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPHASE MATERIALS......Page 330
A. DEPTH-SENSING MICROINDENTATION......Page 331
B. MICRO-RAMAN SPECTROMETRY......Page 333
2. Correlation Between Raman Parameters and Grain Size......Page 335
3. Raman Images......Page 337
4. Prediction of Material Properties from Raman Parameters......Page 338
VI. SUMMARY......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 341
CONTENTS......Page 348
II. DIFFERENT FAMILIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 349
1. Compositionally Different Sol-Gel Nanocomposites......Page 350
2. Structurally Different Sol-Gel Nanocomposites......Page 352
3. Both Compositionally and Structurally Different Sol-Gel Nanocomposites......Page 353
5. Nanocomposites of Xerogels with Metal Phases......Page 354
6. Nanocomposites of Inorganic Gels and Organic Molecules (Dyes)......Page 355
1. Pillared Clays......Page 356
3. Clay-Organic Nanocomposites......Page 359
C. ENTRAPMENT-TYPE NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 361
2. Zeolite-Organic Nanocomposites......Page 362
D. ELECTROCERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 363
1. Ferroelectric Nanocomposites......Page 364
4. Conducting/Semiconducting/Insulating Nanocomposites......Page 365
E. STRUCTURAL CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 366
III. CONCLUSION......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 370
CONTENTS......Page 376
A. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES......Page 377
B. ORGANIC-CLAY NANOHYBRIDS......Page 378
C. INORGANIC-CLAY NANOHYBRIDS......Page 380
II. LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES......Page 382
A. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES......Page 383
B. ORGANIC-LDH HYBRID SYSTEM......Page 384
C. INORGANIC-LDH HYBRID SYSTEM......Page 386
D. BIO-LDH HYBRID SYSTEM......Page 387
A. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES......Page 389
C. ORGANIC-LAYERED METAL OXIDE HYBRIDS......Page 392
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 395
CONTENTS......Page 399
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 400
II. ILD CMP AND THE STABILITY OF NANOSIZE FUMED SILICA PARTICLES......Page 401
A. BEHAVIOR OF CONCENTRATED NANOSIZE FUMED SILICA HYDROSOLS......Page 402
1. Electrokinetic Behavior of Nanosize Silica Hydrosols......Page 403
2. Geometric Considerations......Page 404
B. IMPROVEMENT OF CMP PERFORMANCE WITH SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SILICA PARTICLES......Page 406
III. STI CMP AND THE PHYSICOCHEMIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CERIA SLURRY......Page 407
A. REQUIREMENT FOR HIGH-SELECTIVITY SLURRY......Page 408
B. SYNTHESIS OF CERIA PARTICLES AND CMP PERFORMANCE......Page 409
1. Physical Properties of Ceria Particles......Page 410
2. STI CMP Performance with Ceria Slurries......Page 411
REFERENCES......Page 412
Section III: Sol-Gel Processing......Page 415
CONTENTS......Page 416
I. STRIATION DEFECTS......Page 418
II. SKIN-TEARING DEFECTS......Page 421
III. DISCUSSION......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 423
CONTENTS......Page 425
I. FILM FORMATION......Page 426
II. MICROHARDNESS AND HF ETCH RATE......Page 427
A. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 429
B. 29SI SOLID STATE NMR......Page 430
C. MECHANISM......Page 431
A. SURFACE COATINGS FOR CATHODE RAY TUBES......Page 432
B. ANTIREFLECTION/ANTISTATIC THIN FILMS FOR CRTS......Page 433
D. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIREFLECTION/ANTISTATIC THIN FILMS......Page 434
V. CONCLUSION......Page 438
REFERENCES......Page 439
Section IV: Ceramics Via Polymers......Page 440
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 441
II. POLYMER SYNTHESIS......Page 443
A. POLYSILANES......Page 444
B. POLYCARBOSILANES......Page 449
IV. PRECURSORS FOR SILICON NITRIDE......Page 456
V. PRECURSORS FOR SILICON NITRIDE/SILICON CARBIDE COMPOSITES......Page 457
VI. PRECURSORS TO QUATERNARY SI-B-C-N CERAMICS......Page 469
A. BORAZINE-BASED PRECURSORS FOR SI-B-C-N CERAMICS......Page 470
B. POLYBOROSILAZANES AS PRECURSORS FOR SI-B-C-N CERAMICS......Page 474
C. POLYBOROSILYLCARBODIIMIDES AS PRECURSORS FOR SI-B-C-N CERAMICS......Page 480
VII. PERSPECTIVE......Page 483
REFERENCES......Page 486
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 493
A. CERAMIZATION PROCESS OF PMS......Page 497
B. UTILIZATION OF PMS FOR CERAMIC PRECURSOR......Page 500
C. CERAMIZATION PROCESS OF PVS......Page 502
D. UTILIZATION OF PVS FOR CERAMIC PRECURSOR......Page 505
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 507
REFERENCES......Page 508
Section V: Processing of Specialty Ceramics......Page 511
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 512
II. NUCLEATION OR INITIAL DEPOSITION......Page 513
III. FILM GROWTH......Page 518
IV. VACUUM SCIENCE......Page 523
V. TYPICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 526
VI. REACTION KINETICS......Page 527
VII. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA......Page 528
VIII. CVD METHODS......Page 530
IX. AEROSOL-ASSISTED CVD......Page 532
X. ELECTROCHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION AND CHEMICAL VAPOR INFILTRATION......Page 533
XI. DIAMOND FILMS BY CVD......Page 535
XII. ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION......Page 536
