Carotenoids and retinoids : molecular aspects and health issues

Carotenoids and Retinoids......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Introduction......Page 8
Dietary Sources of Retinoid......Page 9
Major Retinoid Forms in the Body......Page 10
Retinoid-Binding Proteins......Page 11
Intestinal Absorption and Processing of Retinoids......Page 13
Postprandial Retinoid Transport and Hepatic Storage......Page 17
Retinol Oxidation......Page 19
Retinal Oxidation......Page 21
Oxidative and Conjugative Metabolism of Retinoids......Page 22
References......Page 23
Introduction......Page 30
Nutritional Equivalency......Page 31
Dietary Reference Intakes DRI......Page 32
Fertility, Pregnancy, and Fetal Development......Page 33
Perinatal and Neonatal Periods......Page 35
Childhood......Page 40
Adolescence, Adulthood and Aging......Page 41
Risk and Upper Levels......Page 42
Summary and Speculation......Page 43
References......Page 44
Introduction......Page 49
Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System......Page 50
Receptor Sites for Vitamin A in the Cytoplasm......Page 53
Molecular Identification of Serine/Threonine Kinases as Vitamin A Receptors......Page 54
Regulatory Function of Retinol for Serine/Threonine Kinases......Page 56
The Cysteine-Rich Region as a Redox-Sensitive, Retinol-Regulated Hinge: The Linchpin Hypothesis......Page 57
Model of Vitamin A Action as Cofactor in Redox Regulation......Page 60
Biological Significance of Vitamin A in Oxygen Radical Biology......Page 62
References......Page 63
Introduction......Page 68
Dietary Carotenoids in Fruits, Vegetables, and Human Serum and Tissues......Page 69
Carotenoid Metabolites in Humans......Page 70
Chemical Oxidation of Purified Carotenoids......Page 72
Biological Activity of Dietary Carotenoids......Page 73
Air Oxidation of Lutein as a Model for Monitoring the Stability of Carotenoids......Page 74
Summary......Page 79
References......Page 80
Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication......Page 83
Carotenoids: Structure-Activity......Page 85
Canthaxanthin Cleavage Products......Page 87
Possible Interactions with Other Micronutrients......Page 88
Conclusions......Page 89
References......Page 90
Optical Properties and Resonance Raman Scattering of Carotenoids......Page 93
Raman Detection of Macular Pigments......Page 97
Raman Detection of Carotenoids in Skin......Page 110
Acknowledgments......Page 117
References......Page 118
Introduction......Page 122
Age-Related Macular Degeneration AMD......Page 123
Cataract......Page 125
In Vivo Measurement of Macular Pigment......Page 126
Supplementation......Page 129
Summary......Page 132
References......Page 133
Introduction......Page 137
Materials and Methods......Page 139
Results......Page 142
Discussion......Page 147
References......Page 150
Introduction......Page 156
Special Conditions in Smokers and Patients with Obstructive Lung Diseases......Page 157
Neutrophils as a Source of Oxidative Stress in Tissue......Page 159
β−Carotene Degradation and Cleavage Product Formation by Hypochlorous Acid In Vitro......Page 160
β−Carotene Degradation and Cleavage Product Formation by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 倀䴀䰀 In Vitro......Page 165
Effects of β-Carotene Cleavage Products on PML......Page 167
References......Page 169
IGF-1/IGF Binding Protein-3 Signaling and Lung Cancer......Page 175
Lycopene and Lung Cancer Risk......Page 177
Lycopene and IGF-1/IGFBP-3......Page 178
Lycopene Metabolism in Smoke-Exposed Environment......Page 182
Summary......Page 184
References......Page 185
Cancer Prevention: The Ultimate Goal......Page 189
Retinoids and Carotenoids as Cancer Preventive Agents......Page 190
Retinoids as Cancer Preventive Agents......Page 192
Retinoids Modulate Cell-Cell Interactions......Page 194
Connexins and Carcinogenesis......Page 195
Mechanisms of Upregulated Cx43 Expression by Retinoids and Carotenoids......Page 200
Development of Water-Dispersible Derivatives of Carotenoids......Page 203
Conclusions......Page 205
References......Page 206
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of CVD......Page 211
Carotenoids and CVD......Page 212
Observations/ Epidemiology......Page 213
Tomato and Lycopene Supplementation and Biomarkers of CVD......Page 217
Synergistic Effects of Carotenoids in Foods and Supplements......Page 218
Mechanisms of Action......Page 219
References......Page 221
Introduction......Page 225
Subjects and Methods......Page 226
Results......Page 229
Discussion......Page 230
References......Page 234
Introduction......Page 236
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation......Page 238
Induction of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition......Page 239
Caspase-3-Like Protease Activation......Page 241
Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 243
References......Page 245
Introduction......Page 251
Identification of β, β-Carotene-15,15′-Oxygenase, the Key Enzyme in Vitamin A Formation......Page 252
Two Additional bco-Homologous Genes, rpe65 and bco2, in Vertebrates......Page 254
Tissue-Specific Expression of BCO......Page 257
Provitamin A as an Essential Precursor for the Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway in Zebrafish Embryos......Page 258
Regulation of the Vitamin A Biosynthetic Pathway......Page 260
Centric vs. Eccentric Cleavage: The Role of BCO2 in Retinoid Metabolism......Page 262
Conclusions......Page 263
References......Page 264
Mechanism of Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition at the Protein Expression Level......Page 268
Carotenoids and Transcription......Page 271
References......Page 276
Vitamin A Deficiency......Page 282
Food and Pharmanutrient Consumption......Page 283
Vitamin A Content......Page 285
Efficacious Supply of Vitamin A......Page 286
Vitamin A Requirements......Page 288
Possible Intervention Strategies......Page 292
References......Page 293
Prostate Cancer......Page 302
Other Diseases of the Prostate......Page 304
References......Page 306
Methods......Page 310
Results......Page 311
Discussion......Page 315
References......Page 316
Introduction......Page 322
References......Page 325
Biologic Mechanisms......Page 328
Total Dietary Carotenoid Intake......Page 329
Individual Dietary Carotenoid Intake......Page 330
Blood- and Tissue-Based Epidemiologic Studies of Carotenoids and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 332
Trials of β-Carotene Supplementation......Page 334
β-Carotene as an Individual Supplement......Page 335
β-Carotene as Part of a Combination Intervention......Page 336
Conclusions......Page 337
References......Page 338
Is β-Carotene from Natural Food Sources Safe?......Page 345
Is β-Carotene from Supplements Safe?......Page 346
Can a Safe Upper Level 唀䰀 Be Established for β-Carotene?......Page 347
Recommendations......Page 348
References......Page 349