Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Cover
......Page 1
Halftitle......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Foreword to the First Edition......Page 12
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Common Abbreviations Used in the Text......Page 15
Radiofrequency Excitation and Magnet Strength......Page 17
T2 Relaxation and Spin Phase......Page 19
Spin Echo Imaging......Page 20
Gradients......Page 21
Selective Excitation: Position in Z......Page 22
Frequency Encoding: Position in X......Page 23
Phase Encoding: Position in Y......Page 24
Raw k-Space Data and the Fast Fourier Transform......Page 25
Pulse Sequences and Contrast......Page 26
Gradient Echo Imaging......Page 27
Balanced Steady-State Free Precession......Page 29
Echo Planar Imaging, Spiral, and Radial......Page 30
References......Page 31
Clinical Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques......Page 33
Imaging Experimental Animal Models......Page 71
Importance of Assessing Right Ventricular Dimensions and Function
......Page 35
Contractile Function ("Scan" = "Cine")......Page 36
Myocardial Perfusion At Stress And Rest ("Scan"= "Perfusion")......Page 39
Computed Tomography......Page 193
Evaluation......Page 85
Gradient Echo Phase Velocity Mapping
......Page 215
Bolus Timing......Page 470
References
......Page 250
Time-of-Flight Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography
......Page 51
Applications......Page 52
Vessel Brightness (T1) Versus Gadolinium Dose
......Page 469
Principles......Page 54
Reflected Waves
......Page 378
Stress Agents
......Page 56
Assessment of Global and Regional Cardiac Function......Page 63
Interleaved Spiral Phase Velocity Mapping
......Page 328
Postoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 65
Early Experience in Humans......Page 511
Future Directions
......Page 67
References......Page 568
The Role of Vasodilators in the Assessment of Myocardial Oxygenation......Page 72
Coronary Flow Reserve
......Page 241
Jet Velocity Mapping for the Assessment of Stenoses
......Page 75
Perfusion and Late Gadolinium Enhancement......Page 76
Pericardial Effusions......Page 79
Practical Aspects of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging
......Page 80
Aortic Valve Stenosis......Page 173
References......Page 319
Assessment of Cardiac Rotation/Motion: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Methods......Page 83
Pericardial Diseases
......Page 295
Respiratory Motion
......Page 84
Utility of Dobutamine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Identifying Inducible Ischemia (Early Studies)
......Page 212
Differences Between Steady-State Free Precession and Gradient Echo......Page 99
Apical Rotation......Page 87
Stroke Volume......Page 88
Conclusion
......Page 425
References......Page 182
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Coronary Artery Disease
......Page 90
Slice Thickness and the Visualization of Thin Structures
......Page 505
Biologic Effects......Page 114
Spectroscopy Animal Studies......Page 296
Lipoma......Page 535
Aortic Intramural Hematoma
......Page 365
Navigator Timing......Page 101
Conclusion
......Page 102
References......Page 556
Pulmonary Embolism
......Page 105
Concept of the Ischemic Cascade......Page 107
Dobutamine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (Contemporary Studies)
......Page 213
Function and Morphology......Page 110
References......Page 112
Viability......Page 115
Radiofrequency Time Varying Field......Page 116
Devices That Create Dark Signals......Page 585
Safety Considerations Associated With Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents
......Page 117
Indications
......Page 349
Patient Monitoring and Electrocardiographic Setup
......Page 118
General Contraindications to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 119
Invasive Coronary Artery Imaging and Intervention......Page 588
Intracardiac Thrombus Formation
......Page 120
Spiral and Radial Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging
......Page 121
Conclusion
......Page 122
References......Page 123
Special Considerations: Cardiovascular Magnetic 
Resonance in Infants and Children
......Page 125
General Protocol for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance In Congenital Heart Disease
......Page 126
Cmr Evaluation Of Regional Left Ventricular Function During Remodeling
......Page 266
Detection of Myocardial Ischemia With Noninvasive Imaging
......Page 127
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Flow Wave Velocity
......Page 130
Spatial and Temporal Resolution......Page 132
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography at 3 Tesla
......Page 134
Other Benign Tumors......Page 243
Single Ventricles......Page 136
Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 138
Combined Protocols
......Page 139
Conclusion
......Page 141
Use of Navigator Echoes in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Factors Affecting Their Implementation
......Page 143
Multiple Breath Hold Methods......Page 144
Benign Tumors Of The Heart
......Page 534
Atrial Septal Defect......Page 145
Correction Factors......Page 146
Multiple Column Orientations......Page 147
Other Forms of Navigators......Page 150
Sarcoma......Page 539
Normal Valvular Function
......Page 151
Normal Cardiac Anatomy, Orientation, and Function......Page 154
Morphology and Function......Page 517
Common Artifacts
......Page 156
Metal Artifact......Page 160
Left Ventricle......Page 163
Effect of imaging sequence and magnetic field strength on ventricular volumes and mass and implications for reference standard
......Page 164
Valvular Regurgitation 
......Page 465
Pulmonary Artery Flow......Page 166
Conclusion
......Page 169
