Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication
......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Maps......Page 12
Tables......Page 13
Notes on the contributors......Page 15
Preface......Page 23
Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 24
Consonants and consonant combinations......Page 33
Part 1 Introduction......Page 39
1 Introduction......Page 41
Notes......Page 46
2 Post-socialist models of rule in Central and Southeastern Europe......Page 47
The dilemma of synchronicity......Page 50
Historical legacies and historical memory......Page 51
Patterns of breakdown and the recreation of political rule......Page 55
The role of corruption, black market activity, and crime......Page 57
Paths of economic privatization......Page 59
Models of institution-building......Page 61
Parliamentary......Page 62
Presidentialism......Page 64
Institution-building in conditions of war......Page 65
The role of the international community......Page 66
Conclusion......Page 69
Notes......Page 70
Further reading......Page 73
Part 2 Issues......Page 75
The “longue durée” of political history......Page 77
The formation of nation-states in the age of empires: the European concert......Page 80
The Versailles State System and the Bolshevik Revolution......Page 84
The “New Order”: the Nazi System......Page 87
The Yalta State System......Page 90
The end of the communist regimes and the proliferation of new nation-states......Page 93
The influence of the EC and the EU on state formation in East-Central Europe after 1989......Page 95
Notes......Page 97
Further reading......Page 101
4 Central and East European party systems since 1989......Page 102
Parties and civil society......Page 103
Institutions, electoral systems, and political fragmentation......Page 105
Party system development in Central and Eastern Europe: an overview......Page 108
Party families and origins......Page 112
Trajectories of the left......Page 113
Liberal and conservative parties......Page 115
“Third” parties: agrarian, Green, ethnic, and nationalist......Page 118
Concluding remarks......Page 122
Appendix......Page 123
Notes......Page 124
Further reading......Page 128
5 Economic reforms and the illusion of transition......Page 129
Key factors for the emergence of divergences and similarities......Page 131
Internationalization and transnationalization......Page 132
Weaker and stronger transformative state power......Page 133
Industrial transformation......Page 134
“Shock therapy” and gradualism......Page 135
Privatization......Page 136
The Baltic states......Page 137
Southeastern Europe......Page 138
Informality......Page 139
Weakness of labor unions......Page 140
Women and the new economy......Page 141
Results......Page 142
Notes......Page 145
Further reading......Page 147
6 The War of Yugoslav Succession......Page 149
The Yugoslav background......Page 150
The Serbian rebellion against Titoism......Page 153
Armed conflict in Croatia......Page 155
The war in Slovenia and Croatia......Page 157
Serbia’s assault on Bosnia-Herzegovina......Page 161
The Muslim–Croat conflict......Page 165
The Bosnian revival and the road to Dayton......Page 167
Notes......Page 171
Further reading......Page 173
Part 3 Central Europe......Page 175
7 Poland since 1989: muddling through, wall to wall......Page 177
The legacy of the past......Page 179
Striking a deal......Page 181
A clean break: I......Page 182
Settling accounts......Page 184
The return of politics......Page 186
Wałęsa in power......Page 187
The former communists return: I......Page 190
Solidarity strikes back......Page 192
The former communists return: II......Page 193
A clean break: II......Page 194
Short biography of Lech Wałesa......Page 197
Further reading......Page 198
Historical legacies......Page 200
Designing a capitalist democracy......Page 206
Political dynamics: the dilemma of unstable parliamentary majorities......Page 209
Conclusion......Page 213
Notes......Page 215
Further Reading......Page 218
The Slovak national question, 1918–89......Page 220
The Czecho–Slovak split......Page 222
Democratization, regression, restoration, and Europeanization of Slovakia......Page 224
The second transition 1994–8......Page 226
The third transition, 1998–2002......Page 227
Democratic consolidation or Europeanization?......Page 228
A new “Direction”?......Page 229
Post-communist Slovakia: socio-political analysis......Page 231
The role of the Church since 1992......Page 232
Corruption and criminality......Page 233
Media......Page 234
Consolidated democracy? A conclusion......Page 235
Notes......Page 238
Further reading......Page 241
Pre-history......Page 242
The three epochs of communist rule......Page 244
Democratization, 1987–90......Page 246
Political values and visions of 1989......Page 248
Political and electoral systems......Page 251
Political parties......Page 252
Economic development......Page 254
Issues of corruption......Page 257
Education......Page 258
Gender issues......Page 259
Migrants, minorities, and interethnic relations......Page 260
Religion......Page 263
Conclusions......Page 264
Notes......Page 267
Further reading......Page 270
Part 4 Yugoslav Successor States......Page 271
Slovenia before 1989–90......Page 273
Institutional transformation and constitutional and legislative transitions......Page 276
Politics and governance......Page 279
Controversial policy issues......Page 285
Conclusions......Page 288
Notes......Page 292
Internet sources......Page 294
12 Politics in Croatia since 1990......Page 296
Corruption of the political process......Page 297
Impact of the war......Page 299
Development of the political system and political parties......Page 304
Policies toward the media......Page 310
Conclusion......Page 312
Short Biography of Franjo Tudjman......Page 316
Notes......Page 317
Further reading......Page 322
13 Serbia and Montenegro since 1989......Page 324
