Cardiology, 3rd Edition

Cover......Page 1
Section Editors......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contributors......Page 6
Preface......Page 18
Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis......Page 21
Histologic Organization......Page 22
Endothelial Cells......Page 23
Smooth Muscle Cells......Page 24
Histopathology of Atherosclerosis......Page 25
Low-Density Lipoprotein Accumulation and Modification......Page 28
Foam Cell Formation......Page 29
Immune Cytokines and Effector Mechanisms......Page 30
Progression from Fatty Streak to Atherosclerotic Plaque......Page 31
Plaque Activation and the Precipitation of Clinical Syndromes......Page 32
Summary......Page 33
Genetics of Atherosclerosis......Page 35
Underlying Abnormalities......Page 927
Pathophysiology......Page 329
Typical Cases......Page 36
Diabetes Mellitus......Page 672
Clinical Presentations......Page 37
Factors that Influence the Return to Work......Page 1890
Clinical Presentation......Page 264
Clinical Presentations......Page 1796
Management......Page 944
Electrocardiography......Page 224
Age-Associated Changes in Cardiovascular Response to Exercise......Page 38
Indirect Effects on the Heart......Page 1033
Other Cardiac Conditions: Implications for Licensing to Drive or Fly......Page 1343
Nutrition......Page 549
Secondary Prevention......Page 193
Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect......Page 1383
Critical Appraisal of Calcium Handling in the Failing Heart......Page 947
PCSK9......Page 40
LTA4H......Page 41
Susceptibility Genes and Gene Regions for Coronary Artery Disease-Myocardial Infarction From Genome-Wide Associ.........Page 42
Prognosis......Page 43
Summary......Page 44
What is a Risk Factor?......Page 45
Identification of Reversible Conditions......Page 190
Contribution of Risk Factors......Page 46
Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect......Page 367
Management......Page 304
Pathogenesis......Page 563
Aseptic Fibrinoplatelet Thrombus......Page 49
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease......Page 55
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 57
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1375
Epidemiology and Genetics......Page 58
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Athlete\'s Heart......Page 587
Pathophysiology......Page 59
Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 175
Diagnosis......Page 469
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 69
Treatment Options......Page 70
Menopausal Women......Page 71
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1547
Clinical Presentations......Page 1737
Pathophysiology......Page 958
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 931
Coronary Arterial Bridging......Page 73
Management......Page 747
Management......Page 1516
Ischemic Mitral Insufficiency......Page 95
Perioperative Myocardial Infarction......Page 1785
Therapeutic Approaches to the Diabetic Patient......Page 77
Anatomic Assessment......Page 189
Acute Myocardial Infarction Categories......Page 379
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1385
Prevalence and Incidence......Page 1399
Clinical Presentations......Page 738
Pathophysiology......Page 930
Clinical Presentations......Page 84
Veins of the Lower Extremities......Page 209
Sudden Death......Page 869
Pathophysiology......Page 97
Duchenne\'s Muscular Dystrophy......Page 637
Mitral Regurgitation after Myocardial Infarction......Page 972
Diagnostic Modalities......Page 1623
Becker\'s Muscular Dystrophy......Page 99
Clinical Presentation......Page 100
Natural History......Page 192
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy......Page 256
Anticoagulants......Page 102
Ultrarapid Component of the Delayed Rectifier Current......Page 277
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 194
Indications......Page 749
Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy......Page 107
Trials with Drugs Other than Statins......Page 108
Statin Trials: Primary Prevention......Page 109
Clinical Signs and Symptoms......Page 207
Clinical Presentation......Page 990
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease......Page 115
Coronary Artery Disease......Page 1721
Pathway 1: Emotional Response Styles......Page 117
Work Performance......Page 1892
Electrophysiology......Page 1553
Management......Page 1649
Pathway 3: Inhibited Breathing Patterns......Page 139
Clinical Presentations......Page 1764
Surgical Closure......Page 119
Ambulatory Monitoring......Page 1799
Assessment of the Job......Page 1895
Summary......Page 1705
Clinical Presentations......Page 120
Mitral Repair and Atrial Fibrillation......Page 121
Complications......Page 122
LV End-Systolic Wall Stress/End-Systolic Volume and LV End-Systolic Wall Stress/LVEF Ratios......Page 123
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease......Page 124
Dystrophic Aneurysm of the Ascending Aorta......Page 1368
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors......Page 125
Summary......Page 126
Differential Diagnosis......Page 127
Transplant Patient......Page 129
Penetrating Injury......Page 1843
Description of Techniques......Page 1433
Sinus Venosus Defect......Page 724
Hypercholesterolemia in the Elderly......Page 131
Electrocardiography and Chest Radiography......Page 1539
Electrocardiogram......Page 1335
Sickle Cell Anemia......Page 1772
Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology Devices......Page 1885
Elevated Lipoprotein(a)......Page 133
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1798
Management of Respiratory Stress Responses......Page 1841
Typical Case 2......Page 1425
Pathophysiology......Page 1404
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 137
Pathophysiology......Page 650
Pathophysiology......Page 138
Prosthetic Obstruction......Page 1311
Cardiovascular Drugs and Pregnancy......Page 1492
Clinical Presentations......Page 569
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1711
Summary......Page 876
Aldosterone Antagonists......Page 1441
Ebstein\'s Malformation/Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia......Page 950
Rhabdomyosarcomas......Page 763
Criteria for Sports Eligibility and Disqualification......Page 141
Ethical Issues......Page 142
Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy of Test......Page 281
Bacterial Pericarditis......Page 1157
Primary Polycythemia......Page 1775
Other Cardiac Problems......Page 143
Reperfusion in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction......Page 216
Valve Replacement......Page 313
First, Second, and Third Heart Sounds......Page 144
Pulmonary Stenosis......Page 1814
Pathophysiology......Page 1451
Treatment of Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis......Page 230
Nonpharmacologic Therapies......Page 145
Angiogenic Gene Therapy......Page 146
Reconstructive Vascular Surgery......Page 147
Infection......Page 148
Smoking Cessation......Page 149
Summary......Page 151
Typical Case......Page 153
Epidemiology......Page 331
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1771
Clinical Presentations......Page 686
Relationship of Work to Health......Page 1363
Electrocardiography......Page 156
