Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels: Chemistry, Extractives, Lignins, Hemicelluloses and Cellulose

Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
 Preface......Page 3
Introduction......Page 4
References......Page 8
Anatomical Structure......Page 11
Ultrastructure of Wood......Page 12
Ultrastructure of Grass......Page 17
Polysaccharides Distribution......Page 20
Lignin Distribution......Page 23
Chemical Composition......Page 31
Cellulose......Page 33
Hemicelluloses......Page 36
Lignin......Page 39
Pectic Substances......Page 41
Cutins, Suberins, Waxes and Other Extracts......Page 42
References......Page 45
3 Extractives......Page 50
Procedures for Isolation of Extractives......Page 51
Purification of Extractives......Page 52
Chemical Composition of Extractives......Page 53
Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization......Page 63
References......Page 71
Occurrence, Nature, and Classification......Page 74
Occurrence, Nature, and Classification of Hemicelluloses......Page 75
Occurrence, Nature, and Classification of Straw Hemicelluloses......Page 77
Isolation......Page 78
Structural Analysis of Straw Hemicelluloses......Page 86
Structure......Page 90
Mw and Mw Distribution......Page 97
Rheological Behavior......Page 98
Surface Tension......Page 99
Thermal Behavior......Page 100

Interactions with Cellulose......Page 101
Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses in Production of Celluloses......Page 102
Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses in Papermaking Process......Page 104
Effect of Interaction of 
Hemicelluloses with Celluloses on the Bioethanol Production......Page 105
The Potential Modification of Hemicelluloses......Page 106
Chemical Modification and its Application......Page 107
Straw Hemicelluloses and Their Application......Page 118
Summary......Page 119
References......Page 120
Occurrence......Page 132
Delignification and Alkali Extraction......Page 133
Steam Explosion......Page 135
Organic Solvent Extraction......Page 136
Other Isolation Methods......Page 137
Cellulose Lattice I......Page 139
Conversion of Cellulose I to Cellulose II......Page 143
Structural Properties......Page 144
Dissolution of Cellulose......Page 147
Regeneration of Cellulose......Page 152
Hydrolysis of Cellulose......Page 154
Chemical Modification and its Utilization......Page 155
Acetylation......Page 156
Esterification with Cyclic Anhydrides......Page 158
Carboxymethylation......Page 159
Other Chemical Modification......Page 162
References......Page 163
Introduction......Page 169
Biosynthesis of Monolignols......Page 170
Lignin Deposition and Topochemistry......Page 171
Lignification – Polymerization of Monolignols......Page 173
Isolation and Purification of Lignins......Page 174
Milled Wood Lignin......Page 175
Enzyme Lignin......Page 177
Alkali Lignins......Page 178
Organosolv Lignin......Page 180
Purification of Lignins......Page 182
DFRC Method......Page 183
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 185
Structural Characteristics of Straw Lignins......Page 187
Ferulates in Grass Lignins......Page 188
p-Coumarates in Grass Lignins......Page 192
Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes in Grasses......Page 193
Utilization of Lignins......Page 194
Wood Adhesives Made from Lignins......Page 195
Biochemicals/Biofuel from Lignins......Page 196
Concluding Remarks......Page 197
References......Page 198
Classification of Oil Sorbents......Page 208
Influence of Sorptive Capacity......Page 209
Chemical Modification of Cereal Straws as Oil Sorbents......Page 210
Types of Catalysts in Chemical Modification......Page 211
Agro-Based Sorbent Application......Page 212
References......Page 215
Introduction......Page 217
Adsorption Models......Page 218
Methods of Chemical Modification......Page 219
The Methods of Direct Chemical Modification......Page 220
Chemical Grafting Modification......Page 221
Sugarcane Bagasse......Page 225
Rice Straw/Husks/Hulls......Page 228
Corncobs......Page 229
Soybean Straw/Hull......Page 230
Summary......Page 231
References......Page 232
Technologies Available For Dye Removal......Page 236
Physical Methods......Page 237
Dye Removal Using Commercial Activated Carbons......Page 238
Dye Removal Using Agricultural wastes or Byproducts......Page 239
Production of Acs from Agricultural Byproducts......Page 241
Dye Removal Using ACs from Agricultural Byproducts......Page 242
Summary......Page 244
References......Page 245
Hydrothermal Liquefaction......Page 250
Solvolytic Liquefaction......Page 253
Thermal Gasification......Page 256
Hydrothermal Gasification......Page 258
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 263
Lignocellulosic Biomass Recalcitrance......Page 264
Acid Hydrolysis......Page 266
Enzymatic Hydrolysis......Page 268
Summary......Page 278
References......Page 279
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D
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I
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S......Page 290
X......Page 291