Catalytic Technology for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene

Preface
Brief Introduction
Contents
1 An Overview of the Catalytic Selective Hydrogenation Technologies of Benzene into Cyclohexene
	1.1 Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene into Cyclohexene and Its Downstream Products
	1.2 Foreign Developing History and Status in Catalytic Selective Hydrogenation Technologies of Benzene
	1.3 Domestic Research and Progress on Selective Hydrogenation Technologies of Benzene
	1.4 Main Technology Index on Selective Catalysts of Hydrogenation of Benzene Over World
	References
2 Benzene Selective Hydrogenation Thermodynamics, Heterogeneous Catalytic Kinetics Catalysis Mechanism and Scientific Essence
	2.1 Thermodynamics of Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
		2.1.1 Thermodynamic Data
		2.1.2 Effect of Temperature
		2.1.3 Effect of Pressure
		2.1.4 Effect of Inert Gas
	2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Kinetics of Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
		2.2.1 Macroscopic Kinetics
		2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Kinetic Equations
		2.2.3 Apparent Activation Energy
		2.2.4 Selectivity and Yield of Cyclohexene
		2.2.5 Microscopic Kinetics
	2.3 Heterogeneous Catalytic Mechanism and Scientific Essence for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene into Cyclohexene
		2.3.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Mechanism
		2.3.2 Scientific Essence of High Selectivity and Yield of Cyclohexene
	References
3 The First-Generation Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene-Ru–M–B/ZrO2(M=Fe, La) Amorphous Alloys
	3.1 Preparation and Characterization of Ru–M–B/ZrO2 Amorphous Alloy Catalyst
	3.2 The Role of Components in Amorphous Alloy Catalysts Ru–B/ZrO2
		3.2.1 The Role of B in Amorphous Alloy Catalyst Ru–B/ZrO2
		3.2.2 The Role of M in Amorphous Alloy Catalyst Ru–B/ZrO2
		3.2.3 The Role of ZrO2 in Amorphous Alloy Catalyst Ru–B/ZrO2
	3.3 The Operating Conditions for Ru–M–B/ZrO2 Amorphous Alloy Catalyst
		3.3.1 Effect of Temperature
		3.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Pressure
		3.3.3 Effect of Mixing Rate
		3.3.4 Effect of Additives
	3.4 Pilot-Scale Study of Amorphous Alloy Catalyst Ru–M–B/ZrO2
		3.4.1 Intermittent Pilot
		3.4.2 Continuous Pilot
	References
4 The Second-Generation Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene-Ru-Zn-Na2SiO3-PEG-10000
	4.1 Influence of Na2SiO3 on the Catalyst Performance of Ru-Zn
		4.1.1 Catalyst Activity and Selectivity of Premodified Ru-Zn
		4.1.2 Washing Catalyst with Pure Water
		4.1.3 Adding NaOH and Na2SiO3 in Reaction Slurry
	4.2 Effect of PEG-10000 on the Performance of Ru-Zn Catalyst
		4.2.1 Alcohol Additives
		4.2.2 Amine Additives
	4.3 Main Performance Index the Second-Generation Catalytic System of Ru-Zn-Na2SiO3-PEG-10000 for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
		4.3.1 The Modification Mechanism of Na2SiO3-PEG-10000 on Ru-Zn Catalyst
		4.3.2 Main Performance Index of Ru-Zn-Na2SiO3-PEG-1000 Catalytic System
	References
5 Third-Generation Catalyst of Benzene Selective Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene—Ru–M (Zn, Mn, Fe, La, Ce) Nano-bimetallic System
	5.1 Effect of Transition Elements and Rare Earth Elements on the Catalytic Performance of Ru-Based Catalyst
		5.1.1 Preparation and Characterization of Ru–M (Transition Elements) Catalyst
		5.1.2 Activity and Selectivity of Ru–M (Transition Elements) Catalyst
		5.1.3 Preparation and Characterization of Ru–M (Rare Earth Elements) Catalyst
		5.1.4 Activity and Selectivity of Ru–M (Rare Earth Elements) Catalyst
	5.2 Third-Generation Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene—Ru–M (Zn, Mn, Fe, La, Ce) Nano-bimetallic System
		5.2.1 Nano Ru–Zn Catalyst
		5.2.2 Nano Ru–Mn Catalyst
		5.2.3 Nano Ru–Fe Catalyst
		5.2.4 Nano Ru–La Catalyst
		5.2.5 Nano Ru–Ce Catalyst
	5.3 The Main Technical Indicators of the Third-Generation Catalysts
	References
6 Fourth-Generation Catalyst of Benzene-Selective Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene—Ru–Zn@BZSS Core-Shell Catalyst
	6.1 Effect of Zn Precursor on the Properties of the Ru–Zn Catalyst
		6.1.1 Effect of Zn Precursor
		6.1.2 Characterizations of the Ru–Zn Catalyst Prepared with Different Zn Precursors
	6.2 Effect of Zn Content on the Performance of Ru–Zn Catalyst
		6.2.1 Effect of Zn Content
		6.2.2 Characterizations of the Ru–Zn Catalyst
	6.3 Development of the Fourth-Generation Ru–Zn@BZSS Catalyst
		6.3.1 Preparation of Ru–Zn@BZSS Catalyst
		6.3.2 Reduction of Ru–Zn Catalyst
		6.3.3 Evaluation of Catalyst Activity and Selectivity
		6.3.4 Catalyst Characterization
		6.3.5 Surface Modification and Reaction Mechanism
	6.4 Industrial Applications for Fourth-Generation Catalysts
		6.4.1 Effect of Impurity Ions on Wall
		6.4.2 The Precursor of Zn Promoter