Myocardial Infarction and Death......Page 1628
Systemic Artery Involvement......Page 904
Lead Systems......Page 914
Aortic Stenosis in Fetsuses......Page 1526
Hemodynamics......Page 265
Anticoagulants......Page 158
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 893
Heart Herbs......Page 1877
Ximelagatran......Page 159
Clinical Implications......Page 936
Clinical Presentations......Page 1813
Physical Requirements......Page 160
Norwood Procedure versus Cardiac Transplantation......Page 1545
Type 3 (Infracardiac) Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection......Page 571
Management......Page 692
Long-Term Outcome......Page 921
Treatment Strategies for the Individual Patient......Page 1766
Atrial Septal Defects......Page 399
Hypertension......Page 161
Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy of Test......Page 162
Pericarditis, Myocarditis, and Conduction Disturbances......Page 1746
Treatment of Arrhythmias After Fontan Repair......Page 163
Antiphospholipid Antibodies......Page 1657
Prognosis......Page 167
Atrial Fibrillation......Page 168
Coronary Arteries......Page 1658
Smoking and Alcohol Drinking......Page 169
Valves......Page 1358
Summary......Page 171
Thoracic Aorta Disease......Page 173
Objectives of Pharmacologic Therapy for Hypertension......Page 250
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 626
Clinical Presentations......Page 174
Pathophysiology......Page 723
Advantages......Page 344
Ventricular Tachycardia in the Normal Heart (Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia)......Page 870
Summary......Page 1608
Cardiac Markers......Page 179
Epidemiology......Page 622
Clinical Presentations......Page 726
Imaging Techniques......Page 964
Management......Page 1519
Defibrillation......Page 180
Secondary Polycythemia......Page 354
Pathophysiology......Page 1346
Ion Channel Gating......Page 181
Cardiac Catheterization......Page 570
Summary......Page 911
Urapidil......Page 633
Clinical Presentation......Page 681
Pathophysiology......Page 642
Objectives......Page 196
Pathophysiology......Page 184
Permanent Pacing......Page 683
Rhabdomyomas......Page 185
Pacing in Hypersensitive Carotid Sinus and Neurally Mediated Syncope......Page 771
Catheter Ablation of Supraventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease......Page 1656
Summary......Page 187
Postoperative Arrhythmias......Page 854
Care-HF......Page 191
Contrast Echocardiography......Page 294
Cardioversion......Page 278
Surgical Therapy......Page 1712
Pharmacologic Therapy......Page 195
Tachycardia......Page 1430
Self-Perception and Stress Management......Page 197
Summary......Page 1899
Endovascular Repair......Page 198
Recommendation 2: Importance of Hygiene Measures......Page 202
Prevention......Page 204
Molecular Coagulation Deficiencies......Page 1371
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 205
Benign Primary Tumors......Page 1761
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia......Page 675
Heart Failure......Page 740
Treatment Options......Page 1666
Cardiac Catheterization......Page 1469
Electrocardiogram......Page 690
Management......Page 210
Assessing and Controlling Cardiovascular Risk in the Pilot......Page 1894
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 895
Biomarkers and Noncardiac Imaging......Page 212
Summary......Page 764
Other Sarcomas......Page 1428
Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis......Page 213
Indications and Recommendations for Use......Page 1006
Clinical Presentations......Page 1743
Veins of the Lower Extremities......Page 214
Immediate and Long-Term Results......Page 1475
Coagulation Inhibition......Page 217
Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 979
Pitfalls and Alternatives......Page 661
Surgery for Vascular Disease......Page 219
Typical Case......Page 1663
A Short Review of Clinical Trials......Page 497
Treatment......Page 220
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 779
Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 221
Treatment Options......Page 307
Pericarditis......Page 1740
Atrial Arrhythmias......Page 225
Clinical Presentations......Page 270
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 226
Doppler Evaluation of Pressure Gradients......Page 1443
Other Aortic Valve Repairs......Page 228
Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 417
Indications for Intervention......Page 1369
Decompensated, End-Stage Mitral Stenosis......Page 1255
Prognosis......Page 635
Intravenous Infusions......Page 1804
Definition of Problem......Page 233
Indications and Contraindications......Page 615
Pathophysiology......Page 867
M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 235
Prognosis......Page 236
Electrocardiography......Page 1583
Pressure-Flow Relationships......Page 239
Biomarkers......Page 240
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption......Page 241
Individual Factors......Page 242
Management......Page 1844
Description of the Technique and Safety......Page 1342
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography......Page 1424
Aortic Stenosis in Children and Adolescents......Page 607
Lipomas and Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum......Page 1763
Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy......Page 945
Hypertension......Page 567
Intravascular Ultrasonography in Left Main Disease......Page 297
High-Risk Patients......Page 1199
Assessment for Licensing to Drive or Fly......Page 1757
Summary......Page 1462
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 249
Ischemic Stroke......Page 585
Vascular Rings......Page 251
Myocarditis......Page 252
Chest Radiography......Page 565
Multivariate Analyses......Page 253
Clinical Presentation......Page 1784
Transsarcolemmal Calcium Transport......Page 946
Electrophysiology and Tilt Table Testing......Page 257
Dietary Therapy......Page 679
Definition of Problem......Page 1669
Labetalol......Page 258
Screening for Coronary Anomalies in Athletes......Page 259
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia......Page 261
Anatomy And Pathology......Page 301
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis......Page 263
Differential Diagnosis......Page 853
Diagnosis......Page 334
ICD Programmer......Page 915
Neural Crest Cells......Page 1415
Prognosis......Page 1382
Acute Treatment......Page 859
Genetic Syndromes and Congenital Heart Defects......Page 750
Noninvasive Diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 273
Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus......Page 1605
Description of Procedure......Page 274
Extrinsic Factors......Page 722
Accelerated Atherosclerosis......Page 292
Systematic Approach......Page 1882
Congenital Coronary Anomalies......Page 1825
Papillary Fibroelastomas......Page 276
Aortic Valve Stenosis......Page 689
Non-High-Risk Patients: Distinction Between Low and Intermediate Risk......Page 279
Electrocardiography......Page 1528
Natural History......Page 280
Assessment of the Patient......Page 1896
Management......Page 282
Indications......Page 283
Summary......Page 912
Cardiac Masses......Page 660
Description of Procedure......Page 285
Summary......Page 286
Diagnostic Strategy......Page 287
Leukemia......Page 1499
