Cartography: Thematic Map Design

Title
Contents
PART I THEMATIC MAPPING ESSENTIALS
	1 INTRODUCTION TO THEMATIC MAPPING
		The Realm of Maps
		The Map Defi ned
		What Is Cartography?
		Geographic Cartography
		Atlas Mapping
		Kinds of Maps
		General Purpose Maps
		Thematic Maps
		Map Scale
		Modern Views of Map Communication
		Map Communication and Visualization
		The Importance of Meaning
		Cartography and Geographic Information Systems
		Artistic Drawing Programs
		Cartographic Abstraction and Generalization
		Selection
		Classifi cation
		Simplifi cation
		Symbolization
		The Art in Cartography
		Thematic Map Design
		What Is Map Design?
		Ethics in Cartography
	2 BASIC GEODESY, COORDINATE SYSTEMS, AND SCALE
		Basic Geodesy
		The Size and Shape of the Earth
		Datums
		Coordinate Geometry for the Cartographer
		Plane Coordinate Geometry
		The Geographic Grid
		Latitude Determination
		Longitude Determination
		The Complete Geographic Grid
		Principal Geometric Relationships of the Earth’s Geographic Grid
		Scale Revisited
		Scale and Line Generalization
	3 MAP PROJECTIONS
		The Map Projection Process
		Developable Surfaces
		Projection Parameters
		Projection Families
		Azimuthal Family
		Cylindrical Family
		Conic Family
		Mathematical Family
		Map Projection Properties
		Equal Area Mapping
		Conformal Mapping
		Equidistance Mapping
		Azimuthal Mapping (Direction)
		Minimum Error Projections
		Determining Deformation and its Distribution Over the Projection
		Standard Lines and Points, Scale Factor
		Employment of Map Projections
		Essential Questions
		World Projections
		Mathematical, Equivalent Projections
		Minimum Error Projections
		Cylindrical Projections
		Projections for Mapping Continents
		Mapping Multiple Size Countries at Mid-Latitudes
		Mapping at Low Latitudes
		Projected Coordinate Systems
		State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System
		Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System
		Adjustments in Projection Parameters
	4 THE NATURE OF GEOGRAPHIC DATA AND THE SELECTION OF THEMATIC MAP SYMBOLS
		The Nature of Data
		Data Characteristics
		Location
		Form
		Time
		Data Transformations
		Scale
		Form
		Boundary Changes
		Data Measurement
		Nominal
		Ordinal
		Interval
		Ratio
		Data: Thematic Map Relationships
		Map Symbols
		Visual Variables
		Size
		Shape
		Orientation
		Texture
		Saturation and Value
		Cartographic Error
		Source Error
		Processing Error
		Cartographic Design Error
		Data Sources
		Data (GIS) Clearinghouses
		Federal Governmental Agencies
		U.S. Census Bureau
		U.S. Geological Survey
		Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
		Potential Problems
	5 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND DATA CLASSIFICATION
		Overview of A Data Set
		Ratio, Proportion, Percent, and Rate
		Descriptive Statistics
		Skewness
		Kurtosis
		Data Classifi cation
		Selection of the Number of Classes
		Nothing Is Sacred
		Values of Zero or No Data
		Impact of the Number of Classes
		Data Classifi cation Schemes
		Natural Breaks
		Nested Means
		Mean and Standard Deviation
		Equal Interval
		Equal Frequency
		Arithmetic and Geometric Intervals
		User Defi ned
		Assessment Indices
		Things to Watch Out For
		Outliers and Data Truncation
		Zero-Observation Classes
		Summary and Comparison of Major Classifi cation Methods
PART II TECHNIQUES OF QUANTITATIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
	6 MAPPING ENUMERATION AND OTHER AREALLY AGGREGATED DATA: THE CHOROPLETH MAP
		Selecting The Choropleth Technique
		Mapping Rationale
		Appropriateness of Data
		When to Use the Choropleth Map
		Preliminary Considerations in Choropleth Mapping
		Geographic Phenomena
		Map Scale
		Number and Kinds of Enumeration Units
		Data Processing
		Data Classifi cation Revisited
		Classifi cation Methods Compared
		Data Truncation and Outliers
		Different Maps from the Same Data
		Unclassed Choropleth Maps
		Legend Design, Areal Symbolization, And Base Map Design
		Sources of Map-Reading Error and the Need for Accurate Design Response
		Legend Design
		Box Shape, Size, Orientation, and Range Placement
		Continuous and Noncontinuous Class Ranges
		Class Range Formatting, Legend Titles, and Other Legend Information
		Map Sequences and Animated Maps Considerations
		Symbolization for Choropleth Maps
