Carcinoma of the Bladder (Contemporary Issues in Cancer Imaging)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Series foreword......Page 33
Preface to Carcinoma of the Bladder......Page 13
Introduction......Page 15
Histopathological approach to bladder tumors......Page 18
Urothelial carcinoma......Page 26
Invasive carcinomas......Page 27
Flat carcinoma in situ (CIS)......Page 28
Squamous cell carcinoma......Page 29
Adenocarcinoma......Page 31
Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma......Page 32
Tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter......Page 34
Tumors of the urethra......Page 35
Conclusion......Page 44
References......Page 45
Epidemiology......Page 46
Environmental, chemical and anatomical predisposition......Page 47
Trends in the management of bladder cancer in the UK......Page 48
Clinical presentation and initial management......Page 49
Effect of staging and grading of bladder cancer on initial management......Page 50
Conclusion......Page 52
References......Page 53
Hematuria......Page 54
Cystoscopy......Page 55
Excretory urography......Page 56
Radionuclide imaging......Page 57
Computed tomography......Page 58
Computed tomography urography......Page 60
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)......Page 61
Magnetic resonance urography......Page 62
Virtual cystoscopy......Page 63
Imaging characteristics of histological subtypes......Page 64
Adenocarcinoma......Page 65
Lymphoma......Page 67
Other unusual tumors......Page 68
References......Page 71
Introduction......Page 74
Computed tomography......Page 75
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 80
Ultrasound......Page 92
Isotope studies......Page 95
References......Page 97
Introduction......Page 102
Lymph node metastases......Page 103
Liver metastases......Page 106
Bone metastases......Page 107
Uncommon sites of metastatic disease......Page 109
Imaging follow-up of bladder cancer......Page 111
Conclusion......Page 112
References......Page 113
Transurethral resection of bladder cancer......Page 116
Cystectomy......Page 117
Nerve-sparing cystectomy......Page 119
Management of the female urethra......Page 120
Partial cystectomy......Page 121
Pelvic lymphadenectomy......Page 122
Ileal conduit......Page 123
Orthotopic reconstruction......Page 124
Ureterosigmoidostomy......Page 125
Future developments......Page 126
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 129
Chemoradiotherapy......Page 130
Patient selection......Page 131
Defining the clinical target volume (CTV)......Page 132
Organ motion and treatment margins......Page 134
Conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for the bladder......Page 135
Dose and fractionation......Page 136
Treatment delivery and verification......Page 137
Image-guided adaptive planning......Page 139
Palliative radiotherapy......Page 140
References......Page 142
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy......Page 148
Summary......Page 151
Management of locally advanced disease and metastatic disease with palliative chemotherapy......Page 152
Patient care during chemotherapy......Page 155
References......Page 156
Cystoscopic follow-up......Page 160
High risk......Page 161
Urine cytology......Page 162
Cancer follow-up after radical surgery......Page 163
Metabolic consequences of urinary diversion......Page 164
Infections......Page 165
Conclusion......Page 166
References......Page 167
Transurethral resection and biopsy......Page 170
Radical cystectomy......Page 171
Intravesical chemotherapy......Page 176
Effects on tumor and response evaluation......Page 177
Effects on normal pelvic tissues......Page 179
Evaluation of residual masses following treatment......Page 184
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI......Page 185
Patterns of tumor recurrence......Page 186
Follow-up of treated bladder cancer......Page 190
References......Page 193
Index......Page 197