Historical Perspective......Page 291
Differential Diagnosis......Page 777
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1664
Fractional Flow Reserve......Page 293
Fractional Flow Reserve in Left Main Disease......Page 295
Treatment Options......Page 653
Historical Perspective......Page 296
Echocardiography......Page 1527
Diagnostic Testing and Monitoring......Page 298
Optical Coherence Tomography......Page 299
Case......Page 598
Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease......Page 639
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1574
Cardiac Catheterization......Page 948
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 308
Clinical Presentations......Page 1723
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1129
Beta Blockers......Page 309
Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 311
Percutaneous Coronary Interventions......Page 314
Ventricular Function......Page 1448
Multiple Myeloma......Page 1370
Spinal Cord Stimulation......Page 315
Vascular Access......Page 316
Anatomy And Physiology......Page 319
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1673
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy......Page 1824
Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors......Page 321
Microorganisms......Page 1341
Relationship between Clinical Features and Severity of Stenosis......Page 856
Prevalence......Page 322
Summary......Page 1630
Angiographic Features......Page 323
Intraventricular Conduction Defects......Page 324
Postnatal Management......Page 1518
Prognosis......Page 1426
Reintervention, Arrhythmia, and Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death......Page 1495
Typical Case......Page 1313
Refractory Spasm......Page 326
Aberration......Page 752
Recent Developments and Future Advances......Page 327
Dobutamine and Exercise Stress Echocardiography......Page 1249
Other Signs......Page 1776
How to Diagnose Diastolic Heart Failure......Page 1022
Summary......Page 335
Pathophysiology......Page 337
Definition......Page 341
Anatomy And Pathology......Page 561
Management......Page 342
Combination Drug Therapy......Page 343
Effect of Anti-Ischemic Therapy on Clinical Outcome in Stable Coronary Artery Disease......Page 345
Left Atrial Hypertension......Page 857
Patients Who Have Acute Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina......Page 347
Complications......Page 1439
Definition of Problem......Page 351
Atherosclerosis......Page 386
Retinopathy Changes in Hypertensive Emergency......Page 353
Valvular and Pericardial Diseases......Page 393
Correction of Anterior Leaflet Prolapse......Page 1365
Epidemiology......Page 1125
Assessment for Return to Work......Page 691
Periodic Paralysis......Page 355
Drugs and Erectile Dysfunction......Page 356
Infective Endocarditis......Page 1010
Guidelines for Sildenafil, Tadalafil, or Vardenafil Administration......Page 357
Diseases of the Aorta......Page 358
Treatment Options......Page 359
Discussion......Page 360
Description of Device, Technique, and Procedure......Page 363
Acute Heart Failure......Page 969
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins......Page 369
Atrial Septal Defect Repairs......Page 1326
Special Considerations......Page 374
Anticoagulation......Page 375
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology......Page 1001
Coronary Vascular Development......Page 377
Clinical Presentation......Page 382
Summary......Page 383
Epidemiology and Risk Factors......Page 385
Diagnostic Testing and Monitoring......Page 1525
Platelets......Page 389
Choice of Vaginal or Cesarean Delivery......Page 391
Clinical Presentations......Page 392
Differential Diagnosis......Page 829
Markers of Acute Myocardial Damage (\"Cardiac Markers\")......Page 395
Natriuretic Peptides......Page 396
Prognosis......Page 680
Coronary Angiography......Page 397
Summary......Page 1833
Angiotensin and Aldosterone Inhibitors......Page 1801
Truncus Arteriosus......Page 754
Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Effects......Page 400
Myxomas......Page 1767
Intramural Ventricular Septal Defect......Page 1511
Indirect Inhibition of Factor Xa and Factor IIa with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin......Page 402
Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Diabetes Mellitus......Page 403
Summary......Page 405
Subacute In-Hospital Phase of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction......Page 407
Triage......Page 408
Antiplatelet Agents......Page 409
Anticoagulants......Page 413
beta-Adrenoreceptor Blockers......Page 414
Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 415
Hypotension......Page 416
Ventricular Fibrillation......Page 418
Summary......Page 419
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 421
Pathophysiology of Pump Failure In Acute Myocardial Infarction......Page 426
Ventriculopenic Shock......Page 428
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture......Page 429
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 430
Impact of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Symptoms......Page 431
Treatment Options......Page 1416
Treatment of Ventriculopenic Shock......Page 432
Intra-aortic Balloon Pump......Page 434
Role of Reperfusion and Revascularization in Cardiogenic Shock......Page 435
Treatment of Ventricular Septal Rupture......Page 436
Treatment of Left Ventricular Aneurysm......Page 437
Prognosis\r......Page 438
Management......Page 439
Outcome of Surgical Repair......Page 440
Pathophysiology......Page 442
Surgical Treatment......Page 443
Summary......Page 444
Post-Hospital Phase of an Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 445
Mechanisms of Action......Page 448
Description of Technique......Page 451
Indications and Contraindications......Page 453
Mechanisms of Action......Page 454
Mechanisms of Action......Page 456
Indications, Contraindications, and Objectives......Page 460
Cardiac Rehabilitation......Page 461
Clinical Presentations......Page 1773
Indications and Contraindications......Page 462
Summary......Page 463
Differential Diagnosis......Page 467
Treatment Options......Page 468
Treatment Options......Page 470
Differential Diagnosis......Page 471
Chest Radiography......Page 566
Evaluation Strategies......Page 473
Summary......Page 475
Definition of Problem......Page 476
Differential Diagnosis......Page 477
Prognosis......Page 623
Summary......Page 478
Catheter-Based Techniques to Treat Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 479
Restenosis after Balloon Angioplasty......Page 480
Restenosis after Bare-Metal Stent Implantation......Page 481
Indications for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention......Page 482
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention......Page 485
Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction......Page 486
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion......Page 487
Medical Treatment versus Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty......Page 488
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for In-Stent Restenosis......Page 489
Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography......Page 951
Summary......Page 1407
