Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion: Advanced Materials and Processes

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Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion: Advanced Materials and Processes
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Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
1. A brief overview of recent advancements in CO2 capture and valorization technologies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 CO2 emissions
	1.3 CO2 capture and storage technologies
	1.4 Valorization of CO2 to produce valuable chemicals
	1.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
2. Sustainable utilization of CO2 toward a circular economy: prospects, challenges, and opportunities
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Overview of pathways for CO2 emissions
		2.2.1 CO2 emissions in residential and commercial building
		2.2.2 CO2 emissions in industrial processes
		2.2.3 CO2 emissions in the transportation sector
		2.2.4 CO2 emissions electricity generation
	2.3 Strategies and circular economic model for mitigation of CO2 emissions and its sustainable utilization
		2.3.1 Strategies for CO2 emission reduction
	2.4 Processes for sustainable utilization of CO2 for value-added products
		2.4.1 CO2 reforming of hydrocarbon and biomass
		2.4.2 CO2 hydrogenation to renewable fuels and value-added products
	2.5 Overcoming the challenges of CO2 valorization to sustainable products
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3. CO2 conversion technologies for clean fuels production
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methods for CO2 conversion
	3.3 CO2 conversion into methanol
	3.4 CO2 conversion into synthesis gas
	3.5 CO2 conversion to methane (methanation) reaction
	3.6 CO2 conversion into dimethyl ether
	3.7 CO2 conversion into gasoline
	3.8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
4. Upcycling of carbon from waste via bioconversion into biofuel and feed
	Abbreviations
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Upcycling of CO2 by microalgae
	4.3 Upcycling of carbon by insect larvae
	4.4 Biomethanation of CO2 by anaerobic digestion
	4.5 Importance of bioconversion in circular bioeconomy
	4.6 Opportunity and challenges in bioconversion of carbon source
	4.7 Conclusions
	References
5. Organic base-mediated fixation of CO2 into value-added chemicals
	Abbreviations
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Organic base-mediated transformation of CO2 into value-added products
		5.2.1 Linear/cyclic urea and carbamoyl azides
		5.2.2 Linear/cyclic carbamates
		5.2.3 Linear/cyclic carbonates
		5.2.4 Polyureas–polycarbonates
		5.2.5 CO2 reduction-derived products
		5.2.6 Carboxylic acids and their ester derivatives
		5.2.7 Five-membered heterocycles
		5.2.8 Six-membered heterocycles
	5.3 Conclusions
	References
6. Catalytic conversion of CO2 into methanol
	Abbreviations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methanol uses and applications
		6.2.1 Chemical feedstock
		6.2.2 Energy source
		6.2.3 Other uses
		6.2.4 Industrial methanol synthesis
		6.2.5 Hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol
	6.3 CO2 activation and its thermodynamic challenges for methanol reduction
	6.4 Catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol
		6.4.1 Cu/ZnO-based catalysts
		6.4.2 Catalyst supports
			6.4.2.1 Alumina as a catalyst support
			6.4.2.2 Mesoporous silica (SBA-15) as a catalyst support
		6.4.3 Catalyst promoters
	6.5 Factors affecting methanol synthesis
		6.5.1 Catalyst pretreatment
		6.5.2 Reaction conditions
			6.5.2.1 Temperature
			6.5.2.2 Pressure
			6.5.2.3 Space velocity
	6.6 Deactivation of the catalysts
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
7. Application of calcium looping (CaL) technology for CO2 capture
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Calcium looping process
	7.3 Reactivity decay of CaO-based sorbents
		7.3.1 Sintering
		7.3.2 Reaction with impurities
		7.3.3 Attrition
	7.4 Natural and synthetic CaO-based sorbents
		7.4.1 Natural sorbents
			7.4.1.1 Doping of naturally occurring sorbents
			7.4.1.2 Chemical pretreatment
			7.4.1.3 Incorporation of sintering-resistant supports
		7.4.2 Synthetic sorbents
			7.4.2.1 Unsupported CaO-based sorbents
			7.4.2.2 Supported CaO-based sorbents
	7.5 Kinetics modeling of calcium looping process
	7.6 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
8. Dry reforming of methane and biogas to produce syngas: a review of catalysts and process conditions
	Abbreviations
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Heterogeneous catalyst for dry reforming
		8.2.1 Noble metal-based catalyst
		8.2.2 Nonnoble metal-based catalysts
		8.2.3 Bimetallic catalysts
	8.3 Effects of supports
	8.4 Role of modifiers
	8.5 Role of preparation methods
	8.6 Effects of process conditions
	8.7 Role of precursor
	8.8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
9. Advances in the industrial applications of supercritical carbon dioxide
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Unique properties of SCCO2
	9.3 Industrial applications of SCCO2
		9.3.1 Extraction of bioactive compounds
		9.3.2 Extraction of cannabinoids
		9.3.3 Conversion of waste heat into power
		9.3.4 Catalysis
		9.3.5 Sustainable energy generation
		9.3.6 Biomass pretreatment and recovery of value-added biochemicals
		9.3.7 Other industrial applications
	9.4 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
10. Application of membrane technology for CO2 capture and separation
	Abbreviations
	List of symbols
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Transport mechanisms for gas separation
		10.2.1 Diffusion in porous membranes
		10.2.2 Diffusion in nonporous membranes
	10.3 Membrane preparation
		10.3.1 Preparation of polymeric membranes
			10.3.1.1 Phase inversion technique
			10.3.1.2 Non-solvent induced phase separation
			10.3.1.3 Thermally induced phase separation
		10.3.2 Preparation of inorganic membranes
			10.3.2.1 Slip casting
			10.3.2.2 Sol-gel process
			10.3.2.3 Chemical vapor deposition
			10.3.2.4 Pyrolysis
	10.4 Polymeric membranes
		10.4.1 Polymer blends membranes
		10.4.2 Mixed matrix membranes
	10.5 Inorganic membranes
		10.5.1 Carbon molecular sieve membranes
		10.5.2 Ceramic membranes
		10.5.3 Zeolite membranes
	10.6 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
11. Sequestration of carbon dioxide into petroleum reservoir for enhanced oil and gas recovery
	Abbreviations
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Oil and gas reservoirs
	11.3 Advanced oil and gas recovery mechanism
		11.3.1 Enhanced oil recovery
		11.3.2 Enhanced gas recovery
		11.3.3 Challenges and strategy for increased oil/gas recovery
	11.4 Fundamentals of CO2 gas injection
		11.4.1 Sources of CO2
			11.4.1.1 Fossil fuel combustion and usage
			11.4.1.2 Electricity/heat sector
			11.4.1.3 Transportation sector
			11.4.1.4 Industrial sector
			11.4.1.5 Land-use changes
			11.4.1.6 Industrial processes
		11.4.2 Surface facilities
	11.5 Technologies for enhanced oil/gas recovery
		11.5.1 CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery
		11.5.2 CO2 injection for enhanced gas recovery
		11.5.3 CO2 solubility in oil and gas
		11.5.4 CO2 injection facilities and process design considerations
	11.6 Economic evaluation
	11.7 Conclusions
	References
Index
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