Cengage Advantage Books: Understanding Humans: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Cover
......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 21
Supplements......Page 22
About the Authors......Page 24
Learning Objectives......Page 25
The Biocultural Approach......Page 26
What is Anthropology?......Page 28
The Scientific Method......Page 39
The Anthropological Perspective......Page 40
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 42
Learning Objectives......Page 43
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought......Page 44
Natural Selection......Page 54
Opposition to Evolution......Page 58
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 60
Learning Objectives......Page 61
The Cell......Page 62
DNA Structure and Function......Page 63
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 66
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel......Page 72
Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness......Page 78
Polygenic Inheritance......Page 79
Genetic and Environmental Factors......Page 81
New Frontiers......Page 82
Modern Evolutionary Theory......Page 84
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation......Page 85
Natural Selection Acts on Variation......Page 89
Summary of Main Topics......Page 91
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 92
Learning Objectives......Page 93
Historical Views of Human Variation......Page 94
The Concept of Race......Page 95
Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation......Page 97
Human Biocultural Evolution......Page 100
Population Genetics......Page 103
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation......Page 104
The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease......Page 115
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 118
Learning Objectives......Page 119
How We Connect: Discovering the Human Place in the Organic World......Page 120
Principles of Classification......Page 122
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships......Page 123
Definition of Species......Page 127
Interpreting Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record......Page 128
What are Fossils and How Do They Form?......Page 130
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary......Page 132
Mammalian Evolution......Page 134
The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups......Page 136
Processes of Macroevolution......Page 137
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 138
Learning Objectives......Page 139
Primate Characteristics......Page 140
Primate Adaptations......Page 144
Primate Classification......Page 149
A Survey of the Living Primates......Page 151
Endangered Primates......Page 165
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 168
Learning Objectives......Page 169
The Evolution of Behavior......Page 170
Why be Social?......Page 174
Primate Social Behavior......Page 175
Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors......Page 182
Mothers, Fathers, and Infants......Page 186
Primate Cultural Behavior......Page 188
Language......Page 191
The Primate Continuum......Page 194
Summary of Main Topics......Page 195
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 196
Learning Objectives......Page 197
Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture......Page 198
Paleoanthropology......Page 199
Archaeology......Page 201
Piecing Together the Past......Page 204
Dating Methods......Page 207
Paleoanthropology and Archaeology at Olduvai Gorge......Page 215
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 220
Ch 9: Hominin Origins......Page 221
Early Primate Evolution......Page 222
Miocene Fossil Hominoids: Closer Connections to Apes and Humans......Page 225
Understanding Our Direct Evolutionary Connections: What's a Hominin?......Page 226
Walking the Walk: The Bipedal Adaptation......Page 228
Pre-Australopiths (6.0+ -4.4 mya)......Page 232
Australopiths (4.2-1.2 mya)......Page 237
Closer Connections: Early Homo (2.0+-1.4 mya)......Page 246
The Lower Paleolithic Period: Emergence of Human Culture......Page 247
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?......Page 250
Seeing the Big Picture: Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominins......Page 252
Summary of Main Topics......Page 253
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 254
Learning Objectives......Page 255
The Morphology of Homo erectus......Page 257
The First Homo Erectus: Homo Erectus from Africa......Page 260
Who were the Earliest African Emigrants?......Page 263
Homo Erectus from China......Page 265
Later Homo Erectus from Europe......Page 269
Archaeology of Early Hominin Dispersal......Page 270
Seeing the Big Picture: Interpretations of Homo Erectus......Page 272
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 274
Learning Objectives......Page 275
When, Where, and What......Page 276
Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene......Page 278
Lower Paleolithic Premodern Human Culture......Page 284
Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Late Pleistocene......Page 286
Middle Paleolithic Culture......Page 295
Molecular Connections: The Genetic Evidence......Page 298
Seeing Close Human Connections: Understanding Premodern Humans......Page 299
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 302
Learning Objectives......Page 303
Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins......Page 305
The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans......Page 307
Something New and Different: The "Little People"......Page 319
Upper Paleolithic Technology and Art......Page 321
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture......Page 328
Summary of Main Topics......Page 329
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 330
Learning Objectives......Page 331
Entering the New World......Page 333
The Earliest Americans......Page 339
Paleo-Indians in the Americas......Page 344
Early Holocene Hunter-Gatherers......Page 350
Case Studies of Early Holocene Cultures......Page 354
Summary of Main Topics......Page 361
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 362
Learning Objectives......Page 363
The Neolithic Revolution......Page 364
Explaining the Origins of Domestication and Agriculture......Page 366
Archaeological Evidence for Domestication and Agriculture......Page 373
Old World Farmers......Page 378
New World Farmers......Page 387
Summary of Main Topics......Page 395
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 396
Learning Objectives......Page 397
Civilizations in Perspective......Page 398
Why Did Civilizations Form?......Page 402
Old World Civilizations......Page 405
New World Civilizations......Page 417
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 430
Learning Objectives......Page 431
Consequences of Biocultural Evolution......Page 432
Learning from the Past and Facing an Uncertain Future......Page 437
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 438
Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy......Page 439
Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominin Fossil Finds from Africa......Page 447
Appendix C: Population Genetics......Page 452
Glossary......Page 455
Bibliography......Page 468
Index......Page 495