CCTV, Second Edition: Networking and Digital Technology

Front cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 18
The basic units......Page 22
Derived units......Page 23
Metric prefixes......Page 25
A little bit of history......Page 28
Light basics and the human eye......Page 29
Light units......Page 35
Measuring object illumination in CCTV......Page 38
Light onto an imaging device......Page 43
Colors in television......Page 47
Color temperatures and light sources......Page 49
Eye persistence......Page 54
Refraction......Page 58
Lenses as optical elements......Page 59
Geometrical construction of images......Page 64
Aspherical lenses......Page 67
CTF and MTF......Page 69
F and T numbers......Page 71
Depth of field......Page 73
Neutral density (ND) filters......Page 76
Manual, auto, and motorized iris lenses......Page 78
Video- and DC-driven auto iris lenses......Page 80
Auto iris lens electronics......Page 82
Image and lens formats in CCTV......Page 83
Angles of view and how to determine them......Page 86
Fixed focal length lenses......Page 90
Zoom lenses......Page 92
C- and CS-mount and back-focus......Page 97
Back-focus adjustment......Page 99
Optical accessories in CCTV......Page 104
A little bit of history......Page 108
The very basics of television......Page 109
NTSC television timing chart......Page 115
PAL B television timing chart......Page 116
The video signal and its spectrum......Page 117
Color video signal......Page 120
Resolution......Page 123
Oscilloscope......Page 125
Spectrum analyzer......Page 127
Vectorscope......Page 128
Television systems around the world......Page 129
HDTV......Page 130
General information about cameras......Page 138
Tube cameras......Page 139
CCD cameras......Page 143
Sensitivity and resolution of the CCD chips......Page 146
Types of charge transfer in CCDs......Page 150
Pulses used in CCD for transferring charges......Page 156
CCD chip as a sampler......Page 157
Correlated double sampling (CDS)......Page 160
Camera specifications and their meanings......Page 161
Sensitivity......Page 162
Minimum illumination......Page 163
Camera resolution......Page 165
Signal/noise ratio (S/N)......Page 169
Dynamic range of a CCD chip......Page 171
Color CCD cameras......Page 173
White balance......Page 176
CMOS technology......Page 177
Special low-light-intensified cameras......Page 179
Camera power supplies and copper conductors......Page 181
V-phase adjustment......Page 186
Camera checklist......Page 187
General about monitors......Page 190
Monitor sizes......Page 194
Monitor adjustments......Page 195
Impedance switch......Page 199
Viewing conditions......Page 200
Gamma......Page 203
LCD monitors......Page 204
Projectors and projection monitors......Page 206
Plasma display monitors......Page 208
Field emission technology displays......Page 209
Video sequential switchers......Page 212
Synchronization......Page 213
Video matrix switchers (VMSs)......Page 216
Quad compressors......Page 220
Multiplexers (MUX)......Page 222
Recording time delays......Page 224
Video motion detectors (VMDs)......Page 227
Framestores......Page 230
Video printers......Page 231
A little bit of history and the basic concept......Page 234
The early VCR concepts......Page 235
The video home system (VHS) concept......Page 236
Super VHS, Y/C, and comb filtering......Page 239
Consumer VCRs for CCTV purposes......Page 243
Time-lapse VCRs (TL VCRs)......Page 245
9. Digital video......Page 252
Why digital video?......Page 253
Digital video recorders (DVRs)......Page 254
The various standards......Page 255
ITU-601: Merging the NTSC and PAL......Page 259
The resolution of ITU-601 digitized video......Page 262
The need for compression......Page 269
Types of compressions......Page 272
DCT as a basis......Page 274
The variety of compression standards in CCTV......Page 276
JPEG......Page 278
M-JPEG......Page 280
Wavelet......Page 281
JPEG-2000......Page 282
MPEG-1......Page 283
MPEG-2......Page 285
MPEG-4......Page 288
MPEG-21......Page 290
H.261......Page 291
H.264......Page 292
About pixels and resolution......Page 294
Dots per inch (DPI)......Page 298
Psychophysiology of viewing details......Page 299
Recognizing faces and license plates in CCTV......Page 302
Operating systems and hard disks......Page 304
Hard disk drives......Page 308
