Carnivoran Ecology: The Evolution and Function of Communities

cover
title page
copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction to Carnivoran Ecology
	1.1 ``Carnivoran'' vs. ``carnivorous''
	1.2 The carnivorans—who and where?
	1.3 The growth of knowledge
	1.4 Purpose and organization of the book
	1.5 Context in carnivoran ecology
	1.6 Nomenclature
	References
2 Functional morphology
	2.1 The skull
		2.1.1 Dentition
	2.2 Post-cranial skeleton
		2.2.1 Fossorial movement
		2.2.2 Running and walking
		2.2.3 Climbing
		2.2.4 Swimming and deep diving
	2.3 Other adaptations to aquatic living
	2.4 Gut morphology
	2.5 The integument
	2.6 The major ecomorphotypes
		2.6.1 Scansorial ecomorph
		2.6.2 Dog-like ecomorph
		2.6.3 Cat-like ecomorph
		2.6.4 Scavenger ecomorph
		2.6.5 Semi-fossorial ecomorph
		2.6.6 Semi-aquatic ecomorph
		2.6.7 Marine ecomorph
		2.6.8 Intermediate and unique ecomorphs
	Key points
	References
3 Evolution and historical biogeography
	3.1 Evidence for mammalian phylogeny
	3.2 Early mammals
	3.3 Early carnivorans
		3.3.1 Continental biogeography
		3.3.2 Early carnivoran radiations
	3.4 Body size in macroevolution
	Key points
	References
4 Physiological ecology
	4.1 Digestion
		4.1.1 Soluble carbohydrates
		4.1.2 Gut passage
	4.2 Dietary requirements
		4.2.1 Amino acids and fatty acids
		4.2.2 Macronutrients
	4.3 Metabolism and growth
		4.3.1 Metabolism
		4.3.2 Growth
	4.4 Body temperature and torpor
		4.4.1 Body temperature
		4.4.2 Torpor
	4.5 Energy storage and fasting
	4.6 Osmoregulation and kidney function
	4.7 Detoxification and self-medication
	4.8 Reproduction
		4.8.1 General patterns
		4.8.2 Embryonic diapause
		4.8.3 Induced ovulation
	4.9 Scaling physiology to populations
	Key points
	References
5 Sensory biology and neuroanatomy
	5.1 The senses
		5.1.1 Tactile
		5.1.2 Chemosense
		5.1.3 Hearing
		5.1.4 Electromagnetic radiation
		5.1.5 Geomagnetic
	5.2 Brain morphology
		5.2.1 Brain size
		5.2.2 Brain regional size
	Key points
	References
6 Community ecology
	6.1 Nutrient cycling and transport
	6.2 Direct effects on soil
	6.3 Disease ecology
		6.3.1 Factors affecting disease prevalence in carnivorans
		6.3.2 Predation and disease prevalence in prey
		6.3.3 Trophic transmission and prey behaviors
	6.4 Scavenging and access to carrion
	6.5 Direct effects on plant life cycles
		6.5.1 Pollination
		6.5.2 Seed dispersal
		6.5.3 Seed exploitation
	Key points
	References
7 Interactions with non-prey animals
	7.1 Facilitation
	7.2 Competition and coexistence
		7.2.1 Exploitation competition
		7.2.2 Interference competition
		7.2.3 Influences on interference
		7.2.4 Mesopredator release
		7.2.5 Demographic effects of interference
		7.2.6 Coexistence or interference?
		7.2.7 Abiotic factors and interference
		7.2.8 Human influence on interference
	7.3 Domestic dogs as competitors with wild carnivorans
	7.4 Carnivorans: apex, meso-, and other
	Key points
	References
8 Interactions with prey
	8.1 Who eats whom?
	8.2 Do carnivorans limit prey abundance?
		8.2.1 Bottom-up vs. top-down effects on herbivores
	8.3 Trophic diversity and limiting effects
	8.4 How herbivores avoid predation
		8.4.1 Antipredator structures
		8.4.2 Antipredator chemicals
		8.4.3 Induced predator defenses
	8.5 Physiological and demographic responses to risk
	8.6 Carnivorans and prey population cycles
	8.7 ``Prudent'' and ``wasteful'' predators
	8.8 Apparent competition
	Key points
	References
9 Cascades
	9.1 Ecological cascades
	9.2 Trophic cascades
		9.2.1 Density-mediated trophic cascades
		9.2.2 Strength of density-mediated trophic cascades
		9.2.3 Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades
		9.2.4 Strength of behaviorally mediated trophic cascades
		9.2.5 Evidence required for trophic cascades
	Key points
	References
10 Population ecology
	10.1 How carnivorans die
	10.2 Demography
	10.3 Spatial aspects of population organization
		10.3.1 Dispersal and homing
		10.3.2 Migration
		10.3.3 Population genetic structure
		10.3.4 Hybridization and introgression
	10.4 Carnivoran life histories
	10.5 Social and mating systems
	10.6 Adaptation in populations
	Key points
	References
11 How carnivorans affect humans
	11.1 Negative effects
		11.1.1 Attacks on humans
		11.1.2 Attacks on domestic animals
		11.1.3 Killing wild animals valued by humans
		11.1.4 Limiting species of conservation concern
		11.1.5 Interfering with tourism
	11.2 Positive effects
		11.2.1 Direct benefits to humans
		11.2.2 Ecological services
	11.3 Mixed effects
		11.3.1 Roles in disease ecology
		11.3.2 Roles in conserving other species
	11.4 Spiritual and emotional values
	Key points
	References
12 How humans affect carnivorans
	12.1 The state of the carnivoran fauna
	12.2 Mechanisms of effects
	12.3 Direct mortality: poisoning, hunting, and trapping
	12.4 Other agents of direct mortality
	12.5 Physical exclusion
	12.6 Effects on behavior
	12.7 Habitat- and prey-mediated effects
	12.8 Disease-related effects
	12.9 Recolonizations, reintroductions, and restorations
	12.10 Reintroduction and restoration outcomes
	12.11 Trophic subsidies
	12.12 Other subsidies
	12.13 Mediation of competitive interactions
	12.14 Conservation genetics
	12.15 Global climate change
	Key points
	References
Appendix I List of extant carnivoran species
	References
Appendix II List of non-carnivoran species mentioned
Glossary
Index