Charged aerosol detection for liquid chromatography and related separation techniques

Content: List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgment xxv Section 1 Fundamentals of Charged Aerosol Detection 1 1 Principles of Charged Aerosol Detection 3Paul H. Gamache and Stanley L. Kaufman 1.1 Summary 3 1.2 History and Introduction to the Technology 4 1.3 Charged Aerosol Detection Process 9 1.4 CAD Response Model 31 1.5 Performance Characteristics 40 2 Charged Aerosol Detection: A Literature Review 67Ian N. Acworth and William Kopaciewicz 2.1 Introduction 67 2.2 CAD History and Background 74 2.3 Application Areas 79 3 Practical Use of CAD: Achieving Optimal Performance 163Bruce Bailey, Marc Plante, David Thomas, Chris Crafts,and Paul H. Gamache 3.1 Summary 163 3.2 Introduction 164 3.3 Factors Influencing CAD Performance 168 3.4 System Configurations 177 3.5 Method Transfer 180 3.6 Calibration and Sensitivity Limits 182 4 Aerosol  ]Based Detectors in Liquid Chromatography: Approaches Toward Universal Detection and to Global Analysis 191Joseph P. Hutchinson, Greg W. Dicinoski, and Paul R. Haddad 4.1 Summary 191 4.2 Introduction 192 4.3 Universal Detection Methods 194 4.4 Factors Affecting the Response in Charged Aerosol Detection 198 4.5 Gradient Compensation 204 4.6 Response Models 205 4.7 Green Chemistry 206 4.8 Temperature Gradient Separations 209 4.9 Supercritical CO2 Separations 210 4.10 Capillary Separations 211 4.11 Global Analysis and Multidimensional Separations 212 4.12 Conclusions 215 Section 2 Charged Aerosol Detection of Specific Analyte Classes 221 5 Lipid Analysis with the Corona CAD 223Danielle Libong, Sylvie Heron, Alain Tchapla, and Pierre Chaminade 5.1 Introduction 223 5.2 Principles of Chromatographic Separation of Lipids 227 5.3 Application: Strategy of Lipid Separation 235 5.4 Literature Review: Early Use of Corona CAD in Lipid Analysis 257 5.5 Calibration Strategies 264 6 Inorganic and Organic Ions 289Xiaodong Liu, Christopher A. Pohl, and Ke Zhang 6.1 Introduction 289 6.2 Technical Considerations 291 6.3 Applications 300 7 Determination of Carbohydrates Using Liquid Chromatography with Charged Aerosol Detection 311Jeffrey S. Rohrer and Shinichi Kitamura 7.1 Summary 311 7.2 Liquid Chromatography of Carbohydrates 312 7.3 Charged Aerosol Detection 314 7.4 Why LC  ]CAD for Carbohydrate Analysis? 315 7.5 Early Applications of CAD to Carbohydrate Analysis 316 7.6 Additional Applications of CAD to Carbohydrate Analysis 317 8 Polymers and Surfactants 327Dawen Kou, Gerald Manius, Hung Tian, and Hitesh P. Chokshi 8.1 Summary 327 8.2 Introduction 328 8.3 Polymer Analysis 328 8.4 Polyethylene Glycol 329 8.5 Surfactants336 9 Application of Charged Aerosol Detection in Traditional Herbal Medicines 341Lijuan Liang, Yong Jiang, and Pengfei Tu 9.1 Summary 341 9.2 Introduction 342 9.3 Factors that Affect the Sensitivity of CAD 343 9.4 Application of CAD in Quality Analysis of Traditional Herbal Medicines 345 9.5 Conclusion 353 References 353 Section 3 Industrial Applications of Charged Aerosol Detection 355 10 Charged Aerosol Detection in Pharmaceutical Analysis: An Overview 357Michael Swartz, Mark Emanuele, and Amber Awad 10.1 Summary 357 10.2 Introduction 358 10.3 Analytical Method Development 359 10.4 Analytical Method Validation 361 10.5 CAD in Analytical Method Transfer 363 10.6 CAD in Formulation Development and Ion Analysis 364 10.7 Carbohydrate Analysis by CAD 368 10.8 CAD in Stability Analyses 371 10.9 Conclusion 373 References 374 11 Impurity Control in Topiramate with High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Validation and Comparison of the Performance of Evaporative Light Scattering Detection and Charged Aerosol Detection 379David Ilko, Robert C. Neugebauer, Sophie Brossard, Stefan Almeling, Michael Turck, and Ulrike Holzgrabe 11.1 Summary 379 11.2 Introduction 380 11.3 Material and Methods 382 11.4 Results and Discussion 383 11.5 Conclusion 390 12 Applying Charged Aerosol Detection to Aminoglycosides: Development and Validation of an RP  ]HPLC Method for Gentamicin and Netilmicin 393Arul Joseph and Abu Rustum 12.1 Introduction 393 12.2 Development and Validation of an RP  ]HPLC Method for Gentamicin Using Charged Aerosol Detection 395 12.3 Application of Strategy to Netilmicin Sulfate 410 12.4 Conclusion 420 Acknowledgments 420 References 420 13 Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Muscle Relaxants with Their Impurities in Pharmaceutical Preparations by LC  ]CAD 425Agata Blazewicz, Magdalena Poplawska, Malgorzata Warowna  -Grzeskiewicz, Katarzyna Sarna, and Zbigniew Fijalek 13.1 Summary 425 13.2 Introduction 426 13.3 Experimental 429 13.4 Results and Discussion 431 13.5 Conclusion 445 Acknowledgments 445 References 446 14 Charged Aerosol Detection of Scale Inhibiting Polymers in Oilfield Chemistry Applications 449Alan K. Thompson 14.1 Summary 449 14.2 Background to Scale Inhibition in Oilfields 450 14.3 Historical Methods of Analysis 455 14.4 Charged Aerosol Detection for Polymeric Scale Inhibitors 459 14.5 Conclusions and Further Work 468 References 469 15 Applications of Charged Aerosol Detection for Characterization of Industrial Polymers 471Paul Cools and Ton Brooijmans 15.1 Introduction 471 15.2 Liquid Chromatography of Polymers 472 15.3 Solvents 475 15.4 Quantitative Detection of Polymer Molecules 476 15.5 Size Exclusion Chromatography and Charged Aerosol Detection 479 15.6 Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography and CAD 486 15.7 Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV, CAD, and MS Detection 490 15.8 Typical Examples of Industrial Applications Using LC  -MS  -CAD 492 15.9 Epilogue 497 Acknowledgments 497 References 497 Index 501