Cave Biology: Life in Darkness (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation)

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 15
1.1 Conceptual issues......Page 17
1.2.1 From prehistory to mythology......Page 19
1.2.2 European Renaissance and Ming Dynasty......Page 21
1.2.3 Modern science (c. 1650–1800)......Page 24
1.2.4 First professional studies before Darwin (1800–59)......Page 25
1.3 Darwinism and American neo-Lamarckism (1859–1919)......Page 37
1.3.1 The American Civil War......Page 45
1.3.2 The emergence of the Hyatt–Cope Progressionist School......Page 46
1.3.3 The 'Salem Secession’......Page 48
1.4 European selectionism and the death of the controversies (1880–1921)......Page 53
1.5 Biospeleological ideas in France and elsewhere in continental Europe (1809–1950)......Page 57
1.6 The impact of the modern synthesis (1936–47)......Page 68
1.7 The roots of current intellectual inertia......Page 76
2.1.1 Introduction......Page 78
Ammonia and nitrite oxidizers (associated formation: saltpeter)......Page 80
2.1.3 The ecological role of bacteria in caves......Page 81
2.2 Algae (including Cyanobacteria)......Page 83
2.3 Fungi......Page 85
2.3.2 Ascomycota......Page 87
2.3.5 Mycetozoa......Page 88
2.5 Plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, and seed plants)......Page 89
2.5.2 Mosses (Bryophyta)......Page 90
2.5.3 Ferns (Pteridophyta or Filicophyta)......Page 91
2.7 Porifera (sponges)......Page 92
2.7.1 The origin of cave sponges......Page 93
2.7.2 Phenotypic plasticity......Page 94
2.7.3 Ecology......Page 95
2.8 Cnidarians (anemones, jellyfish)......Page 96
2.9 Platyhelminthes (flatworms)......Page 97
2.11 Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs)......Page 99
2.13 Nematoda (roundworms)......Page 100
2.14.2 Class Oligochaeta......Page 101
2.15.1 Class Bivalvia......Page 102
2.15.2 Class Gastropoda......Page 104
2.17 Bryozoa (moss animals)......Page 105
2.18.1 Class Branchiopoda......Page 106
2.18.3 Class Maxillopoda......Page 107
2.18.5 Class Malacostraca......Page 109
2.19 Chelicerata (arachnids and their relatives)......Page 112
2.19.1 Class Arachnida......Page 113
Order Acari......Page 114
Order Ricinulei......Page 115
Order Amblypygi......Page 116
Order Pseudoscorpionida......Page 117
Order Opilionida......Page 118
2.21 Tardigrada (water bears)......Page 120
2.22 Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes)......Page 121
2.22.1 Class Chilopoda......Page 122
2.22.2 Class Diplopoda......Page 123
2.22.3 Class Pauropoda......Page 124
2.23.1 Order Collembola (springtails)......Page 125
2.23.3 Order Microcoryphia (bristletails)......Page 126
2.23.8 Order Isoptera (termites)......Page 127
2.23.13 Order Phthiraptera (lice)......Page 128
CholevidaeLeptodiridae (small carrion beetles)......Page 129
Elmidae (riffle beetles)......Page 130
MerophysidaeLathridiidae (minute scavenger beetles)......Page 131
Staphylinidae (rove beetles)......Page 132
2.23.19 Order Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, and midges)......Page 133
2.24 Pisces (fishes)......Page 134
2.25 Amphibians (salamanders, frogs, toads)......Page 136
2.25.2 Family Plethodontidae......Page 137
2.26 Reptilia (reptiles)......Page 138
2.27.1 Family Steatornidae (oilbirds)......Page 139
2.27.2 Family Apodidae (swiftlets)......Page 140
2.28.1 Chiroptera (bats)......Page 141
2.28.2 Non-flying mammals......Page 143
2.29 Conclusions......Page 145
3.1 What is a hypogeancave organism?......Page 146
3.2 Character concept in biospeleology......Page 148
3.3 Hypogean colonization......Page 155
3.4 The myth of preadaptation......Page 161
3.5 A case for phenotypic plasticity......Page 166
3.6 Conclusions......Page 172
4.2 Diversity and distribution......Page 175
4.3 Cave ecosystem structure......Page 180
4.4 Spatial organization......Page 182
4.5 Trophic structure......Page 185
4.6 Is there succession in caves?......Page 191
4.7 Interactions of cave habitats with the epigean environment......Page 193
4.8 Caves as record keepers of climate change......Page 208
5.1 Introduction......Page 210
5.2.1 Quarryingmining......Page 215
5.2.2 Urbanization......Page 216
5.2.3 Agriculture, cattle raising, and deforestation......Page 217
5.2.5 Stormwater drainage......Page 219
Erosion by agriculture and deforestation......Page 220
5.2.9 Subsurface karst......Page 221
Structure removal......Page 222
5.3 Effects on the atmosphere of caves......Page 223
5.4 Hydrology......Page 225
5.5 Effects on the biota......Page 227
5.5.1 Bats as ecological indicators of the environmental health of caves......Page 229
5.7 Climate change......Page 234
5.8 Legal protection......Page 235
5.9 Conclusions......Page 236
6.2 Integrative molecular genetics......Page 237
6.4 Other biological questions......Page 239
6.5 Concluding questions for historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science......Page 242
Appendix 1 Glossary of terms frequently used in biospeleology......Page 244
References......Page 255
Index......Page 306