Comprehensive Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Coronary Artery Disease......Page 172
Transposition......Page 417
31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 490
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
......Page 518
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
......Page 174
Late Gadolinium Enhancement
......Page 177
Viability Studies......Page 178
Future Directions
......Page 181
Applications
......Page 184
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluations
......Page 429
Conclusion
......Page 186
Spectroscopy......Page 189
Plaque Inflammation......Page 357
References......Page 608
Comparison Of Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance With Multidetector Computed Tomography
......Page 192
Scar Formation and Left Ventricular Wall Thickness
......Page 278
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 194
Safety Issues......Page 196
Other CMR Measures of Global Function: Brief Synopsis......Page 200
Leiomyomatosis with Intracardiac Extension......Page 500
Regional Function......Page 201
The Future......Page 204
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Approach To The Patient With Cardiomyopathy
......Page 207
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Systems......Page 446
Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography
......Page 374
Dobutamine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 208
Myocarditis
......Page 217
Adenosine and Dipyridamole as Wall Motion Stress Agents During Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 219
Left Ventricular Wall Motion During Exercise Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 220
References......Page 221
Bypass Graft Anatomic Imaging Techniques
......Page 224
Atrial Morphology And Determination Of Situs
......Page 416
Myxoma......Page 256
Pericardial Cysts......Page 495
Endogenous Contrast Media......Page 226
Active Catheter Tracking and Visualization......Page 367
Extravascular Contrast Media......Page 227
Intravascular Contrast Media......Page 228
Aortic Coarctation......Page 434
Suppression of Signal from Surrounding Tissue
......Page 299
Congenital Heart Disease
......Page 399
Visual Assessment......Page 230
Quantitative Approach: Perfusion-Related Parameters......Page 231
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt......Page 589
Single-Center Studies: Visual Interpretation......Page 233
Multicenter Studies......Page 235
References......Page 237
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance In Pediatric Patients
......Page 240
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
......Page 486
Catheter Devices......Page 279
Adenosine: Stress-Inducible Wall Motion Abnormalities......Page 242
Performing X-Ray and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Interventions......Page 604
Contractile Reserve During Low-Dose Dobutamine Infusion
......Page 286
Tissue Characterization......Page 438
Thickness of the Viable Epicardial Rim and Recovery of Function
......Page 247
Functional Assessment of Viable Myocardium......Page 248
Combined Adenosine Perfusion and Dobutamine Wall Motion CMR......Page 249
Global And Regional Left Ventricular Function: Cine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 252
Cardiac Motion
......Page 362
Microvascular Obstruction Also Predicts Regional Recovery Of Function After Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 257
Imaging Before And After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
......Page 258
Complications Of Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 259
Conclusion
......Page 261
Trauma To The Aorta
......Page 452
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluation Of Ventricular Anatomy During Remodeling
......Page 264
Gradient Echo Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Flow Mapping
......Page 267
Clinical Myocardial Bold Imaging......Page 574
Two-Dimensional Breath Hold Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography
......Page 341
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Regional Aortic Compliance
......Page 375
Postoperative Atrial Switch
......Page 431
Assessment Of Endothelial Function
......Page 381
Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Stenosis......Page 280
Targeted Local Delivery of Cellular Agents to the Myocardium......Page 587
Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Recovery of Function
......Page 284
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance In Chronic Myocardial Infarction
......Page 285
Comparison of Late Contrast Enhancement with Other Imaging Modalities
......Page 287
Comparison of Different Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Techniques for the Diagnosis of Viability
......Page 288
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
......Page 289
Conclusion
......Page 291
References......Page 292
Athlete's Heart and Hypertension......Page 297
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Navigators: Gating and Slice Tracking
......Page 298
Magnetic Resonance Angiography Of The Body
......Page 300
Contrast-Enhanced Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 303
Special Considerations: Intracoronary Stents
......Page 305
Future Technical Developments
......Page 306
References......Page 307
Identification Of Anomalous Coronary Arteries
......Page 310
Improved Visualization of Cardiac Anatomy......Page 312
Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance For Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Assessment
......Page 316
Conclusion
......Page 317
Basic Principles
......Page 321
Bolus Tagging......Page 325
Constrictive Pericarditis......Page 498
Devices That Create Bright Signals......Page 327
Preoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 331