Surgery for Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 493
Description Of Technique......Page 496
Minimally Invasive Approaches......Page 498
Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass......Page 499
Typical Case......Page 500
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty versus Coronary Artery Bypass Graft for Stable or Unstable Angina......Page 501
Drug-Eluting Stents......Page 503
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft after Acute Myocardial Infarction......Page 504
Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction......Page 505
Late Results And Graft Patency......Page 506
Perioperative And Early Results Of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting......Page 507
Complications......Page 508
Summary......Page 510
Typical Case......Page 511
Differential Diagnosis......Page 512
Treatment Options......Page 513
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities......Page 514
Treatment Options......Page 515
Differential Diagnosis......Page 516
Treatment Options......Page 517
Summary......Page 518
Differential Diagnosis......Page 519
Treatment Options......Page 520
Differential Diagnosis......Page 521
Treatment Options......Page 522
Impact of Antiplatelet Therapy......Page 523
Typical Case......Page 524
Differential Diagnosis......Page 525
Summary......Page 526
Genetics......Page 529
Hypertension and Other Inherited Cardiovascular Risk Factors......Page 532
Stress......Page 533
Arterial Stiffness......Page 535
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System......Page 536
Endothelial Dysfunction......Page 538
Randomized Trials......Page 1875
Clinical Presentation......Page 539
Summary......Page 540
Diagnostic Criteria......Page 541
Prevalence and Incidence......Page 542
Incidence......Page 543
Risk Factors......Page 544
Major Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors: Overview......Page 545
Obesity......Page 546
Alcohol......Page 547
Caffeine......Page 550
Prognosis......Page 551
Summary......Page 552
Diagnostic Criteria......Page 553
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment......Page 556
Secondary Hypertension: Identifiable Causes......Page 557
Summary......Page 558
Complications of Hypertension: The Heart......Page 559
Pathophysiology......Page 1809
Genetics......Page 1513
Diastolic Dysfunction......Page 564
Hemodynamics and Angiocardiography......Page 1484
Secondary Prevention......Page 568
Exercise Capacity......Page 887
Complications of Hypertension: The Kidney......Page 573
Epidemiology......Page 1339
Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 574
Employment Aspects......Page 1810
Differential Diagnosis......Page 649
Clinical Presentations......Page 713
Effects of Anemia on the Cardiovascular System in the Presence of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 1665
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1846
High Altitude Cerebral Edema......Page 1828
Case Presentation......Page 1710
Tricuspid Stenosis......Page 595
Nonpharmacologic Prevention and Management of Hypertension......Page 597
Public Health Strategies to Reduce Salt Intake in Developed Countries......Page 602
Valvular Reconstructive Surgery......Page 1244
Indications and Objectives......Page 606
Impaired Sodium-Driven Clearance of Alveolar Fluid......Page 1387
General Nutritional Measures......Page 608
Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 611
Prevention......Page 913
Pulmonary Artery Anatomy......Page 1514
Obesity and Blood Pressure......Page 1709
Coronary Artery Injury......Page 1848
Autonomic Dysfunction......Page 1110
Echocardiography......Page 1185
X-Linked Humeroperoneal Dystrophy (Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy)......Page 910
Electrocardiography, Ambulatory Monitoring, and In-Hospital Monitoring......Page 624
Excitation-Contraction Coupling......Page 625
Meaning of Work......Page 1889
Classification\r......Page 629
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1541
Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis......Page 1299
Correction of Posterior Leaflet Prolapse......Page 631
Sodium Nitroprusside......Page 632
Atherosclerotic Coronary Disease......Page 861
Malignant Mesotheliomas......Page 1724
Thromboembolic Events......Page 634
Summary......Page 636
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1465
Echocardiography......Page 1561
Acute Native Valve Endocarditis of the Left Side of the Heart......Page 1344
Insurability of the Cardiac Patient......Page 762
Mechanism of Action......Page 1907
Prognosis......Page 641
Summary......Page 643
Hyperglycemia......Page 644
Chronic Coronary Artery Disease and Secondary Prevention......Page 646
Summary......Page 647
Summary......Page 651
Management......Page 1718
Balloon-Expandable Intravascular Stent......Page 655
Definition of the Problem......Page 657
Malignant Teratomas......Page 658
Description of MRI Techniques......Page 1445
Management......Page 1337
Treatment Options......Page 662
Typical Case......Page 665
Differential Diagnosis......Page 666
Summary......Page 667
Tricuspid Valve Disease......Page 671
Excitation-Contraction Coupling......Page 674
Echocardiography......Page 1000
Neoplasms......Page 1759
Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users......Page 1347
Other Medical Conditions......Page 682
Hypothyroidism......Page 1725
Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy......Page 685
Primary Electrophysiologic Disease......Page 892
Stress Testing......Page 916
Demographics......Page 1829
Work Simulation......Page 1802
Reperfusion for Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes......Page 1744
Safety and Complications......Page 693
Summary......Page 1768
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 1533
Treatment of Bradycardia......Page 694
Pharmacokinetics......Page 695
Indications, Contraindications, and Objectives......Page 696
Indications, Contraindications, and Objectives......Page 697
Complications......Page 699
Complications......Page 700
Azimilide......Page 701
Summary of Drugs with Class III Mechanism of Action......Page 702
Magnesium......Page 703
Antiarrhythmic Drug Combinations......Page 704
Proarrhythmia Related to Action Potential Prolongation......Page 705
Antiarrhythmic Drugs In Pregnancy......Page 706
Summary......Page 707
Biophysics of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation......Page 711
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation with Large Electrodes......Page 712
Pathophysiology of Catheter Ablation Lesion Formation......Page 714
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia......Page 715
Atrial Arrhythmias......Page 716
Complications......Page 719
Summary......Page 720
Disorders of Muscle......Page 721
Hyperlipidemia......Page 1755
Pathophysiology......Page 1616
Electrophysiologic Testing......Page 730
Other Tests......Page 731
Health Economic Aspects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy......Page 1037
The Staged Approach to an Extracardiac Fontan Circulation......Page 877
Sinus Node Dysfunction......Page 735
Strategy......Page 1839
Electrocardiography......Page 741
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 743
