Carbon Dots in Agricultural Systems: Strategies to Enhance Plant Productivity

Front Cover
Carbon Dots in Agricultural Systems
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Carbon dots—an overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Synthesis techniques for carbon dots
		1.2.1 Top-down approach
			1.2.1.1 Arc discharge
			1.2.1.2 Laser ablation
			1.2.1.3 Chemical ablation
			1.2.1.4 Electrochemical oxidation
		1.2.2 Bottom-up approach
			1.2.2.1 Hydrothermal/solvothermal
			1.2.2.2 Sonochemical synthesis
			1.2.2.3 Microwave-assisted
	1.3 Challenges in the synthesis of carbon dots
	1.4 Properties of carbon dots
	1.5 Potential applications of carbon dots
		1.5.1 Biosensors
		1.5.2 Bioimaging
		1.5.3 Therapeutics
		1.5.4 Antimicrobial
	1.6 Uses of carbon dots in agriculture
	1.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
2 Current trends in carbon dots applications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Biomedical applications
		2.2.1 Bioimaging
		2.2.2 Drug release
		2.2.3 Photothermal therapy
		2.2.4 Antimicrobial treatment
	2.3 Nanoforensics
		2.3.1 Fingerprinting
		2.3.2 Anticounterfeit
	2.4 Energy storage and conversion
		2.4.1 Batteries
		2.4.2 Supercapacitors
		2.4.3 Fuel cells
		2.4.4 Solar cells
		2.4.5 Photocatalysts
	2.5 Environmental and agricultural applications
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3 Overview of carbon dot synthesis
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Synthesis of carbon dots
		3.2.1 Physical methods
			3.2.1.1 Arc discharge method
			3.2.1.2 Plasma treatment
			3.2.1.3 Laser ablation method
		3.2.2 Chemical methods
			3.2.2.1 Electrochemical method
			3.2.2.2 Combustion and oxidation
			3.2.2.3 Thermal routes
				3.2.2.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal method
				3.2.2.3.2 Pyrolysis method
			3.2.2.4 Microwave method
			3.2.2.5 Ultrasonic method
			3.2.2.6 Supported synthetic method
	3.3 Modification of carbon dots
		3.3.1 Formation of nanohybrid
		3.3.2 Surface functionalization
		3.3.3 Doping of carbon dot
	3.4 Green synthesis
		3.4.1 Biomass
			3.4.1.1 Plant parts and organisms
			3.4.1.2 Waste material
			3.4.1.3 Protein product
		3.4.2 Sustainable synthesis technique
			3.4.2.1 Base catalysis
			3.4.2.2 Self-exothermic synthesis
			3.4.2.3 Reduction method
	3.5 Conclusions and outlook
	References
4 Synthesis of carbon dots from biomass resources
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 An overview of biomass sources used for CD synthesis
		4.2.1 Plants and foods
		4.2.2 Biomass wastes
		4.2.3 Microorganisms
		4.2.4 Other biomasses
	4.3 Routes of synthesis
		4.3.1 Hydrothermal synthesis
		4.3.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis
		4.3.3 Pyrolysis
		4.3.4 Chemical oxidation
		4.3.5 Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis
		4.3.6 Other synthesis methods
	4.4 Conclusion and future aspects
	References
5 Physical and chemical properties of carbon dots
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Properties of carbon dots
		5.2.1 Optical properties
			5.2.1.1 Fluorescence properties
			5.2.1.2 Concentration and temperature-dependent fluorescence
			5.2.1.3 pH-dependent fluorescence
			5.2.1.4 Solvent dependent fluorescence
		5.2.2 Photoluminescence property
		5.2.3 Phosphorescence property
		5.2.4 Photostability
		5.2.5 Solubility of carbon dots
		5.2.6 Cytotoxicity of carbon dots
		5.2.7 Chemical inertness
		5.2.8 Photo-induced electron transfer property
	5.3 Summary
	References
6 Optical properties of carbon dots and their applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Carbon dot structure
	6.3 Optical properties
		6.3.1 Light absorption
		6.3.2 Fluorescence
			6.3.2.1 Upconversion fluorescence
			6.3.2.2 Temperature-dependent fluorescence emission
			6.3.2.3 Concentration dependent fluorescence emission
		6.3.3 Chemical luminescence
		6.3.4 Electrochemiluminescence
		6.3.5 Phosphorescence
	6.4 Mechanism
	6.5 Optical properties based applications of CDs
		6.5.1 Light harvesting capability and photosynthesis
		6.5.2 Carbon dot-based sensors
			6.5.2.1 Quenching of fluorescence (turn-off)
			6.5.2.2 Enhancement of fluorescence (turn-on)
			6.5.2.3 Change in lifetime
			6.5.2.4 Shift in the emission wavelength
			6.5.2.5 Ratiometric response
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
7 Exemplary evidence of bio-nano crosstalk between carbon dots and plant systems
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Synthesis, structure, and a few physicochemical characteristics of carbon dots