The different file systems......Page 315
FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32)......Page 316
NTFS (New Technology File System)......Page 317
ReiserFS......Page 318
UFS......Page 319
ATA, SCSI, RAID, and SATA......Page 320
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure)......Page 324
10. Transmission media......Page 328
The concept......Page 329
Characteristic impedance......Page 330
BNC connectors......Page 334
Coaxial cables and proper BNC termination......Page 335
Installation techniques......Page 338
Twisted pair video transmission......Page 341
Microwave links......Page 343
RF wireless (open air) video transmission......Page 345
Infrared wireless (open air) video transmission......Page 346
Transmission of images over telephone lines......Page 347
PSTN......Page 349
ISDN......Page 350
Cellular network......Page 351
Why fiber?......Page 352
The concept......Page 353
Types of optical fibers......Page 355
Numerical aperture......Page 357
Light levels in fiber optics......Page 358
Light sources in fiber optics transmission......Page 359
Light detectors in fiber optics......Page 362
Frequencies in fiber optics transmission......Page 363
Mechanical splicing......Page 365
Fiber optics multiplexers......Page 366
Fiber optics cables......Page 367
Installation techniques......Page 371
Fiber optic link analysis......Page 373
OTDR......Page 375
The Information Technology era......Page 378
Computers and networks......Page 379
LAN and WAN......Page 381
Ethernet......Page 384
Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3Z)......Page 385
Wireless Ethernet (IEEE 802.11)......Page 386
Data speed and types of network cabling......Page 387
Ethernet over coax and UTP cables......Page 390
Patch and crossover cables......Page 395
Fiber optics network cabling......Page 397
Network concepts and components......Page 400
The Internet protocols......Page 403
The OSI seven-layer model of networking......Page 405
2. The Data Link layer......Page 407
4. The Transport layer......Page 408
5. The Session layer......Page 409
7. The Application layer......Page 410
IP addresses......Page 411
IPv4 addressing notation......Page 412
Private addresses......Page 413
IP address Class D and Multicast......Page 414
IP network partitioning......Page 415
IPv6 addressing notation......Page 416
Domain Name Systems (DNS)......Page 417
DHCP......Page 418
DNS and DHCP......Page 419
Hubs, bridges, and switches......Page 420
Network ports......Page 423
A network analogy example......Page 424
What is 802.11?......Page 426
802.11a......Page 427
802.11g......Page 428
Certification and security......Page 429
What about Bluetooth?......Page 430
Putting a network system together......Page 432
The IP check commands......Page 436
Pan and tilt heads......Page 438
Pan and tilt domes......Page 440
Preset positioning P/T heads......Page 441
PTZ site drivers......Page 442
Camera housings......Page 445
Lighting in CCTV......Page 448
Infrared lights......Page 449
Ground loop correctors......Page 451
Lightning protection......Page 452
In-line video amplifiers/equalizers......Page 453
Video distribution amplifiers (VDAs)......Page 454
Understanding the customer’s requirements......Page 458
Site inspections......Page 462
Designing and quoting a CCTV system......Page 463
Installation considerations......Page 465
Drawings......Page 467
Commissioning......Page 469
Handing over......Page 470
Preventative maintenance......Page 471
The CCTV Labs test chart......Page 474
Use high-quality monitor......Page 475
Setup procedure......Page 476
Resolution......Page 480
Other important measurements......Page 481
Getting the best possible picture......Page 484
Measurement of the digital image compression quality......Page 485
The CCTV Labs test pattern generator TPG-8......Page 486
How you could use the TPG-8......Page 487
TPG-8 buttons description......Page 488
The TPG-8 Navigator software......Page 489
Instruments used with the TPG-8......Page 490
Test patterns and how to create them......Page 491
Specifications......Page 492
Appendix A Common terms used in CCTV......Page 496
Appendix B Bibliography and acknowledgments......Page 532
Appendix C All the CCTV links in the world......Page 536
Appendix D Book co-sponsors......Page 558
About the author.........Page 570
Index......Page 571