CMRS Stress-Testing for Ischemia Detection......Page 565
Conclusion And Future Developments
......Page 335
References......Page 338
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Bypass Grafts
......Page 340
Pulmonary Veins And The Pathophysiology Of Atrial Fibrillation
......Page 342
Stenotic Heart Valve And Outflow Tract Lesions  
......Page 509
Parallel Imaging......Page 344
References......Page 481
Pathobiology Of Atherosclerosis
......Page 352
Imaging Atherosclerosis
......Page 353
Papillary Fibroelastoma......Page 356
Conclusions And Future Directions
......Page 358
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Laboratory......Page 572
Angiogenesis
......Page 369
Magnetic Force and Torque......Page 520
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography Of The Extracranial Carotid Arteries
......Page 370
Assessment of the Biophysical Mechanical Properties of the Arterial Wall......Page 373
Imaging Patient Studies......Page 551
The Clinical Use Of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance For Assessing Arterial Wall Stiffness
......Page 379
Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation......Page 563
Acknowledgments
......Page 386
References......Page 387
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Right Ventricular Anatomy and Function
......Page 389
Magnetic Instrumentation and Visualization Strategies......Page 390
Passive Catheter Tracking and Visualization......Page 597
Right Ventricular Assessment in Heart Failure
......Page 396
Metastatic Cardiac Tumors......Page 542
References......Page 400
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Simple Congenital Cardiovascular Defects
......Page 403
Merits of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Guidance......Page 582
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Scanner Interface......Page 404
Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 408
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 411
References......Page 413
Regurgitant Flow Measurements
......Page 508
Complex Ventricular Abnormalities (Single Ventricle)
......Page 421
Postoperative Evaluation
......Page 423
Complex Congenital Heart Disease: Infant and Pediatric
Patients
......Page 428
Reduced Ionizing Radiation......Page 596
Transposition Of The Great Arteries
......Page 430
Interrupted Aortic Arch
......Page 436
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluation
......Page 437
Mesenteric Arteries......Page 477
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
......Page 521
Tissue Characterization
......Page 545
Post-Fontan Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 442
References......Page 443
Normal And Variant Pulmonary Venous Anatomy
......Page 447
Quantification Of Pulmonary Vein Size
......Page 451
Normal Anatomy
......Page 455
Spectroscopy Patient Studies......Page 553
Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
......Page 460
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
......Page 461
Aortitis......Page 464
Basic Principles And Techniques
......Page 468
Pulmonary and Other Stenoses of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
......Page 510
Aorta......Page 473
Renal Arteries......Page 475
Peripheral Vessels......Page 478
Pulmonary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 485
References......Page 491
Imaging Modalities
......Page 493
Methodologic Considerations......Page 496
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 503
The Visualization and Planimetry of Jets by Cine Imaging
......Page 506
Mitral Regurgitation......Page 512
CMR in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valves......Page 514
Acknowledgments
......Page 515
Metabolic Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 519
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
......Page 522
Conclusion
......Page 523
Tissue Characterization......Page 524
Tissue Characterization......Page 525
Endomyocardial Diseases
......Page 526
Tissue Characterization......Page 528
Fibroma......Page 536
Cardiac Hemangioma......Page 538
Pericardial Metastasis......Page 544
References......Page 547
Cardiac Transplantation......Page 550
Conclusion......Page 555
Physical Principles......Page 558
Experimental Foundations......Page 559
Clinical Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies......Page 561
Healthy Subjects......Page 562
Myocardial Viability Assessment......Page 566
Perspective and General Conclusions......Page 567
Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Myocardial Oxygenation......Page 571
An Overview of Myocardial Bold Cardiovascular  Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Preclinical Setting......Page 573
Emerging Techniques for Oxygen-Sensitive Myocardial Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 576
Future of Myocardial Bold Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 579
Safety Considerations......Page 584
Active Devices......Page 586
Conclusion......Page 591
Pediatric Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 595
Heating and Electrical Safety of Interventional Equipment......Page 600
X-Ray and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Facility Design......Page 603
Future Directions......Page 607
Analogous CMR TerminologyUsed by Various Vendors......Page 612
CMR Screening  Form—Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center—CMR Center......Page 613
CMR Worksheet and Sequence Protocol Dataform in use (2010) at the BethIsrael Deaconess Medical Center BIDMC)—CMR Center......Page 615
A......Page 617
B......Page 619
C......Page 620
E......Page 626
F......Page 627
G......Page 628
I......Page 629
L......Page 630
M......Page 631
P......Page 634
R......Page 636
S......Page 638
T......Page 640
V......Page 641
Z......Page 643