Cengage Advantage Books: Bioethics in a Cultural Context: Philosophy, Religion, History, Politics

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 22
Introduction: Bioethics, Schiavo, and Cultural Politics......Page 31
Normative Ethics......Page 32
Metaethics......Page 33
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Canada’s Terri Schiavo......Page 34
Issues......Page 35
Adversaries......Page 36
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 39
Refusal Legislation......Page 40
References......Page 41
Introduction: Sacred and Secular Foundations......Page 43
Welcome To Technopia......Page 45
The Medieval Church......Page 46
The Biblical Account of Creation......Page 47
The Problem of Evil......Page 48
Moral Failure and Illness......Page 49
Medicine and the Supernatural......Page 50
Enlightenment Science......Page 51
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Buddhism, Health, and Disease......Page 52
Scientific Method......Page 54
Mechanism......Page 55
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Islamic Science......Page 56
Implications for Religion......Page 57
Conclusions......Page 59
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 60
References......Page 62
2 Religious and Secular Ethics......Page 65
Divine Command Theory......Page 66
Secular Natural Law......Page 68
Kant’s Thought and Ethics......Page 71
Utilitarianism......Page 74
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Bentham in Bhutan......Page 76
Conclusions......Page 77
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Spain Extends Rights to Apes......Page 78
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 80
References......Page 83
Introduction: Triumph of Secularism......Page 85
The Emergent Patient Consciousness......Page 87
The New Frontier of Medicine......Page 88
Court Decisions......Page 91
The Pioneers and Their Mind-Set......Page 93
Common Ground......Page 95
The “Jeffersonian Compromise”......Page 97
Conclusions......Page 98
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 99
References......Page 102
Hippocratic Paternalism......Page 104
The Belmont Principles......Page 105
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Transcultural Human Rights......Page 106
Autonomy......Page 107
Nonmaleficence......Page 109
Beneficence......Page 111
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Traditional Medicine for the Hmong......Page 113
Justice......Page 114
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 116
References......Page 120
A Patient’s Bill of Rights......Page 123
Truthtelling......Page 124
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: East Asian Autonomy......Page 125
Informed Consent......Page 126
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: A Japanese Woman with Aggressive Leukemia......Page 128
Advance Directives......Page 129
Participation in Medical Research......Page 130
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: A Slow Dying in Nigeria......Page 131
Privacy and Confidentiality......Page 132
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Baseball’s Genetic Testing in Latin America......Page 134
Conclusions......Page 135
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 136
References......Page 139
Feeling Betrayed by Principlism......Page 141
The Critique of Autonomy......Page 143
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Unmarried and Pregnant in Saudi Arabia......Page 146
Suggested Offsetting Principles......Page 147
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Egyptian Doctor’s Honesty Backfires......Page 150
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 152
References......Page 155
Virtue Theory......Page 157
Feminist Ethics of Care......Page 158
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Buddhist Virtue......Page 159
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Global Violence Against Women......Page 162
Existential and Spiritual Dimensions of Illness......Page 163
Narratives......Page 165
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Bioethics in the Twenty-first Century......Page 168
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 169
References......Page 172
Introduction: Headlines for Reproductive Ethics......Page 175
References......Page 178
Banning Abortion in South Dakota......Page 179
Developmental Sequence of Human Life......Page 180
The Ontological Status of the Unborn......Page 182
When Ontological Status is Attained......Page 184
Moral Status of The Unborn......Page 186
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Islamic Understanding of Fetal Development......Page 187
Scientific Views about when Life Begins......Page 188
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Buddhism, Personhood, and Abortion......Page 190
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 191
References......Page 193
The Murder of Dr. George Tiller......Page 196
A Brief History......Page 198
Life Matters Most: The Conservative Religious View......Page 199
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Early Induction in Ontario......Page 201
The Mobilization of Pro-Choice Consciousness......Page 203
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Abortions in Kenya......Page 204
Philosophical Analyses of Abortion......Page 205
Religious Social Teaching and Activism......Page 208
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 209
References......Page 212
Choice Matters Most: The Roe Decision......Page 215
Roe and Cultural Conflict......Page 218
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Outrage in Brazil......Page 220
Choice Under Attack......Page 222
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Mexico Legislates Personhood......Page 223
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Abortion Around the World......Page 226
Conclusions......Page 227
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 229
References......Page 232
Test-Tube Babies......Page 235
Assisted Reproductive Technology......Page 236
Rights......Page 238
Respect for Human Life......Page 240
Unity of Marriage, Sex, and Reproduction......Page 241