First-degree Atrioventricular Block......Page 745
Möbitz Atrioventricular Block......Page 746
Mechanism of Defibrillation and Waveforms......Page 905
Summary......Page 1842
Summary......Page 751
Clinical Presentations......Page 753
Management......Page 756
Summary......Page 757
Description Of Devices, Techniques, And Procedures......Page 759
Auscultatory Findings......Page 1333
Societal Issues......Page 760
History......Page 1506
Management......Page 1554
Managing Risk: Identifying and Responding to Cardiac Patients......Page 1893
Prognosis......Page 1038
Left Ventricular Scar......Page 1039
Diagnostic Testing and Monitoring......Page 1444
Hemodynamics during Pacemaker Treatment......Page 765
Indications And Contraindications......Page 766
Selection of Patients for Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty and Surgery......Page 767
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers......Page 768
Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome)......Page 770
Bronchial Collateral Vessels......Page 772
Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci and Streptococcus bovis......Page 773
Pacemaker Malfunction......Page 774
Summary......Page 775
Effects on the Cardiovascular System......Page 1715
Treatment Options......Page 782
Summary......Page 783
Treatment Options......Page 784
Differential Diagnosis......Page 786
Summary......Page 787
Anatomy And Pathology......Page 789
Differentiation of AV Node-Dependent and AV Node-Independent Atrial Tachycardias......Page 791
Clinical Presentations......Page 792
Sinus Node Re-entrant Tachycardia......Page 793
Cardiac Catheterization......Page 1540
Acute Supraventricular Tachycardia......Page 800
Catheter-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation......Page 801
Summary......Page 802
Epidemiology......Page 803
Hypertension......Page 804
Alcohol......Page 805
Pathophysiology......Page 806
Clinical Presentations......Page 807
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 808
Echocardiography......Page 809
Aortic Root and Valvular Disease and Conduction Disturbances......Page 1473
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation......Page 810
Restoration and Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm......Page 812
Electrical Cardioversion......Page 813
History......Page 1315
Permanent Atrial Fibrillation and Control of the Heart Rate......Page 814
Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 816
Catheter and Surgical Ablation......Page 817
Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation......Page 818
Antiplatelet Therapy......Page 819
Combined Warfarin and Aspirin Therapy......Page 820
Risks of Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation......Page 821
Risk Stratification for Stroke and Thromboembolism......Page 822
Prognosis......Page 823
Summary......Page 824
Gross Anatomy of the Atria......Page 825
Specialized Tissue within the Atria......Page 826
Typical Atrial Flutter......Page 827
Atypical Atrial Flutter......Page 828
Establishing the Acceptable Level of Risk......Page 1786
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia......Page 830
Clinical Presentation......Page 831
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 832
Management......Page 833
Atrial Flutter......Page 834
Catheter Ablation for Atrial Flutter......Page 835
Prognosis......Page 837
Summary......Page 838
Anatomy And Pathophysiology......Page 839
Genetics of Pre-excitation......Page 841
Electrophysiologic Properties......Page 842
Atriofascicular Connections......Page 843
Asymptomatic Pre-excitation......Page 844
Supraventricular Tachycardia......Page 845
Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiomyopathies......Page 846
Noninvasive Testing......Page 849
Acute Arrhythmias......Page 850
Drug Therapy......Page 851
Prognosis And Summary......Page 852
Initial Treatment......Page 974
Valvular Injury......Page 858
Summary......Page 862
Cardiac Symptoms......Page 863
Fetal Arrhythmia......Page 1429
Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 865
Precise Anatomic and Functional Diagnosis......Page 871
Diagnostic Tests In Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 872
Treatment of Acute Kawasaki Disease......Page 874
Clinical Presentations......Page 879
Management......Page 882
Clinical Presentations......Page 883
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 884
Brugada Syndrome......Page 885
Clinical Presentations......Page 886
Management......Page 888
Treatment of Atrial Flutter......Page 1653
Sudden Cardiac Death......Page 889
Secondary Prevention......Page 897
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Evidence-Based Improvements in Basic Life Support......Page 901
Plan for Delivery......Page 906
Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances......Page 1562
High-Pressure Balloon Dilatation......Page 1461
Long-term Consequences of Coronary Aneurysms......Page 1642
Dual-Chamber ICD......Page 917
Device Programming......Page 919
Complications......Page 923
Results of Clinical Trials......Page 1007
Other Oral Vasodilators......Page 925
Typical Case......Page 932
Differential Diagnosis......Page 934
Summary......Page 938
Physiology of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation......Page 941
Effects of Pregnancy on the Normal Cardiovascular System......Page 943
Pulmonary Embolism......Page 975
Peripheral Adaptations and the Development of Clinical Symptoms......Page 953
Clinical Implications: Progression of The Disease......Page 955
Assessment of the Patient with Heart Failure......Page 957
Echocardiography......Page 961
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 962
Evaluation of Arrhythmias......Page 966
Accuracy......Page 967
Treatment Options......Page 1671
Summary......Page 968
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Dyssynchrony......Page 1029
Cardiogenic Shock......Page 971
Complete or D-Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 973
Doppler Echocardiography......Page 1434
Anemia as a Marker of Excess Risk......Page 1552
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome......Page 976
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 977
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization......Page 978
Vasopressors......Page 981
Recommendation 4: Other Procedures at Risk......Page 1352
Primary Angioplasty and Stenting......Page 983
Cardiovascular Complications of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy......Page 1353
Transplantation......Page 984
Pulmonary Embolism......Page 985
Summary......Page 1807
Introduction......Page 1534
Heart Failure due to Systolic Dysfunction......Page 987
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 988
Pathophysiology......Page 989
Coronary Sinus Septal Defect......Page 993
Summary......Page 995
Management of the Patient with Chronic Heart Failure......Page 997
Prolong Survival......Page 998
Reduce Use of Resources......Page 999
Adverse Effects......Page 1003
Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System......Page 1004
Conclusions......Page 1878
Indications and Recommendations for Use......Page 1005
Indications and Recommendations for Use......Page 1008
Mechanisms of Action......Page 1011
