Central Nervous System Infections

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces
	Cerebrospinal Fluid Formation, Circulation, and Absorption
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Overview of Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Overview of Infections of the Central Nervous System
		Meningitis
			Risk Factors for Meningitis
			Risk Factors for Viral Meningitis
			Bacterial Meningitis
				Streptococcus Pneumoniae
			Neisseriae Meningitidis
			Infection
			Risk Groups
			Prevention
			Medications Used in Chemoprophylaxis
			Amebic Meningitis
			Subacute and Chronic Meningitis
		Encephalitis
			Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
			Neurobrucellosis
			Tuberculous Meningitis
			Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
			Pathogenesis
		Focal CNS Infections
			Brain Abscess
			Subdural Empyema
				Clinical Signs
	Diagnostic Methods for CNS Infections
		LP Contraindications
		LP Complications
		Imagining before LP
		Examinations Carried out in CFS
		Antimicrobial Treatment
		Surgical Treatment
		Adjunctive Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Microbiology
	Clinical Manifestations
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
	Prognosis
	Prevention
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Aseptic and Viral Meningitis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Viral Meningitis
		Enteroviral Meningitis
		HIV Meningitis
		HSV Meningitis
		Other Viral Meningitis
		Other Infectious Agent-Induced Aseptic Meningitis
	Systemic Disease-Induced Aseptic Meningitis
		Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis
		Neoplastic Meningitis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Epidemiology – Incidence
		Pathogenesis
		Risk Factors
		Causative Etiological Agents
		Clinical Findings
		Diagnostic Methods
		Imaging
			Diagnostic CSF Analysis
			Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Tuberculosis Meningitis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
	Clinical Symptoms and Findings
		Prodromal Period
		Meningitic Period (Meningeal Irritation)
		Paralytic Period (Cerebral Involvement)
		Diagnostics
			Tuberculin Test
			Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Examination
			Bacteriological Investigation
			Molecular Diagnosis
			Radiological Diagnosis
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Encephalomyelitis and Neuritis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Encephalomyelitis
		Acute Disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
		Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis
	Neuritis
		Optic Neuritis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Epidural Abscess, Subdural Empyema,  and Brain Abscess
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidural Abscess
	Subdural Empyema
	Brain Abscess
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
Rabies and the Central Nervous System
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Main Body
		Pathogenesis
			Histopathology
		Clinical Manifestations
			Human Rabies
			Incubation Period
			Prodromal Symptoms
			Encephalitic Rabies
			Paralytic Rabies
		Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
		Treatment
			Palliative Treatment
			Aggressive Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
Poliomyelitis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Acute Illness
		Symptoms of Non-Paralytic Polio
		Paralytic Polio Symptoms
	Diagnosis
	Post-Polio Syndrome
	Treatment of the Acute Attack
	Prevention
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
Tetanus
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Vaccines and Immunization
	Pathophysiology
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Botulism
	Abstract
	Introduction
	History
	Transmission and Epidemiology
	Diagnosis and Treatment
	Botox
	Prevention
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
Central Nervous System Parasites
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Free-Living Amoebae
		Naegleria Fowleri
		Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Epidemiology and Prevention
		Acanthamoeba spp.
		Life Cycle and Morphology
		Trophozoite Morphology and Structure
		Morphology of Cysts
		Diseases GAE
		AIDS Patients
		Keratitis
		Cutaneous Lesions
		Diagnosis
		Treatment Disseminated Infections
		Epidemiology and Prevention
		Balamuthia Mandrillaris
		Life Cycle and Morphology
		Trophozoite Morphology and Structure of B. mandrillaris
		Cyst Morphology and Structure of B. mandrillaris
		Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Epidemiology and Prevention
		Sappinia Diploidea
		Microsporidia
		Lyfe Cycle and Morphology
		Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Malaria spp.
	Life Cycle and Morphology
		Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Toxoplasma Gondii
		Life Cycle and Morphology
		Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14
HIV and the Central Nervous System
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology
	Risk Factors
		HIV-Related Factors
		Comorbidities
		Host Genetic Factors
		The Use of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
		HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD)
	CNS Viral Escape Syndrome
	Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
	Diagnosis
	Differential Diagnosis
		Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections
			Toxoplasma
			Cryptococcus
			Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
			Neurosyphilis
			Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
			Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
		CNS Malignancies
			Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
		Other Dementia Syndromes
		Nutritional Deficiencies
		Endocrine Disorders
		Use of Banned Substances or Psychiatric Disorder
		Multiple Drug Use
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Fungal CNS Infections
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cryptococcus
		Coccidioides
		Histoplasmosis
	Blastomycosis
		Aspergillus
		Candida
		Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16
Prion Disease
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Clinical Picture and Physical Examination
		Physical Examination
		Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease
		Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease
		Fatal Familial Insomnia
		Differential Diagnosis
		Diagnostic Studies
	Imaging Studies
	Other Tests
		EEG
		Sleep Studies
		Genetic Tests
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17
Congenital Central Nervous System Infections
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cytomegalovirus Infection
	Rubella Infection
	Group B Streptococcal Infections
	Toxoplasma Infection
	Conclusion
	References
Index
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