Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 5: Phytochemicals in Cell Cultures

Front Cover......Page 1
Phytochemicals in Plant Cell Cultures......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 14
General Preface......Page 18
Preface......Page 22
Contents of Previous Volumes......Page 24
Part I: Phenylpropanoids, Naphthoquinones, and Anthraquinones......Page 30
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 32
II. COUMARINS IN CROWN GALL TUMORS......Page 35
IV. INDUCED COUMARINS......Page 36
V. BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 39
VI. REGULATION OF BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 45
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 52
II. MAJOR CLASSES OF FLAVONOIDS......Page 53
III. ADVANTAGES OF CELL CULTURES IN STUDIES OF FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 66
IV. FLAVONOIDS IN TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES......Page 67
V. TURNOVER AND DEGRADATION......Page 70
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 78
II. STRUCTURE OF ANTHOCYANINS......Page 79
III. OCCURRENCE OF ANTHOCYANINS IN TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES......Page 81
IV. BIOSYNTHESIS OF ANTHOCYANINS......Page 86
V. REGULATION OF ANTHOCYANIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES......Page 91
VI. ACCUMULATION OF ANTHOCYANINS IN THE CENTRAL VACUOLE......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 98
I. OCCURRENCE......Page 106
II. INFLUENCE OF PHYTOHORMONES......Page 109
III. NUTRIENTS AND PRECURSORS......Page 111
IV. EFFECT OF ILLUMINATION......Page 112
V. EFFECT OF POLYAMINES......Page 113
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
II. TANNINS......Page 118
III. LIGNANS......Page 121
IV. LIGNINS......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 124
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 128
II. NAPHTHOQUINONES IN CELL CULTURES......Page 129
III. BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS OF NAPHTHOQUINONES......Page 133
V. REGULATION OF NAPHTHOQUINONE PRODUCTION......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 138
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 142
II. QUALITY OF ANTHRAQUINONES IN CALLUS AND CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES......Page 144
III. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF ANTHRAQUINONE OCCURRENCE......Page 156
IV. BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 165
Part II: Mevalonates......Page 170
I. GENERAL......Page 172
II. MONOTERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 177
III. SESQUITERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 180
V. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES......Page 181
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 188
II. CULTURE TECHNIQUES......Page 190
IV. CYTOTOXIC ANALYSIS......Page 191
V. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES......Page 199
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 203
VIII. STUDIES IN OTHER LABORATORIES......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 208
II. NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF BUFADIENOLIDES......Page 209
IV. PRESENT STATUS OF TISSUE CULTURE OF PLANTS YIELDING BUFADIENOLIDES......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 218
I. CARDENOLIDES: STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND SIGNIFICANCE......Page 222
II. ESTABLISHMENT OF DIGITALIS TISSUE CULTURES......Page 223
III. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CARDENOLIDES IN DIGITALIS SHOOT CULTURES......Page 225
IV. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CARDENOLIDES IN CULTURES OF SOMATIC DIGITALIS EMBRYOS......Page 227
V. TRANSFORMATION OF CARDENOLIDES IN PARENCHYMA-LIKE DIGITALIS CELLS......Page 231
VI. IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE BIOTECHNOLOGICA L PRODUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION OF CARDENOLIDES BY DIGITALIS CELL AND ORGAN CULTURES?......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 242
II. CALLUS INDUCTION AND SELECTION......Page 243
IV. SEPARATION OF SAPONINS......Page 245
V. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SAPONINS......Page 246
VII. EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND LIGHT ON SAPONIN PRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN STATIC CULTURES......Page 248
VIII. EFFECT OF VARIOUS CULTURE CONDITIONS ON SAPONIN PRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN SUSPENSION CULTURES......Page 252
IX. EFFECT OF INHIBITORS AND PRECURSORS ON SAPONIN PRODUCTION......Page 254
XI. HAIRY ROOT CULTURE AND SAPONIN PRODUCTION......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 262
Part III: Alkaloids......Page 264
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 266
II. DISTRIBUTION......Page 267
III. TISSUE CULTURE......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 271
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 274
III. PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS......Page 275
IV. TOBACCO ALKALOIDS......Page 277
V. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 292
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 294
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 302
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 306
II. QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS......Page 307
III. PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 314
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 318
II. PRODUCTION OF ISOQUINOLINES......Page 319
III. CHEMOTAXONOMI C APPROACH......Page 325
IV. BIOTRANSFORMATION AND BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 329
V. ACCUMULATION OF PROTOBERBERINE ALKALOIDS......Page 334
VI. IMMOBILIZED CELLS......Page 336
VII. REDIFFERENTIATED PLANTLETS AND ALKALOIDS......Page 337
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 341
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 344
II. FACTORS THAT PROMOTE THE PRODUCTION OF MORPHINAN ALKALOIDS IN TISSUE CULTURE......Page 349
III. BIOTRANSFORMATIONS......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 359
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 364
II. CELL CULTURE METHODS......Page 367
III. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 371
IV. ALKALOID PRODUCTION IN CINCHONA TISSUE CULTURES......Page 377
V. BIOSYNTHETIC STUDIES USING CINCHONA TISSUE CULTURES......Page 378
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 380
REFERENCES......Page 381
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 386
II. CELL CULTURE SYSTEMS......Page 387
III. FORMATION OF HARMAN ALKALOIDS AND SEROTONIN......Page 388
IV. STUDIES OF BIOSYNTHESIS AND REGULATION......Page 393
V. A BIOCHEMICAL SELECTION SYSTEM......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 397
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 400
II. STRUCTURAL TYPES OF ALKALOIDS......Page 402
III. ALKALOIDS FROM CELL CULTURES......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 410
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 414
II. PRODUCTION OF INDOLE ALKALOIDS......Page 415
III. INSTABILITY OF CELL LINES......Page 419
IV. ENZYMOLOGY OF INDOLE ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 420
V. ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF VINDOLINE AND DIMERIC INDOLE ALKALOIDS......Page 425
REFERENCES......Page 426
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 432
II. EXPERIMENTAL......Page 434
III. GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY......Page 435
IV. BIOSYNTHETIC POTENTIAL......Page 439
V. STRESS-INDUCED PRODUCT FORMATION......Page 441
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 448
III. ACRIDONE PATTERNS......Page 449
IV. CULTURE CONDITIONS AND ACRIDONE YIELD......Page 454
V. ELICITATION OF ACRIDONE EPOXIDE ACCUMULATION......Page 456
VI. BIOSYNTHESIS OF ACRIDONE ALKALOIDS......Page 457
VII. ACRIDONE ALKALOID LOCALIZATION......Page 458
REFERENCES......Page 459
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 464
II. TERPENOID ALKALOIDS......Page 465
III. STEROID ALKALOIDS......Page 466
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 478
II. BETALAIN-SYNTHESIZING CELL CULTURES......Page 480
III. FACTORS AND CONDITIONS OF BETALAIN FORMATION......Page 484
IV. REGULATION OF BETALAIN BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 485
V. RESULTS OF GENERAL INTEREST......Page 487
VI. CELL CULTURES FOR PRODUCTION OF FOOD DYES?......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 489
Part IV: Glucosinolates, Polyacetylenes, and Lipids......Page 494
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 496
III. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 498
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 501
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 504
II. FLAVOR PRODUCTION IN INTACT PLANTS OF ALLIUM SPECIES......Page 505
III. FLAVOR PRODUCTION IN TISSUE CULTURES OF ALLIUM SPECIES......Page 513
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 520
REFERENCES......Page 521
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 524
II. POLYACETYLENES IN TISSUE CULTURES......Page 526
III. GROWTH MEDIUM AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 532
REFERENCES......Page 535
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 538
II. LIPIDS IN PLANT CELL CULTURES......Page 539
III. BIOSYNTHESIS, METABOLISM, AND TURNOVER OF LIPIDS IN PLANT CELL CULTURES......Page 544
IV. BIOTECHNOLOGICA L APPLICATIONS OF PLANT CELL CULTURES......Page 552
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 558
REFERENCES......Page 559
Part V: Biologically Active Compounds......Page 564
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 566
II. PYRETHRINS......Page 567
III. NICOTINE......Page 573
IV. ROTENOIDS......Page 575
IV. PHYTOECDYSONES AND LIMONOIDS......Page 577
REFERENCES......Page 578
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 582
II. METHODOLOGY......Page 583
III. ANTITUMOR COMPOUNDS IN CULTURED PLANT CELLS......Page 586
IV. PROSPECTS......Page 593
REFERENCES......Page 596
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 598
II. HERB FLAVORS......Page 599
III. PUNGENT FLAVORS......Page 607
IV. BEVERAGE FLAVORS......Page 608
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 611
REFERENCES......Page 612
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 616
II. CALLUS CULTURES DERIVED FROM CARROT ROOT EXPLANTS......Page 617
III. CULTURED PETIOLE EXPLANTS OF CARROTS......Page 625
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 626
REFERENCES......Page 627
Index......Page 630