Chronic or Intermittent Use of Positive Inotropic Drugs......Page 1012
Future Approaches to the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure......Page 1013
Summary......Page 1014
Etiology and Pathologic Anatomy......Page 1017
Does Diastolic Heart Failure Evolve to Systolic Heart Failure?......Page 1018
Does Diastolic Heart Failure Result from Diastolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction?......Page 1020
Obesity and Insulin Resistance......Page 1021
Definition of Problem......Page 1024
CRT or CRT-D......Page 1034
Prognosis......Page 1026
Summary......Page 1027
Contak......Page 1031
Thrombotic Diseases and Coronary Artery Disease......Page 1741
Intravascular Hemolysis......Page 1670
Safety and Complications of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy......Page 1040
Summary......Page 1041
Surgery, Mechanical Circulatory Assist Devices, and Cardiac Transplantation for Heart Failure......Page 1043
Indications, Contraindications, and Objectives......Page 1044
Risks of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery......Page 1047
Description of Procedures......Page 1048
Description of Devices......Page 1050
Indications, Contraindications, and Objectives......Page 1051
Complications......Page 1054
Description of Procedure......Page 1055
Indications, Contraindications, and Objectives......Page 1056
Complications......Page 1058
Summary......Page 1059
Treatment Options......Page 1061
Definition of Problem......Page 1062
Clinical Definition of Cardiac Cachexia......Page 1063
Definition, Prevalence, and Prognostic Implications......Page 1064
Diuretics......Page 1066
Ultrafiltration......Page 1067
Treatment Options......Page 1068
Diagnosis of Depression......Page 1069
Pathophysiologic Considerations......Page 1071
Scope of Problem......Page 1072
Components and Goals Of Disease Management......Page 1073
Comorbidities-a Key Issue......Page 1074
Summary......Page 1075
Summary......Page 1076
Natriuretic Peptides and Norepinephrine......Page 1078
Markers of Myocardial Necrosis......Page 1079
Summary......Page 1080
Occurrence and Frequench\r......Page 1081
Acute Myocarditis......Page 1083
Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy......Page 1084
Clinical Presentation......Page 1085
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1086
Invasive Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1087
Biopsy-Guided Classification of Inflammatory Heart Muscle Disease......Page 1088
Active Myocarditis......Page 1091
Interferon Therapy......Page 1092
Hepatitis C Virus......Page 1093
Chagas\' Disease......Page 1094
SUMMARY......Page 1095
Clinical Features\r......Page 1097
Laboratory Investigations\r......Page 1098
Invasite Testing\r......Page 1099
Treatment\r......Page 1100
Genotype-Phenotype Relations\r......Page 1101
Practical Issues\r......Page 1103
Microscopic Anatomy......Page 1105
Genetics......Page 1106
Variable Penetrance and Expression......Page 1107
Pulse, Blood Pressure, and Oxygen Saturation......Page 1108
Diastolic Function......Page 1109
Electrocardiography......Page 1111
Echocardiography......Page 1112
Radionuclide Studies......Page 1113
Athlete\'s Heart......Page 1114
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction......Page 1115
Surgery......Page 1116
Percutaneous Transluminal Septal Myocardial Ablation......Page 1117
Prevention of Sudden Death and Risk Factor Stratification......Page 1118
Summary......Page 1119
Clinical Presentation......Page 1121
Effect of Subsequent Pregnancy......Page 1122
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1123
Treatment Options......Page 1124
Summary......Page 1126
Definition of Problem......Page 1128
Summary......Page 1130
Endomyocardial Biopsy......Page 1131
Amyloid Heart Disease......Page 1132
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1134
Diagnostic Approach to Determine the Type of Amyloid......Page 1135
Endomyocardial Fibrosis......Page 1136
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1137
Radionuclide Imaging......Page 1138
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1139
Clinical Presentation......Page 1140
Storage Diseases of the Myocardium......Page 1141
Summary......Page 1142
Pericardial Disease......Page 1143
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1145
Pericardial Effusion......Page 1147
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1148
Management......Page 1149
Pathophysiology......Page 1150
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1151
Management......Page 1152
Pathophysiology......Page 1153
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1154
Tuberculous Pericarditis......Page 1158
Acute Post-Myocardial Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler\'s Syndrome......Page 1159
Scleroderma......Page 1160
Summary......Page 1161
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1163
Pathophysiology......Page 1164
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1165
Conventional Pharmacologic Therapies......Page 1168
Intravenous Prostacyclin......Page 1170
Oral Beraprost......Page 1171
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists......Page 1172
Future Directions in the Medical Management of PAH......Page 1173
Percutaneous and Surgical Options......Page 1174
Summary......Page 1176
Differences Between the Right and Left Ventricles......Page 1177
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Chronic Lung Diseases or Hypoxemia......Page 1178
Right-Sided Heart Failure: the Big Clinical Picture......Page 1180
The Right Ventricle Under Pressure: From Adaptive Hypertrophy to Dilatation and Failure......Page 1181
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Transition from Hypertrophy to Dilatation......Page 1182
Right-Sided Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Lung Disease Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 1184
Summary......Page 1186
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1189
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology......Page 1190
Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis......Page 1191
Imaging Modalities......Page 1194
Contemporary Diagnostic Strategies and Algorithms......Page 1196
Recurrence of Pulmonary Embolism and Long-Term Secondary Prophylaxis......Page 1200
Summary......Page 1201
Echocardiography......Page 1205
Transmitral Pressure Gradient as Measured byDoppler Study......Page 1206
Choice of Therapy......Page 1207
Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Color and Continuous-Wave Doppler Studies......Page 1208
Pattern of Flow in the Pulmonary Veins......Page 1209
Summary......Page 1210
Aortic Stenosis......Page 1211
Echocardiography......Page 1212
Pitfalls......Page 1213
Summary......Page 1214
Prognosis......Page 1478
Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Color and Continuous-Wave Doppler Studies......Page 1215
Diastolic Flow Reversal in the Descending Aorta and Peripheral Arteries by Pulsed-Wave Doppler Study......Page 1216
Clinical Presentations......Page 1532
Marfan\'s Syndrome......Page 1217
Endocarditis......Page 1218
Cardiomyopathies......Page 1219
Thrombus Formation......Page 1221
Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Valves......Page 1222