		Black and White Mapping
		Color Map Symbolization
		Bipolar and Bivariate Symbolization
		Adding Other Reference Features to the Map
		Dasymetric Mapping
	7 THE DOT DENSITY MAP
		Mapping Technique
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Dot Density Mapping
		Data Suitability
		The Mapping Activity
		Size of Enumeration Unit
		Dot Value and Size
		Dot Placement
		Legend Design
		Other Dot Map Design Issues
		Visual Impressions of Dot Maps: Questions of Numerousness And Density
	8 FROM POINT TO POINT: THE PROPORTIONAL SYMBOL MAP
		Conceptual Basis For Proportional Point Symbol Mapping
		When to Select this Method—Data Suitability
		A Brief History of Proportional Point Symbols
		A Variety of Symbol Choices
		Two-Dimensional Geometric Symbols
		Three-Dimensional Geometric Symbols
		Pictorial Symbols
		Proportional Symbol Scaling
		Absolute and Apparent Magnitude Scaling: Psychophysical Examination of Quantitative Thematic Map Symbols
		Absolute Scaling with Circles
		Apparent Magnitude Scaling with Circles
		The Square Symbol
		Absolute and Apparent Magnitude Scaling Design Implications
		Range Grading
		Proportional Midpoint Range Grading
		Proportional Symbol Legend Design
		Graphic Design Considerations For Proportional Point Symbol Maps
		Graphic Treatment of Proportional Symbols
		Overlapping Symbols
		Labeling Symbols
		Bivariate and Multivariate Proportional Symbols
		Overloaded Proportional Point Symbols
		Proportional Symbols and Choropleth Maps
	9 MAPPING GEOGRAPHIC SURFACES: ISARITHMIC AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAPS
		The Nature of Isarithmic and Three-Dimensional Mapping
		Fundamental Concepts
		Isarithmic Categories and Terminology
		The Basis of Isarithmic Construction
		A Brief History of Isarithmic Mapping
		When to Select the Isarithmic Method
		Isarithmic Practices
		Elements of Isarithmic Mapping
		Concepts in Isarithm Placement
		Locating Data Points
		Concept of Interpolation
		Automated Isarithmic Mapping
		Gridding Methods of Interpolation
		Evaluating Grid Error
		The Selection of Isarithmic Intervals
		Other Presentations of Continuous Surfaces
		Shaded Relief Maps
		Wireframe and Surface Maps
		Communicating Using Multiple Map Displays
		Design Aspects For Isarithmic and Continuous Surface Maps
		Isolines and Figure-Ground Relationship
		Isoline Labels
		Legend Design
		Other Useful Elements
	10 THE CARTOGRAM: VALUE-BY-AREA MAPPING
		The Value-By-Area Cartogram Defi ned
		Brief History of the Method
		Two Basic Forms Emerge
		Contiguous Cartograms
		Noncontiguous Cartograms
		Mapping Requirements
		Data Limitations
		Communicating With Cartograms
		Recognizing Shapes
		Estimating Areas
		A Communication Model
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Design Strategies Recap—Legends, Inset Maps, and Labeling
		Bivariate Cartograms
			Cartogram Construction
				Manual Methods
				Automated Solutions
	11 DYNAMIC REPRESENTATION: THE DESIGN OF FLOW MAPS
		The Purpose of Flow Mapping
			Quantitative Flow Maps
			Data Suitability
			Directed and Undirected Flows
			The Relevance of Flow Routes
		Historical Highlights of The Method
			Early Flow Maps
			Flow Maps in Economic Geography
		Designing Flow Maps
			Map Organization and Figure-Ground
			Projection Selection
			Essential Design Strategies
			Line Scaling and Symbolization
			Treatment of Symbols
			Legend Design
			Innovative Solutions
		Summary of Mapping Techniques
PART III DESIGNING THEMATIC MAPS
	12 THE MAP DESIGN PROCESS AND THE ELEMENTS OF MAP COMPOSITION
		The Design Process
			Design Evaluation
			Creativity and Visualization
			Graphic Ideation
			Experimentation
			Map Aesthetics
		The Map’s Design Elements
		Design Levels on The Map
		Elements of Map Composition
			Purpose of Map Composition
			Planar Organization of the Visual Elements
			Balance
			Focus of Attention
			Internal Organization
			Contrast and Design
			Line Contrast
			Texture Contrast
			Value Contrast
			Variation of Detail
			Color Contrast
			Vision Acuities
			Visual Acuity
			Resolution Acuity
		The Visual Hierarchy of Map Organization: Figure-Ground Relationship
			Visual Hierarchy Defi ned
			Customary Positions of Map Elements in the Hierarchy
		Achieving the Visual Hierarchy
			Fundamental Perceptual Organization of the Two- Dimensional Visual Field: Figure and Ground