	7.3 Carbon dots uptake, translocation, and accumulation by plants
	7.4 Bio-nano cross-talks between carbon dots and plants
		7.4.1 Exemplary evidence of stimulatory and inhibitory effects of carbon dots on plant growth and development
		7.4.2 Effect of carbon dot on photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation
		7.4.3 Can carbon dot influence the resistance in plants toward abiotic/biotic stress?
		7.4.4 A few reports on carbon dot-mediated bio-freight conveyance into plants
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Carbon dots in agricultural system
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Exploration of water-soluble nanocarbon dots in agriculture
		8.2.1 Synthesis of water-soluble carbon dots
		8.2.2 Characterization of water-soluble nanocarbon dots
		8.2.3 Influence of wsCND on the growth of plants under light and dark conditions
		8.2.4 Effect of carbon dots on photosynthesis in plants
		8.2.5 Carbon dots impact the resistance of plants (abiotic/biotic stress)
		8.2.6 Carbon dots help in nitrogen fixation
	8.3 Historical perspective
		8.3.1 Traditional quantum dots
			8.3.1.1 Biological importance
		8.3.2 Carbon dots
			8.3.2.1 Structure
			8.3.2.2 Biological significance
	8.4 Carbon dots—in transportation and assimilation of nutrients
	8.5 Role of carbon dots exploited to carry fertilizers in microdoses to mimic organic farming
		8.5.1 Carbon quantum dots being used as growth promoters
		8.5.2 Carbon quantum dots being used for developmental studies of plant and seed growth
		8.5.3 Carbon quantum dots used to induce disease resistance in plant systems
		8.5.4 Carbon quantum dots action as photocatalyst
		8.5.5 Nontoxicity of carbon quantum dots on bacterial growth development in a plant system
	8.6 Use of fluorescent carbon dots to trace defects in plant systems and explore as drag carriers for remedial measures
		8.6.1 Water-soluble carbon quantum dots used in sensors and photocatalysis
		8.6.2 Carbon quantum dots used in imaging
	8.7 Future scope and the nontoxic use of such materials
		8.7.1 Carbon quantum dots used in metabolic regulation
		8.7.2 Carbon quantum dots used for cancer treatment
		8.7.3 Carbon quantum dots used in pollution control
		8.7.4 Carbon quantum dots used in dyes and environmental assessments
	8.8 Conclusions
	References
9 Comparative studies on carbon dots applications in plant systems
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Carbon dots
		9.2.1 General properties and synthesis of carbon dots
			9.2.1.1 Dispersibility
			9.2.1.2 Photoluminescence
			9.2.1.3 Cytotoxicity
		9.2.2 Biomedical applications of carbon dots
			9.2.2.1 Applications in food safety
			9.2.2.2 Drug/gene delivery in cancer therapy
			9.2.2.3 Treatment for drug resistant bacterial infection
	9.3 Application of carbon dots in agriculture
		9.3.1 Application of carbon dots through in various domains
			9.3.1.1 Imaging and labeling
			9.3.1.2 Enhancement in plant growth
			9.3.1.3 Inhibition effect
			9.3.1.4 Effect upon photosynthesis
			9.3.1.5 Carbon dots as abiotic and biotic stress reliever
			9.3.1.6 Carbon dots in nitrogen fixation
			9.3.1.7 Antibacterial/antifungal activity by carbon dots
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
10 Role of carbon dots in agricultural systems: biotechnology and nanotechnology approach
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Agriculture produce and residues as carbon dots precursors: sustainable synthesis and waste management
	10.3 Bioimaging
	10.4 Biosensors
	10.5 Impact of carbon dots on plant systems
	10.6 Agricultural bioremediation
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
11 Postharvest applications of carbon dots in agriculture: food safety
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Properties of carbon dots for food safety applications
		11.2.1 Optical properties
		11.2.2 Biological properties
	11.3 Carbon dots as sensing platforms
		11.3.1 Detection of pesticides
			11.3.1.1 Enzyme-based detection
			11.3.1.2 Antibody-based detection
			11.3.1.3 Aptamer-based detection
		11.3.2 Monitoring and detection of pathogens
		11.3.3 Detection of heavy metals
	11.4 Evaluation of the nutritional value
	11.5 Carbon dots in food packaging
	11.6 Carbon dot in food preservation
	11.7 Current status and future challenges
	References
12 Future prospects of carbon dots application in agriculture
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Synthesis of carbon dots
		12.2.1 Approaches to synthesis of carbon dots
		12.2.2 Synthesis of carbon dots from agricultural residues: a concept of recycling
	12.3 Characteristics of carbon dots with reference to agricultural applications
	12.4 Mechanism and effect of carbon dots on plant systems
		12.4.1 Kinetics of carbon dots in plant systems
		12.4.2 Uptake and translocation mechanism of carbon dots in plants
	12.5 Photosynthetic effect of carbon dots: effect on plant physiology and crop yields
	12.6 Future prospects and applications of carbon dots
		12.6.1 Carbon dots-based fertilizers
		12.6.2 Carbon dots-based sensors and detectors
			12.6.2.1 Detection of plant nutrient status
			12.6.2.2 Detection of heavy metals
			12.6.2.3 Sensing applications in food analysis
	12.7 Safety aspect of carbon dots in agriculture systems
	12.8 Conclusions
	References
Index
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