Aortic Stenosis......Page 1223
Mixed Aortic Stenosis and Regurgitation......Page 1225
Mitral Stenosis......Page 1226
Mitral Regurgitation......Page 1227
Valve Prostheses......Page 1228
Balloon Valvuloplasty......Page 1229
Cardiac Output......Page 1230
Determination of Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure......Page 1231
Summary......Page 1232
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1233
Pathophysiology......Page 1234
Clinical Presentation......Page 1235
Erythema Marginatum......Page 1236
Supporting Evidence of Preceding Group A Streptococcal Infection......Page 1237
Echocardiography......Page 1238
Treatment of the Acute Attack of Rheumatic Fever......Page 1240
Summary......Page 1241
Rheumatic Heart Disease......Page 1243
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction......Page 1245
Clinical Presentation......Page 1246
Angiosarcomas......Page 1247
Clinical Presentations and Diagnosis......Page 1248
Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography......Page 1250
Management......Page 1251
Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty for Mitral Stenosis......Page 1252
Use of Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty......Page 1253
Summary......Page 1256
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1257
Development of Eccentric Hypertrophy......Page 1261
Mild to Moderate Mitral Regurgitation......Page 1262
Etiology......Page 1263
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography......Page 1264
Acute Mitral Regurgitation......Page 1265
Onset of Left Ventricular Dysfunction......Page 1266
Type of Mitral Surgery......Page 1267
Catheter-Based Therapies......Page 1268
Summary......Page 1269
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1271
Clinical Presentations......Page 1272
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1274
Echocardiography......Page 1275
Mitral Valve Prolapse with Hemodynamically Important Mitral Regurgitation......Page 1277
Treatment of Arrhythmias......Page 1278
Identification of Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse at Risk of Complications......Page 1279
Summary......Page 1280
Treatment Options......Page 1281
Surgical Procedure......Page 1282
Typical Case......Page 1283
Summary......Page 1284
Typical Case......Page 1285
Clinical Experience......Page 1286
Percutaneous Mitral Annuloplasty......Page 1287
Clinical Experience......Page 1288
Summary......Page 1289
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1290
Pathophysiology......Page 1291
Summary......Page 1292
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1293
Pathophysiology......Page 1294
Physical Examination......Page 1295
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1489
Chest Radiography......Page 1296
Echocardiography......Page 1297
Disease Progression in Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis......Page 1301
Summary......Page 1302
Pathophysiology......Page 1303
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1305
Management......Page 1306
Prognosis......Page 1308
Summary......Page 1309
Prognosis......Page 1312
Management......Page 1765
Measures of the LV End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship......Page 1314
Coronary Disease......Page 1316
Electrocardiography......Page 1317
Summary......Page 1769
Calculation of Regurgitant Volume and Regurgitant Fraction......Page 1318
Symptoms of Angina or Dyspnea......Page 1319
Evidence of LV Dysfunction at Rest in an Asymptomatic Patient with Normal Exercise Tolerance......Page 1320
Surgical Treatment......Page 1321
Summary......Page 1322
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1323
Definition of Problem......Page 1325
Reconciling Echocardiographic and Catheter Data......Page 1328
Summary......Page 1329
Edwards Balloon-Expandable Valve......Page 1330
Associated Lesions......Page 1334
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers......Page 1336
Low Socioeconomic Status......Page 1837
Echocardiography......Page 1414
Prognosis......Page 1345
Cardiac Surgery and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 1348
Echocardiography......Page 1350
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis......Page 1351
Prognosis......Page 1372
Natural History......Page 1356
Staphylococcal Endocarditis......Page 1357
Type of Surgery......Page 1359
Summary......Page 1360
Infectious Endocarditis......Page 1364
Postoperative Atrioventricular Block......Page 1366
Long-term Results......Page 1367
In Patients Older than 70 Years......Page 1373
Prognosis......Page 1377
Cardiomyopathy......Page 1378
Coronary Aneurysms and Evaluation......Page 1381
Management......Page 1384
Clinical Presentation......Page 1388
Radiography......Page 1389
At the Time of Valve Replacement......Page 1390
Planned Pregnancy......Page 1391
Unexpected Pregnancy......Page 1392
Epidemiology and Genetics......Page 1529
Treatment Options......Page 1395
Summary......Page 1396
Secular Effects on Prevalence at Birth......Page 1401
Observational Studies......Page 1874
Risk Factors......Page 1402
Maternal Risk Factors......Page 1403
Commotio Cordis......Page 1832
Pathophysiology......Page 1409
Septation of the Heart......Page 1410
Atherosclerotic Coronary Disease......Page 1411
Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease......Page 1421
Evaluation of the Fetal Cardiac Anatomy......Page 1423
D-Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 1427
Diagnosis and Management......Page 1431
Summary......Page 1432
Fetal Arrhythmia......Page 1442
Management of the Fetus with Valvular Aortic Stenosis......Page 1446
Beta Blockers......Page 1803
Anatomic Imaging and Tissue Characteristics......Page 1449
Preparation of the Patient......Page 1452
Cardiac Output and Shunts......Page 1453
Valve Area......Page 1454
Contrast and Technique......Page 1455
Indications and Objectives......Page 1457
Summary......Page 1458
Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect......Page 1459
Heart Failure......Page 1460
Summary......Page 1464
Anatomy......Page 1466
Clinical Features......Page 1467
Echocardiography......Page 1468
Computed Tomography......Page 1470
Type 1 (Supracardiac) Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection......Page 1472
Clinical Presentation......Page 1474
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1477
Summary......Page 1479
Ventricular Septal Defect......Page 1481
Physical Examination......Page 1482
Chest Radiography......Page 1483
Management......Page 1485
Management......Page 1587
Summary......Page 1488
Early Presentation of the Unrepaired Patient......Page 1490
Chest Radiography......Page 1491
Cardiac Catheterization and Electrophysiology......Page 1494
Restrictive Right Ventricular Physiology......Page 1496
Management of the Infants with Critical Valvular Aortic Stenosis......Page 1497
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1498
Cardiac Catheterization and Angiocardiography......Page 1500
Pregnancy and Exercise......Page 1501
Summary......Page 1502
Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 1503
Coronary Artery Anomalies......Page 1504
Economic Costs of Cardiovascular Disease and Work-Related Issues......Page 1782