Before Milosevic......Page 325
The Milosevic era: before the war......Page 326
Years of war, 1991–5......Page 328
After the war......Page 330
Kostunica versus Djindjic......Page 333
Kostunica returns to power......Page 335
An independent Montenegro......Page 338
Serbia loses Kosovo and elects a new government......Page 339
Conclusion......Page 341
Short biography of Slobodan Milosevic......Page 344
Notes......Page 345
Further reading......Page 348
Bosnia before the war......Page 349
Bosnia during the war......Page 351
Governance and international intervention after the war......Page 352
Political pluralism and fragmented spheres of political competition......Page 354
European integration and limitations of conditionality......Page 355
Delayed economic reforms......Page 356
Fragmented media......Page 358
Dealing with the past......Page 359
Conclusions......Page 360
Notes......Page 363
Further links......Page 365
15 Macedonia since 1989......Page 366
Macedonia in an international context......Page 367
Before independence......Page 369
Democratization......Page 370
Elite values: periods and events......Page 371
Macedonia, 1991–3: referendum, constitution, and elections......Page 372
Macedonia, 1994–2001: precarious foundation: NGOs, reforms, and coalitions......Page 374
Macedonia, 2001–7: From the insurrection to the gates of the EU......Page 379
Conclusion......Page 384
Short biography of Kiro Gligorov......Page 387
Notes......Page 388
Further reading......Page 394
Background on Kosova......Page 396
Nationalist significance of Kosovo/Kosova and demographics......Page 397
The riots of March 1981......Page 398
Institutional expulsion of Albanians and growth of parallel institutions......Page 399
Progression to war......Page 401
Return from war to stagnation......Page 404
March 2004: riots to status talks......Page 406
Stalemate to declaring independence......Page 409
Notes......Page 412
Further reading......Page 414
Part 5 Southeastern Europe......Page 415
Introduction......Page 417
The first Iliescu regime, 1990–6......Page 419
The Constantinescu regime, 1996–2000......Page 424
The second Iliescu regime, 2000–4......Page 426
The Basescu regime......Page 428
Romania as an EU member......Page 432
Conclusion......Page 433
Short biography of Ion Iliescu......Page 435
Notes......Page 436
Further reading......Page 437
18 Bulgaria since 1989......Page 439
Bulgaria until 1989......Page 440
Transition to democracy......Page 441
Political parties......Page 443
Electoral rules......Page 445
Governmental system......Page 447
The media......Page 448
Minority rights......Page 450
Economic development......Page 452
Corruption......Page 453
Conclusion: democracy in Bulgaria after twenty years......Page 454
Notes......Page 456
Further reading......Page 458
The Hoxha regime......Page 459
The collapse of communism in Albania......Page 460
President Berisha in power, 1992–7......Page 463
The popular revolt of 1997......Page 467
The Nano years, 1997–2005......Page 470
Conclusion......Page 475
Short biography of Sali Berisha......Page 478
Notes......Page 479
Further reading......Page 480
Part 6 Former Soviet republics......Page 483
Historical background......Page 485
Under different multinational empires......Page 486
The end of independence......Page 487
System rebuilding......Page 489
Electoral systems......Page 490
Party systems......Page 491
Cleavages......Page 493
The role of the media......Page 496
Economic issues......Page 497
Criminality and corruption......Page 498
The revival of religion in the Baltics......Page 499
Nationalism and interethnic relations......Page 501
The resilience of history......Page 503
Short biography of Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas......Page 505
Notes......Page 506
Further reading......Page 509
Creation of a Moldovan nation and state......Page 511
Transnistria......Page 513
Party politics in the 1990s......Page 515
Settling one conflict at a time: Gagauzia’s negotiated autonomy......Page 516
Economic reform: promises made and broken......Page 517
Political musical chairs......Page 518
Resolving the status of Transnistria: before and after the Kozak Memorandum......Page 520
Old challenges, new realities......Page 523
Notes......Page 526
Further reading......Page 529
Part 7 Present and future challenges......Page 531
22 Regional security and regional relations......Page 533
The Central European Initiative (CEI)......Page 535
Visegrád: origins......Page 537
Visegrád’s questionable middle age......Page 541
Rumors of another death: post-EU accession......Page 543
NATO membership: the “real” security in regional relations?......Page 545
Post-communist regional cooperation initiatives......Page 548
Notes......Page 551
NATO enlargement......Page 555
Further links......Page 556
23 The EU and democratization in Central and.Southeastern Europe since 1989......Page 557
EU instruments for promotion of democracy in ECE......Page 558
Evolution of the EU’s conditionality in promotion of democracy......Page 559
Size of the EU’s rewards......Page 561
Credibility of conditionality......Page 562
Democratic frontrunners with liberal party constellations......Page 564
Authoritarian/nationalist governments in illiberal party constellations......Page 565
Fragile democracies with mixed party constellations......Page 566
Conclusions......Page 568
Notes......Page 570
Further reading......Page 573
24 Facing the twenty-first century: lessons, questions, and tendencies (a conclusion)......Page 574
What standards?......Page 575
Foreshadowing/legacies......Page 577
Transition risks......Page 578
Economic transition......Page 579
Perils of corruption......Page 580
Civil society......Page 581
The role of the state, and elections......Page 582
Addressing nationalism and ethnicity......Page 583
Searching for security......Page 584
Conclusion......Page 587
Notes......Page 588
Index......Page 591