Cerebral blood flow and metabolism : a quantitative approach

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1. Physiology of Blood Flow
and Metabolism
	1.1. Anatomy of the Cerebral Circulation
	1.2. Geometry of the Cerebral Circulation
		1.2.1. Arterial circulation
		1.2.2. Microcirculation
	1.3. Blood
		1.3.1. Physiology of blood
		1.3.2. Models of blood
	1.4. Blood Vessels
		1.4.1. Structure
		1.4.2. Mechanical properties
		1.4.3. Single vessel model
		1.4.4. Vessel collapse
	1.5. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Barriers
		1.5.1. Blood–brain barrier
		1.5.2. Blood-CSF barrier
		1.5.3. Arachnoid barrier
	1.6. Brain Cells
		1.6.1. Neurons and glial cells
		1.6.2. Cellular metabolism
	1.7. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Models of Blood Flow and Metabolism
	2.1. Poiseuille Equation
	2.2. Viscosity
		2.2.1. Empirical relationships for viscosity
		2.2.2. Model-based predictions of viscosity
		2.2.3. Conclusions
	2.3. One-dimensional Blood Flow
		2.3.1. Wave flow
		2.3.2. Linearised 1D models
		2.3.3. Womersley flow
		2.3.4. Non-axisymmetric flow
		2.3.5. Conclusions
	2.4. Flow in Vascular Network Models
		2.4.1. Network flow models
		2.4.2. Scaling laws
		2.4.3. Conclusions
	2.5. Models of the Cerebral Vasculature
		2.5.1. Models of the large arterial vessels
		2.5.2. Models of the microvasculature
		2.5.3. Full cerebral vasculature models
		2.5.4. Conclusions
	2.6. Transport and Metabolism
		2.6.1. Governing equations
		2.6.2. Transport from blood to tissue
		2.6.3. Oxygen relationships
		2.6.4. Conclusions
	2.7. Parameter Fitting and Sensitivity Analysis
		2.7.1. Parameter fitting
		2.7.2. Sensitivity analysis
		2.7.3. Model simplification
	2.8. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Global Control of Blood Flow
	3.1. Autoregulation
		3.1.1. Mechanisms of autoregulation
		3.1.2. Quantification of autoregulation
			3.1.2.1. Static autoregulation
			3.1.2.2. Dynamic autoregulation
	3.2. Cerebrovascular Reactivity
		3.2.1. Mechanisms of CVR
		3.2.2. Quantification of CVR
		3.2.3. Interaction between autoregulation and CVR
	3.3. Models of Autoregulation and CVR
		3.3.1. Lumped compartment+feedback models
		3.3.2. Single vessel models
	3.4. Conclusions
Chapter 4. Local Control of Perfusion
	4.1. Neurovascular Coupling
		4.1.1. Physiological basis
		4.1.2. Conducted response
		4.1.3. Brain metabolism
	4.2. Neurogenic Control
		4.2.1. Physiological basis
		4.2.2. Origins of control
	4.3. Models of Neurovascular Coupling
		4.3.1. Lumped compartmental models
		4.3.2. Cerebral blood volume
		4.3.3. Network models
		4.3.4. Nitric oxide
		4.3.5. Cellular models
		4.3.6. Conclusions
	4.4. Angiogenesis and Adaptation
	4.5. Vasomotion
	4.6. Conclusions
Chapter 5. Externally-based Measurements
	5.1. Ultrasound
		5.1.1. Reproducibility
		5.1.2. Insonation area
		5.1.3. 3D Ultrasound
	5.2. Optical Imaging
		5.2.1. Near infra-red spectroscopy (diffuse optical spectroscopy)
		5.2.2. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy
		5.2.3. Other optical methods
	5.3. Electroencephalography (EEG)
	5.4. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Internally-based Measurements
	6.1. Development of CBF Measurements
	6.2. Tracer Kinetic Theory
		6.2.1. Single compartment model
		6.2.2. Two compartment exchange model
		6.2.3. Spatially distributed compartment models
		6.2.4. Deconvolution methods
		6.2.5. Conclusions
	6.3. Computed Tomography (CT)
	6.4. Single Photon Emission CT (SPECT)
	6.5. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
	6.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		6.6.1. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) / Dynamic Contrast
Enhancement (DCE) MRI
		6.6.2. Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL)
		6.6.3. Vessel-encoded ASL
		6.6.4. Perfusion quantification
		6.6.5. CMRO2 quantification
		6.6.6. Other uses of MRI
	6.7. Conclusions
Chapter 7. Global Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow
and Metabolism
	7.1. Ageing
		7.1.1. Autoregulation
		7.1.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity
		7.1.3. Cerebral metabolic rate
	7.2. Hypertension
	7.3. Fitness and Exercise
		7.3.1. Autoregulation
		7.3.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity
		7.3.3. Cerebral metabolic rate
	7.4. Sex
		7.4.1. Pregnancy
	7.5. Temperature
	7.6. Altitude
		7.6.1. Autoregulation
		7.6.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity
	7.7. Other Effects
	7.8. Connectivity
	7.9. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Local Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow
and Metabolism
	8.1. Stroke
		8.1.1. Physiology
		8.1.2. Treatment
		8.1.3. Hypertension
		8.1.4. Imaging
		8.1.5. Outcome prediction
		8.1.6. Autoregulation
			8.1.6.1. Ischaemic stroke
			8.1.6.2. Haemorrhagic stroke
		8.1.7. Models of ischaemic stroke
	8.2. Dementia
		8.2.1. Autoregulation
		8.2.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity
		8.2.3. Cerebral metabolism
	8.3. Traumatic Brain Injury
		8.3.1. Autoregulation
	8.4. Oncology
	8.5. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (SVD)
	8.6. Aneurysms
	8.7. Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
	8.8. Conclusions
Chapter 9. Conclusions
	9.1. Prevention
	9.2. Diagnosis
	9.3. Treatment
References
Index