		6.4.3 Zn Content in the Catalyst and Absorption Amount of BZSS on Surface
		6.4.4 Optimization of Industrial Preparation Parameters
		6.4.5 Industrial Preparation of the Catalyst
		6.4.6 Industrial Catalyst Characterization
	References
7 Modulation of Activity and Selectivity of the Catalyst for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
	7.1 Modulation of Activity and Selectivity of the Catalyst for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
		7.1.1 Modulation Method
		7.1.2 Modulation of Zn(OH)2
		7.1.3 Modification of NaOH
		7.1.4 Modification of Alkaline Salt
		7.1.5 Comparison of the Effect of Catalyst Pretreatment and Basic Salt Modulation
		7.1.6 Examples of Industrial Catalyst Modification
		7.1.7 Modification Effect of H2SO4
	7.2 Modulation Mechanism of Activity and Selectivity of the Catalyst for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
		7.2.1 Catalyst Structure and Texture Properties
		7.2.2 SEM-EDX, XPS, and ICP-AES Analysis of the Catalyst
	References
8 Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration in Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
	8.1 Study on Deactivation of Benzene Selective Hydrogenation Catalyst
		8.1.1 Deactivation of Ru Catalyst Caused by Carbon Deposition
		8.1.2 The Excessive Adsorption of Zinc Sulfate and Other Salts
		8.1.3 Corrosion of Fe, Cr, Ni on the Reaction Wall
		8.1.4 Deactivation of Catalyst Due to Other Factors
		8.1.5 Catalyst Deactivation Caused by Sulfide
		8.1.6 Catalyst Deactivation Caused by Nitride
	8.2 Pilot Investigation on Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration
	8.3 Investigation of Deactivation and Regeneration of Industrial Catalyst
		8.3.1 Unusual Deactivation of Industrial Catalysts
		8.3.2 Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts Caused by Sulfide Poisoning
		8.3.3 Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts Caused by DMAC
	References
9 The Catalytic Technologies and Key Facilities for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
	9.1 Technologies and Key Facilities of Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
		9.1.1 Key Facilities and Technological Processes for Liquid Phase Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene
		9.1.2 Operation Scheme and Performance
	9.2 Key Facilities and Processes Flow for Catalyst Preparation
		9.2.1 Key Facilities and Processes Flow
		9.2.2 Catalyst Preparation and Main Technical Specifications
		9.2.3 Key Facilities and Processes After Improvement
		9.2.4 Main Technical Specifications of Improved Catalyst
	9.3 Catalyst Preparation Technologies for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene
		9.3.1 Monolayer-Type Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene and Its Preparation Method [1]
		9.3.2 Catalytic System Containing Nanosized Ru Catalyst and Basic Zinc Sulfate and Its Application for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene [2]
		9.3.3 Preparation, Modulation, and Regeneration Methods for the Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene [3]
		9.3.4 Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene and Its Preparation Method [4]
		9.3.5 Ru–Y@Ni Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene and Its Application [5]
		9.3.6 Supported Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene and Its Preparation Method [6]
		9.3.7 Adsorbent for Finely Removing Sulfides in Benzene as Well as Its Preparation Method and Application [7]
		9.3.8 A Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene as Well as Its Preparation Method and Application [8]
		9.3.9 Modulation Methods for the Activity and Selectivity of Ru–Zn Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene [9]
		9.3.10 Production System and Preparation Method of the Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene [10]
		9.3.11 An in Situ Regeneration Method of the Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene [11]
	References
10 Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene and Incorporate Device of Its Downstream Products
	10.1 The Production Technology of Cyclohexanone Through Benzene Selective Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene
	10.2 Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene and Its Downstream Product Sets
		10.2.1 A Unit for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene [2]
		10.2.2 The Reaction Devices and Technology of Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene [3, 4]
		10.2.3 Technology for Partial Hydrogenation of Benzene Which Could Recover the Catalyst [5]
		10.2.4 A Gas-Liquid-Liquid-Solid Reaction Device [6]
		10.2.5 A Method to Produce Cyclohexene Using High-Purity Benzene [7]
		10.2.6 A Method for Continuous Production of Cyclohexene [8]
		10.2.7 A Method of Producing Caprolactam Using High-Purity Benzene [9]
		10.2.8 A High Efficient Cyclohexanone Production Methods [10]
	References