Cell Cycle Control and Plant Development (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 32)

Cell Cycle Control and Plant Development......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 15
Preface......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 23
1.2 Structural diversity in the family of plant CDKs......Page 24
1.3 Expression profiles of CDK genes: structures and functions of promoters......Page 36
1.4 Diverse functions of CDK protein complexes in multiple regulatory mechanisms......Page 42
1.5 Developmental consequences of altered CDK functions......Page 46
Acknowledgments......Page 47
References......Page 48
2.1.1 Cyclins and the cell cycle oscillator......Page 53
2.2 The plant cyclin family......Page 54
2.2.1 Phylogenetic relationships between animal and plant cyclins......Page 55
2.2.3 A-type cyclins......Page 56
2.2.4 B-type cyclins......Page 62
2.2.5 D-type cyclins......Page 63
2.2.6 Other cyclins......Page 64
2.3.1 The G1 checkpoint......Page 69
2.3.2 S phase......Page 70
2.4 Cyclins in plant development......Page 71
2.5 Concluding remarks......Page 75
References......Page 76
3.1 Introduction......Page 84
3.2 Plant CDK inhibitors and sequence uniqueness......Page 86
3.3 Expression......Page 88
3.4 Interactions with cell cycle proteins and CDK inhibition......Page 90
3.5 Protein stability and modifications......Page 93
3.6 Cellular localization......Page 94
3.7 CDK inhibitors and plant growth and development......Page 96
3.8 Cell cycle phase transitions......Page 99
3.9 Cell cycle exit and endoreduplication......Page 100
3.10 Concluding remarks......Page 102
References......Page 104
4.1.1 Ubiquitylation reaction......Page 109
4.2 The SCF and APC/C: the two master E3s regulating the cell cycle......Page 111
4.2.2 The APC/C: the E3 coordinating cell cycle progression through mitosis and G1......Page 112
4.3.1 The transition from G1 to S phase......Page 114
4.3.2 Regulators that control DNA replication licensing......Page 117
4.3.3 Metaphase to anaphase transition......Page 120
4.3.4 Mitotic cyclin destruction: the essential step to exit mitosis......Page 121
4.3.5 APCCDC20 versus APCCDH1/CCS52......Page 123
4.3.6 Regulation of endoreduplication by the APC/C......Page 125
References......Page 126
5.1 Introduction......Page 136
5.2 Overview of CAKs in yeasts and vertebrates......Page 138
5.3.1 CDKD, cyclin H and MAT1......Page 139
5.3.2 CDKD protein complexes......Page 141
5.3.3 CDKD in cell cycle regulation and transcriptional control......Page 142
5.4.1 Unique features of CDKF......Page 143
5.4.2 CAK-activating kinase activity of CDKF......Page 144
5.5 Manipulation of in vivo CDK activities by CAK......Page 146
5.6 Inhibitory phosphorylation of yeast and vertebrate CDKs......Page 147
5.7.1 Plant WEE1 kinases......Page 148
5.7.2 Requirement for tyrosine dephosphorylation in plant cell division......Page 149
5.7.3 A CDC25-like phosphatase and an antiphosphatase in Arabidopsis......Page 151
5.8 Conclusion and perspectives......Page 152
References......Page 153
6.1 E2F–DP transcription factors: a historical perspective......Page 160
6.2.1 DNA-binding and dimerization domains......Page 161
6.3.1 Transcription......Page 163
6.3.4 Selective proteolysis of E2F and DP......Page 165
6.4 E2F–DP target genes......Page 166
6.4.1 DNA replication genes......Page 170
6.4.2 Cell cycle genes......Page 173
6.4.3 E2F targets in differentiated cells......Page 174
6.4.4 Genome-wide approaches to identify E2F target genes......Page 175
6.5 Functional relevance of E2F–DP in development......Page 176
6.6 E2F and epigenetic regulation of gene expression......Page 177
6.7 Concluding remarks: complexity of E2F-dependent regulation of gene expression......Page 179
References......Page 180
7.2 Retinoblastoma proteins and the tumor suppressor concept......Page 186
7.3 The retinoblastoma pathway is conserved in animals and plants......Page 187
7.4 Retinoblastoma proteins form complexes with E2F transcription factors to control entry into the cell cycle......Page 188
7.5 G1 restriction point control is mediated by retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation......Page 190
7.7 Information on retinoblastoma protein function in animal development is still incomplete......Page 191
7.8 Retinoblastoma proteins may have conserved functions in germline development......Page 193
7.9 Retinoblastoma proteins connect stem cell maintenance to cell proliferation and differentiation......Page 194
7.10 Perturbation of RBR during leaf development affects cell proliferation and control of DNA replication......Page 196
7.11 Roles of retinoblastoma proteins in transcription activation and repression......Page 197
7.12 Retinoblastoma proteins interact with polycomb group complexes in controlling gene expression......Page 198
7.13 Conclusion......Page 200
References......Page 201
8.1 Introduction......Page 209
8.2 Cell cycle regulation during lateral root development......Page 210
8.3 Stemness of the xylem pole associated pericycle......Page 211
8.4 Auxin signalling during lateral root initiation......Page 212
8.5 Post-transcriptional feedback mechanisms on auxin signalling......Page 215
8.6 Polar auxin transport defines lateral root boundaries......Page 216
8.7 Cytokinins inhibit lateral root development......Page 217
8.8 Brassinosteroids regulate auxin transport......Page 218
8.10 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 219