Clinical Presentations......Page 1559
Electrocardiogram......Page 1507
Balloon Atrial Septostomy......Page 1508
Arterial Switch Operation......Page 1509
Arrhythmia......Page 1510
Summary......Page 1512
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome......Page 1637
Management......Page 1774
Prognosis......Page 1523
Hyperlipidemia......Page 1699
Surveillance Following Norwood procedure......Page 1543
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1530
Management of Children and Adolescents with Valvular Aortic Stenosis......Page 1531
Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Findings......Page 1726
Clinical Presentations......Page 1747
Diagnostic Techniques and Management......Page 1748
Echocardiography......Page 1535
Summary......Page 1536
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1537
Antiplatelet Therapy......Page 1651
Summary......Page 1546
Pulmonary Stenosis......Page 1557
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1567
Clinical Presentations......Page 1569
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1571
Initial Treatment......Page 1575
Initial Therapy......Page 1577
Summary......Page 1578
Embryology......Page 1579
Fetal Presentations......Page 1582
Summary......Page 1589
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1591
Echocardiography......Page 1596
Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography......Page 1598
Systemic Circulation......Page 1599
Management......Page 1600
The Failing Fontan Circulation......Page 1602
Pathophysiology......Page 1606
Echocardiography......Page 1609
Coils......Page 1611
Amplatzer Duct Occluder......Page 1613
Summary......Page 1614
Anatomy......Page 1615
Chest Radiography......Page 1617
Echocardiography......Page 1618
Prognosis......Page 1619
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1742
Long-Term Prognosis......Page 1620
Acknowledgement......Page 1622
Pathology of Kawasaki Vasculitis......Page 1631
Valvular Heart Disease, Myocarditis, and Pericarditis......Page 1635
Treatment Options......Page 1640
Adult Coronary Artery Disease Due to Childhood Kawasaki Disease......Page 1643
Summary......Page 1644
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1645
Sinus Node Dysfunction and Atrioventricular Block......Page 1646
Sinus Node Dysfunction and Atrial Flutter......Page 1647
Autonomic Nervous System......Page 1650
Electrophysiologic Study After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot and Complex Congenital Heart Disease......Page 1652
Catheter Ablation......Page 1654
Acute Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease......Page 1655
Chemotherapy......Page 1778
Acute Management......Page 1659
Prognosis......Page 1660
Summary......Page 1661
Summary......Page 1667
Argatroban......Page 1906
Management......Page 1758
Pericarditis......Page 1675
Diagnostic Strategy......Page 1678
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1680
Treatment Options......Page 1682
Definition of Problem......Page 1685
Treatment Options......Page 1686
Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 1691
Pathophysiology......Page 1694
Clinical Presentation......Page 1695
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1696
Hypertension......Page 1697
Coronary Revascularization in Patients with Kidney Insufficiency......Page 1700
Pathophysiology......Page 1701
Management......Page 1703
Pathophysiology......Page 1707
Chelation Therapy......Page 1871
Blunt Injury......Page 1708
Summary......Page 1713
Clinical Presentations......Page 1716
Cardiac Biomarkers......Page 1717
Prognosis......Page 1719
Cardiovascular Disease......Page 1722
Amiodarone and the Thyroid......Page 1728
Laboratory Findings......Page 1729
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis......Page 1749
Cardiovascular Signs and Symptoms......Page 1730
Management......Page 1731
Systemic Signs and Symptoms......Page 1732
Management......Page 1733
Anatomy and Pathophysiology......Page 1734
Anatomy and Pathology......Page 1735
Prognosis......Page 1736
Summary......Page 1750
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 1753
Antiretroviral-Induced Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Lipodystrophy......Page 1754
Arrhythmias and Conduction Abnormalities......Page 1756
Hypercoagulable States......Page 1777
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy......Page 1818
Pericardium and Myocardium......Page 1779
Conduction System......Page 1780
Neuromuscular Disease......Page 1781
Therapy......Page 1783
Therapy......Page 1787
Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome)......Page 1788
Pathophysiology......Page 1789
Guillain-Barré Syndrome......Page 1790
Acknowledgement......Page 1791
Aging and Geriatric Heart Disease......Page 1793
Clinical Presentations......Page 1852
Age-Related Changes in Other Organ Systems......Page 1795
Rivaroxaban......Page 1800
Syncope......Page 1805
Prognosis......Page 1806
Cardiac Effects of Tocolytic Agents......Page 1811
Regurgitant Valve Disease......Page 1815
Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 1816
Cardiac Arrhythmias During Pregnancy......Page 1817
Pregnancy in the Heart Transplant Patient......Page 1819
Hypertension during Pregnancy......Page 1820
Summary......Page 1821
Definitions and General Considerations......Page 1823
Mechanisms and Resuscitation......Page 1830
Social Strain......Page 1838
Pathways for Reducing Risk Associated with Environmental Stress......Page 1840
Diagnostic Techniques......Page 1856
Anatomic Pathology......Page 1851
Valvular Disease......Page 1855
Management......Page 1858
Summary......Page 1859
High Altitude Medicine......Page 1861
Physiologic Effects of Altitude and Acclimatization......Page 1862
Acute Altitude Exposure......Page 1863
Permeability Alone as the Central Cause of HAPE......Page 1864
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema......Page 1865
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema......Page 1866
Echocardiographic Findings......Page 1867
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema......Page 1868
Coronary Artery Disease......Page 1869
Subacute and Chronic Altitude Illness......Page 1870
Purported Indications......Page 1872
Summary......Page 1879
Perioperative Evaluation and Management of the Cardiac Patient......Page 1881
Systemic Testing......Page 1883
Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 1884
Summary......Page 1886
Increased Exercise Capacity......Page 1897
Decreased Risk......Page 1898
Bleeding......Page 1901
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 1902
Other Side Effects......Page 1903
Fondaparinux (Pentasaccharide)......Page 1905
Clinical Indications......Page 1908
Skin Necrosis......Page 1909
Prosthetic Heart Valves......Page 1910
Summary......Page 1911
Special Problems for the Cardiology Consultant......Page 1913
Discussion......Page 1916
Discussion......Page 1921
Discussion......Page 1923
A......Page 1924
B......Page 1931
C......Page 1933
D......Page 1938
E......Page 1940
F......Page 1943
H......Page 1944
I......Page 1947
L......Page 1949
M......Page 1950
N......Page 1954
P......Page 1955
R......Page 1960
S......Page 1962
T......Page 1965
U......Page 1967
V......Page 1968
Z......Page 1970