XIII. SUMMARY......Page 540
REFERENCES......Page 541
CONTENTS......Page 543
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 544
A. SYNTHESIS OF COLLOIDAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS......Page 545
B. PARTICLE SYNTHESIS......Page 546
C. ORDERING OF PARTICLES......Page 547
D. INVERSE OPALS......Page 553
E. BINARY AND ANISOTROPIC PHOTONIC CRYSTALS......Page 554
G. OTHER-THAN-SILICA CERAMIC COLLOIDAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS......Page 555
1. Titania......Page 556
III. PHOTONIC CRYSTAL OPTICAL FIBERS......Page 557
A. UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS......Page 558
B. NONSILICA PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS......Page 560
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 561
REFERENCES......Page 562
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 570
A. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE STABILITY......Page 571
B. BOND VALENCE......Page 572
A. DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCY......Page 573
B. DIELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY AND ADDITIVE RULE......Page 576
C. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC DIELECTRIC LOSSES......Page 577
IV. LEAD-BASED MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC MATERIALS......Page 578
V. CALCIUM-BASED MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC MATERIALS......Page 587
VI. SUMMARY......Page 591
REFERENCES......Page 592
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 593
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES......Page 594
III. YBa2Cu3O7 SUPERCONDUCTOR......Page 598
IV. Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 AND Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 SUPERCONDUCTORS......Page 604
VI. HgBa2Ca2Cu3O9 SUPERCONDUCTORS......Page 607
REFERENCES......Page 608
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 610
II. REPRODUCTION OF BONE NANOSTRUCTURE THROUGH THE SELF-ORGANIZATION PROCESS: HOW CAN WE MIMIC THE NANOSTRUCTURE OF BONE?......Page 611
III. CHARACTERIZATION OF HAp/COl COMPOSITES......Page 614
IV. CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN HAP AND COLLAGEN: THE DRIVING FORCE OF SELF-ORGANIZATION......Page 616
V. CROSS-LINKAGE OF COLLAGEN: CONTROL OF RESORPTION BY OSTEOCLASTIC CELLS......Page 618
VI. CHARACTERIZATION OF CROSS-LINKED COMPOSITES......Page 619
VII. FORMATION OF HAp/Col LONG FIBERS......Page 620
REFERENCES......Page 623
CONTENTS......Page 625
I. BACKGROUND......Page 626
A. NANOFILTERS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS......Page 630
B. NANOFILTERS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ORGANIC SOLUTIONS......Page 631
C. POROUS CERAMIC MEMBRANES EXHIBITING SPECIFIC MAGNETIC PROPERTIES FOR SEPARATION......Page 633
D. DENSE MEMBRANES FOR OXYGEN TRANSPORT......Page 637
E. MULTIFUNCTIONAL POROUS CERAMIC MEMBRANES......Page 638
1. Ceramic Membranes for Catalytic Membrane Reactors......Page 639
2. Membranes Exhibiting Photocatalytic Properties......Page 641
3. Ceramic Membranes with Adsorptive Properties......Page 642
A. ZEOLITE MEMBRANES......Page 644
B. MEMBRANES WITH AN ORDERED MESOPOROSITY......Page 648
C. POTENTIALITIES OF THE HIERARCHICAL POROUS STRUCTURES......Page 650
A. IMPROVEMENT OF HYDRODYNAMICS......Page 653
B. IMPROVEMENT OF THE SURFACE:VOLUME RATIO: CERAMIC HOLLOW FIBERS......Page 654
V. CONCLUSION......Page 656
REFERENCES......Page 657
CONTENTS......Page 663
A. LICOO2......Page 664
B. LINIO2......Page 666
C. LIMN2O4......Page 667
1. Orthorhombic......Page 668
3. Layered O2 Structure......Page 669
F. LITHIUM-VANADIUM OXIDES......Page 670
G. IRON-BASED OXIDES......Page 671
II. DOPED LITHIUM TITANIUM PHOSPHATE-BASED CERAMIC ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES......Page 672
A. SOLID STATE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES......Page 673
C. GLASS AND GLASS-CERAMIC SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES......Page 677
A. INTRODUCTION......Page 678
B. CARBON-BASED ANODE MATERIALS......Page 679
1. Crystal Structure of Carbonaceous Materials......Page 680
a. Graphitic Carbon......Page 681
b. Nongraphitic Carbon......Page 683
C. MODIFICATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS......Page 687
D. NANOCOMPOSITE ANODES FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES......Page 688
1. Silicon-Based Nanocomposites Synthesized Using High-Energy Mechanical Milling......Page 690
REFERENCES......Page 695
CONTENTS......Page 708
B. MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS......Page 709
1. Solution Precursors......Page 711
a. Alkoxides......Page 712
B. SYNTHETIC APPROACHES......Page 714
1. Sol-Gel Processes......Page 715
2. Chelate Processes......Page 716
3. MOD Solution Synthesis......Page 717
C. FILM DEPOSITION......Page 718
D. FIRING STRATEGIES......Page 719
A. INTRODUCTION......Page 720
1. Sol-Gel Processing......Page 721
3. Mixed-Metal Precursors......Page 722
2. The Amorphous State......Page 723
3. The Crystalline State......Page 725
4. Transformation Pathways......Page 728
5. Modeling of Structural Evolution......Page 729
6. Properties......Page 731
B. INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTATION......Page 732
REFERENCES......Page 733