Caves and Karst of Turkey - Volume 2: Geology, Hydrogeology and Karst (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 Karst of Turkey
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Tectonic of Turkey
	1.3 Tertiary Units
		1.3.1 Karst in the Taurus Area
	References
2 Turkey’s Karst and Water Resources
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Gypsum Karst
		2.2.1 General Overview in Gypsum Karst
		2.2.2 Gypsum Karst in Turkey
	2.3 Karst Water Resources
		2.3.1 Taurus Karst Region
		2.3.2 Central Anatolia Karst Region
		2.3.3 South Anatolia Karst Region
		2.3.4 North Anatolia and Thrace Karst Region
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
3 Karst of Antalya Travertine, Southwest of Turkey
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Geographical Setting
	3.3 Geological Setting
		3.3.1 Stratigraphy
			3.3.1.1 Autochthonous Units
				Mesozoic
				Cenozoic
			3.3.1.2 Allochthonous Units
				Çataltepe Unit
				Alakirçay (Ispartaçay) Unit
				Tahtalidag Unit
		3.3.2 Structural Geology
		3.3.3 Paleogeography
	3.4 Karst Geomorphology
		3.4.1 Travertine
		3.4.2 Karst Features
		3.4.3 Poljes and Dolines
		3.4.4 Submarine Discharge
	3.5 Hydrogeological Characterization
		3.5.1 General Hydrogeology
		3.5.2 Kirkgözler Springs
		3.5.3 Düdenbaşi Spring
	References
4 Konya-Karapinar Sinkholes (Obruks) of Turkey
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Geology
		4.2.1 Konya-Karapinar Plain
		4.2.2 Geology of Obruk Plain
		4.2.3 Structural Geology
	4.3 Hydrogeological Units
	4.4 Obruk’s Development
		4.4.1 Origin of Obruks
		4.4.2 Morphometry of Obruks
		4.4.3 Recen Obruks
		4.4.4 Old Obruks
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Origin and Catchment Area of the Köprüçay Karst Springs
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Geological Units and Hydrogeological Functions
		5.2.1 Autochthonous Units
			5.2.1.1 Paleozoic
			5.2.1.2 Mesozoic
			5.2.1.3 Cenozoic
			5.2.1.4 Geological Units and Hydrological Functions
		5.2.2 Allochthonous Units
	5.3 Bulasan and Beşkonak Flow Records
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6 Tectonic Influences on Groundwater Flow Systems in Karst of the Southwest Taurus Mountains, Turkey
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Tectogenetic Control of Karstification
	6.3 The Effect of the Quaternary Ice Age Term on Taurus Karst Processes
	6.4 The Major Controls on the Karst Hydrogeology
	6.5 Antalya Travertine Plateau
	6.6 Hydrothermal Pamukkale Travertine
	References
7 Karst Areas of Turkey
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Karst Limestone
		7.2.1 The Taurus Mountains
		7.2.2 Thrace and the Black Sea Mountains
		7.2.3 The Western Anatolia
		7.2.4 The Central Anatolia
		7.2.5 The Eastern Anatolia
		7.2.6 The South Eastern Anatolia
	7.3 Gypsum Karst
	7.4 Spectacular Karst Features of Turkey
		7.4.1 Large Poljes
		7.4.2 Obruks
		7.4.3 Tufa and Travertine Deposits
	7.5 Karst Hydrogeology
	7.6 Eustatism and Active Tectonic
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Karst Springs of Turkey: Hydrogeology of the Kirkgözler Karst Springs, Antalya
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Geologic Setting
	8.3 Hydrogeology
		8.3.1 Aquifers
		8.3.2 Karst Springs
			8.3.2.1 Kirkgözler Springs
			8.3.2.2 Düdenbaşi Spring
	8.4 Hydrochemistry
	8.5 Natural and Artificial Tracing
	8.6 Conclusions
	References
9 The Karst Springs of Antalya, Turkey
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Oluköprü Springs
	9.3 Spring Discharge Rates
	9.4 Recharge Areas of the Springs
	9.5 Allochthonous Units
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Karst Hydrogeology of Pamukkale Thermal Springs, Denizli, Turkey
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Hydrogeological Properties
	10.3 Hydrogeochemical Aspects
	10.4 Pollution and Protection Studies
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Beyazsu and Karasu Karst Springs Mardin-Nusaybin Area (SE Turkey)
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Geology of the Deep Aquifer Systems
	11.3 Hydrogeological Setting
	11.4 Water Quality
	11.5 Deep Aquifer System
	11.6 Conclusions
	References
12 Karst Hydrogeology of Muğla—Gökova Karst Springs
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 The Springs of Gökova
		12.2.1 Azmak Spring Group
		12.2.2 The Akbük Bay Springs
	12.3 Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Rocks
		12.3.1 The Hydrogeological Characteristics of Autochthonous Units
		12.3.2 The Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Allochthonous Units
	References
13 Karst Springs and Waterfalls—Zamanti River, Eastern Turkey
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Geology
	13.3 Hydrology
	13.4 Hydrogeology
	13.5 Recession Curve Analysis of the Large Karstic Springs
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14 Niğde–Pozanti Şekerpinari Springs, South of Turkey
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Geological Structure
	14.3 Hydrology
	14.4 Water Chemistry
	References
15 Karstic Hot Water Aquifers in Turkey
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 General Properties of the Karstic Hot Water Aquifers
	15.3 Important Karstic Hot Water Aquifers and Their Classification According to Age
		15.3.1 Cenozoic Limestone Formations
		15.3.2 Mesozoic Crystalline Limestone Formations
		15.3.3 Paleozoic Marble Formations
	15.4 Exploitation Problems in Karstic Hot Water Aquifers
	15.5 Results and Suggestions
	References