References......Page 220
9.1 Introduction......Page 225
9.2.1 Patterns of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf initiation......Page 226
9.2.2 Manipulation of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf initiation......Page 230
9.2.3 The role of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf initiation......Page 233
9.3.1 Patterns of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf growth......Page 234
9.3.2 Manipulation of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf growth......Page 236
9.4.1 Patterns of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf differentiation......Page 240
9.4.2 Manipulation of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf differentiation......Page 241
9.4.3 The role of the cell cycle and cell division during leaf differentiation......Page 242
9.5 Conclusions......Page 243
References......Page 244
10.2 Occurrence and physiological role of endoreduplication in nature......Page 249
10.2.2 Endoreduplication in plants......Page 251
10.3 Molecular control of the endocycle......Page 255
10.4 Environmental and hormonal control of the endocycle......Page 262
10.5 Outlook......Page 263
References......Page 264
11.1 Introduction......Page 271
11.2 The regulation and cell cycle context of trichome development......Page 273
11.3.1 Control of trichome endoreduplication by developmental regulators......Page 275
11.3.2 Regulators of the G1/S transition and S-phase progression affect endoreduplication levels in trichomes......Page 278
11.3.3 Inhibitors of trichome endoreduplication levels......Page 279
11.3.4 Genes affecting division potential of developing trichomes......Page 281
11.4.1 Basic mechanism of endoreduplication in trichomes resembles that of other cell types......Page 283
11.4.2 The role of D-cyclins in trichome endoreduplication......Page 284
11.4.3 A speculative model of endoreduplication during trichome development......Page 285
References......Page 287
12.1 Introduction......Page 291
12.2.1 Brief description of tomato fruit development......Page 292
12.2.2 Hormonal signalling in fruit set and development......Page 294
12.3.1 Core cell cycle genes in tomato......Page 296
12.3.2 Expression of cell cycle genes during fruit development......Page 299
12.3.3 Temporal expression of cell cycle genes in the different fruit tissues......Page 300
12.4 Altering the cell cycle towards endoreduplication: a key feature for fruit growth......Page 302
12.4.1 Role of WEE1 in endoreduplication during tomato fruit development......Page 303
12.4.2 Role of ICK/KRP in endoreduplication during tomato fruit development......Page 305
12.5 Genetic control of fruit size......Page 307
12.6 Metabolic control of fruit development and growth......Page 308
12.7 Conclusion......Page 310
References......Page 312
13.2 Endosperm development: a cell cycle perspective......Page 316
13.3 Genetic control of endosperm cell proliferation......Page 320
13.4 The cell cycle molecular engine during endosperm development......Page 323
13.5 Role of CDKA in the endoreduplication cell cycle......Page 324
13.6 Environmental and hormonal control of the cell cycle......Page 325
13.7 Epigenetic control......Page 327
13.8 Perspectives......Page 328
References......Page 329
14.1 Introduction......Page 333
14.3 Growth and cell cycle gene expression induced by auxin and cytokinin......Page 334
14.4 Does cell cycle progression affect growth?......Page 336
14.5 Division sustains continuation of growth......Page 337
14.7 Hormonal impacts at the G1/S phase progression......Page 338
14.8 Hormonal impacts at the G2/M phase progression......Page 340
14.10 Cytokinin contributions to stem cell and meristem identity at the shoot apex......Page 344
14.11 Auxin contributions to stem cell and meristem activity at the root apex......Page 345
14.12 Hormones and the balance of cell proliferation between root and shoot......Page 346
14.13 Auxin/cytokinin ratio and initiation of cell proliferation in lateral meristems......Page 347
14.14 Possible mechanisms for cell cycle response to hormone concentration and ratio......Page 348
14.15 Cell cycle control in the spacing of lateral organs......Page 350
References......Page 351
15.1 Introduction......Page 357
15.2.1 Spatial and temporal patterns of cell division rate in plant organs are a useful framework for analyzing the effects of environmental stresses on cell division......Page 358
15.2.2 Effects of water deficit......Page 360
15.2.5 Effects of temperature......Page 361
15.3.1 Under several circumstances, cell division and tissue expansion are coupled......Page 362
15.3.2 Uncoupling of cell division and tissue expansion is revealed by the analysis of cell size in response to environmental stresses......Page 365
15.4 Environmental stresses cause a blockage at the G1–S and G2–M transitions......Page 366
15.4.1 The plant cell cycle can be regulated at multiple points but it appears that major controls operate at the G1–S and G2–M transitions in response to environmental stresses......Page 367
15.4.3 Environmental stresses affect the CDK activity......Page 368
15.5 Endoreduplication and abiotic stresses......Page 369
15.5.2 Effects of light and elevated CO2......Page 370
15.5.4 The role of endoreduplication in adaptation to abiotic stresses......Page 371
15.6 Conclusion......Page 372
References......Page 373
Index......Page 378
The colour plate section appears after page......Page 387