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Sunni and Shi’ a Views of Reproductive Technology......Page 242
Gender Liberation and Self-Determination......Page 245
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: ARTs and Women in India......Page 246
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 247
References......Page 249
The Commerce of Reproduction......Page 251
Questions of Lineage......Page 252
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Wombs for Rent in India......Page 253
The Meaning of Family and The Well-Being of Offspring......Page 255
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Dead Men To Father Children in Israel and England......Page 257
Conclusions......Page 258
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 259
References......Page 262
The Boy in the Plastic Bubble......Page 265
Medical Uses of Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis......Page 266
The Ethical Debate......Page 268
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Eugenics Around the World......Page 270
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Biotechnology in China......Page 271
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 272
References......Page 275
14 The Prenatal Testing Debate II: Sex Selection......Page 277
Pre- vs. Postconception Technology......Page 278
Sexism......Page 279
Sex Ratios in Local Populations......Page 280
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Chinese Bias for Baby Boys......Page 281
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Clinics’ Pitch to Indian Émigrés......Page 282
Consumer Eugenics......Page 283
Conclusions......Page 285
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 286
References......Page 289
15 The Stem Cell Debate I: Background and Terminology......Page 292
Loosening the Stem Cell Binds......Page 293
Embryonic and Non-Embryonic Stem Cells......Page 294
Lines......Page 295
Obtaining Stem Cells......Page 296
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Japanese Create Fatherless Mouse with Three Mothers......Page 297
Cloning......Page 298
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 299
References......Page 302
Personal Ethics......Page 304
Research Ethics......Page 305
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Embryonic Stem Cell Research Worldwide......Page 308
Social Ethics......Page 312
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Human-Animal Hybrid in Britain......Page 314
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 316
References......Page 319
Introduction: Jack’s Back......Page 321
References......Page 322
DCD and The Death of Ruben Navarro......Page 323
Traditional Heart-Lung Definition......Page 325
Whole-Brain Death Definition......Page 326
Challenges to the Whole-Brain Formulation......Page 327
The Biological vs. Psychosocial Debate: Organisms vs. Persons......Page 328
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Japan’s Organ Transplantation Law......Page 330
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Brain Death......Page 334
Lingering Questions about Brain Death......Page 335
Conclusions......Page 337
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 338
References......Page 341
The Assisted Death of Piergiorgio Welby......Page 343
Suicide: The Problem of Definition......Page 344
Definition: Narrow and Broad Interpretations......Page 346
Killing vs. Allowing to Die......Page 347
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Suicide Tourists......Page 348
Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Decisions......Page 353
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: “Compassionate Murder” in Canada......Page 354
Conclusions......Page 355
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 356
References......Page 358
The Suicide of Isadore Millstone......Page 360
Suicide as an Offense to God, Neighbor, Self: Plato and Aristotle......Page 362
Suicide as a Rational Act: The Stoics......Page 363
Suicide as Beneficial to Self and Others: Hume......Page 364
Suicide as Violating Moral Responsibility: Kant......Page 366
Suicide as a Social Utility: Bentham and Mill......Page 368
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Field of Tears in South Korea......Page 369
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 370
References......Page 373
The Assisted Death of Velma Howard......Page 375
Principles......Page 376
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Englaro Case Tears Italy Apart......Page 384
Virtue......Page 385
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: The Groningen Protocol......Page 388
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 390
References......Page 393
The Final Campaign of Booth Gardner......Page 396
Individual Rights......Page 398
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: YouTube Plea from Australia......Page 402
Equality......Page 403
The General Welfare......Page 405
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: World Legal Opinion on Assisted Death......Page 408
Conclusions......Page 410
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 411
References......Page 415
22 Rationing Health Care at the End of Life......Page 418
The Death of Barbara Wagner......Page 419
Health Care Rationing......Page 420
Arguments for Age-Based Rationing......Page 421
Arguments Against Age-Based Rationing......Page 423
Rationing by Medical Futility......Page 424
Arguments for a Judgment of Futility......Page 426
Arguments Against a Judgment of Futility......Page 427
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: QALY in the UK......Page 428
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 431
References......Page 434
Religious vs. Secular Bioethics......Page 438
Liberal Democacy......Page 440
Rethinking the “Jeffersonian Compromise”......Page 441
Toward an Overlapping Consensus......Page 443
BIOETHICS ACROSS CULTURES: Cross-Cultural International Bioethics......Page 444
Religion in Public Bioethics......Page 445
CASES AND CONTROVERSIES......Page 447
References......Page 449
INDEX......Page 451