			Perceptual Grouping Principles
			Figure Formation and Closure
			Strong Edges and Figure Development
			The Interposition Phenomenon
			Figures and Grounds in the Map Frame
		The Special Case of the Land-Water Contrast
			Vignetting for Land-Water Differentiation
		Designing the Page-Size Map
	13 MAKING THE MAP READABLE: THE INTELLIGENT USE OF TYPE
		Functions of Map Lettering
		The Elements of Type
			Typeface Characteristics
			Letterform Components
			Typeface Style and Classifi cation
			The Personality of Type
			The Legibility of Type
			Cartographic Requirements
			Type Font and Type Families
			Type Size
			Type Form
			Type Width
			Type Weight
			Type Color
			Letter, Word, and Line Spacing
		Guidelines For Type Selection and Placement
			The Use of Capital and Lowercase Letters
			The Placement of Lettering
			Point-Symbol Labeling
			Linear Feature Labeling
			Area Feature Labeling
			Placement and Design of Titles and Legends
			Scales and North Arrows
			Source and Author Information
		Practical Example
	14 PRINCIPLES FOR COLOR THEMATIC MAPS
		Light and the Color Spectrum
		Color Perception
			The Human Eye
			Physical Properties of Color
		Color Theories
			Additive Color Theory
			Subtractive Color Theory
		The Desert Island Experiment
		Components of Color
			Hue
			Saturation
			Value
			Munsell Approach
		Color Models
			HSV
			HSB/HSL
			RGB
			Cie Lab
			CMYK
			Grayscale
		Device Limitations
			Web Safe Colors
		Color Matching Systems
			Color Interaction
			Simultaneous Contrast
			Successive Contrast
			Color Constancy
		Subjective Reactions to Color
			Color Preferences
			Colors in Combination
			Connotative Meaning and Color
			Advancing and Retreating Colors
		Color in Cartographic Design
			The Functions of Color in Design
			Design Strategies for the Use of Color
			Developing Figure and Ground
			The Use of Color Contrast
			Developing Legibility
			Color Conventions in Mapping
			Color Harmony in Map Design
PART IV MAP PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
	15 PRINTING FUNDAMENTALS AND PREPRESS OPERATIONS FOR THE CARTOGRAPHER
		Cartography and Digital Printing
			Getting Started
			Color Model
		Desktop Printing
			Laser Printers
			Inkjet Printers
			Plotters
			Dye-Sublimation Printers
		Commercial Printing Technology
			Brief History of Commercial Printing
			Relief—Letterpress
			Intaglio—Engraving
			Planar—Lithography
			Cartographic Design and the Printer
		Commercial Printing
			Prepress Map Editing
			File Preparation
			Service Bureau and Prepress Proofi ng
		The Map Production Process
			Modern Offset Lithography
			Step One: Design and Page Layout
			Step Two: Printer’s Precheck
			Step Three: Color Separation and Plate Generation
			Step Four: Digital Color Proof
			Step Five: The Press Run
			Step Six: Post-Press Operations
		Digital Presses
			Digital Printing Presses
			Digital Production Presses
	16 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL AND WEB MAPPING
		Virtual and Web Mapping Introduction
		Map Formats and Structures
			Raster Graphics
			Raster Concepts
			Selected Raster Image Formats
			Animated Raster Map Formats
			Vector Graphics
			Vector Concepts
			Selected Vector Formats
		Understanding the Medium
			Key Internet Concepts
			The World Wide Web
			The Graphics Display Monitor
		Design Implications for Thematic Mapping
			Constraints of the Medium
			Limited Screen Real Estate and Resolution Ramifi cations
			Other Screen Resolution Issues
		Display Monitor Variations Limit Predictability
		Solutions and Opportunities
		Map Interactivity
		Animation
		Cybercartography
PART V EFFECTIVE GRAPHING FOR CARTOGRAPHERS
	17 EFFECTIVE GRAPHING FOR CARTOGRAPHERS
		Brief History Of Graphing
		Organization Of This Chapter
		Graph Data
		Graphical Excellence
		Principles Of Design Applied To Graphs
			Elements of the Standard Graph
			Axis Types
			Arithmetic Scaling
			Semi-logarithmic Scaling
			Log-Log Scaling
			Graph Planning and the Visual Hierarchy
		Graph Types
			Graphs of Numbers and Frequency
			Histograms
			Box-Whisker Graphs
			Scatter Plots
			Line and Bar Graphs
			Line Graphs
			Bar Graphs
			Three Axes Graphs
			Graphs Without Axes
			Pie Graphs
			Clock Graph
			Three-Dimensional Graphs
		Concluding Remarks
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
INDEX