Carbon Allotropes and Composites: Materials for Environment Protection and Remediation

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Preparation of Carbon Allotropes Using Different Methods
	Abbreviations
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Synthesis Methods
		1.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs
			1.2.1.1 Arc Discharge Method
			1.2.1.2 Laser Ablation Method
			1.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
			1.2.1.4 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PE-CVD)
		1.2.2 Synthesis of CQDs
			1.2.2.1 Arc Discharge
			1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation
			1.2.2.3 Acidic Oxidation
			1.2.2.4 Combustion/Thermal Routes
			1.2.2.5 Microwave Pyrolysis
			1.2.2.6 Electrochemistry Method
			1.2.2.7 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis
	1.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2 Carbon Allotrope Composites: Basics, Properties, and Applications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Allotropes of Carbon
	2.3 Basics of Carbon Allotrope Composites and Their Properties
	2.4 Composites of Graphite or Graphite Oxide (GO)
		2.4.1 Applications of Graphite Oxide
	2.5 Composites of Graphene
		2.5.1 Applications of Graphene Oxide
	2.6 Composite of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon
		2.6.1 Applications of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon
	2.7 Graphene (or Graphene Oxide)–Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Composites
		2.7.1 Applications of CNF Composites
	2.8 Graphene-Fullerene Composites
		2.8.1 Applications of Graphene-Fullerene Composites
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Activation of Carbon Allotropes Through Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization: Attempts in Modifying Properties for Enhanced Performance
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Carbon Allotropes: Fundamentals and Properties
			3.1.1.1 Graphite
			3.1.1.2 Diamond
			3.1.1.3 Graphene
			3.1.1.4 Activated Carbon
			3.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerene
		3.1.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
			3.1.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
			3.1.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
	3.2 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Allotropes
		3.2.1 Biomedical
		3.2.2 Waste Treatment
		3.2.3 Pollutants Decontamination
		3.2.4 Anticorrosive
		3.2.5 Tribological
		3.2.6 Catalytic
		3.2.7 Reinforced Materials
	3.3 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 4 Carbon Allotropes in Lead Removal
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
	4.3 Dimension-Based Types of Carbon Nanomaterials
	4.4 Purification of Water Using Fullerenes
	4.5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Water Purification
	4.6 Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Water Purification
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Carbon Allotropes in Nickel Removal
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Carbon and Its Allotropes: As Remediation Technology for Ni
		5.2.1 Nanotubes Based on Carbon
			5.2.1.1 Overview
			5.2.1.2 Features of CNTs
		5.2.2 Fullerenes
		5.2.3 Graphene
			5.2.3.1 Overview
			5.2.3.2 Properties
	5.3 Removal of Ni in Wastewater by Use of Carbon Allotropes
		5.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions
		5.3.2 Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions on Composite Material of MWCNTs
		5.3.3 GR and GO-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Ni
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Carbon-Based Allotropes
		6.2.1 Graphene
		6.2.2 Graphite
		6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
		6.2.4 Glassy Carbon (GC)
	6.3 Molybdenum Disulfide
		6.3.1 Synthesis of MoS2
		6.3.2 Physical Methods
		6.3.3 Chemical Methods
		6.3.4 Properties
	6.4 Application of MoS2
		6.4.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
		6.4.2 Catalyst
		6.4.3 Desalination
		6.4.4 Lubrication
		6.4.5 Sensor
		6.4.6 Electroanalytical
		6.4.7 Biomedical
	6.5 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Carbon Allotropes in Other Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe etc.) Removal
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Carbon-Allotropes: Synthesis Methods, Applications and Future Perspectives
	7.3 Reaffirmations of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Water and Their Toxic Effects
		7.3.1 Copper
		7.3.2 Zinc
		7.3.3 Lead
		7.3.4 Cadmium
		7.3.5 Arsenic
	7.4 Technology is Used to Treat Heavy Ions of Metal
		7.4.1 Chemical Precipitation
		7.4.2 Ion-Exchange
		7.4.3 Adsorption
		7.4.4 Membrane Filtration
		7.4.5 Electrodialysis
		7.4.6 Flotation
		7.4.7 Electrochemical Treatment
		7.4.8 Electroflotation
		7.4.9 Coagulation and Flocculation
	7.5 Factors Influencing How Heavy Metal Ions Adhere to CNTs
		7.5.1 pH
		7.5.2 Ionic Strength
		7.5.3 CNT Dosage
		7.5.4 Contact Time
		7.5.5 Temperature
		7.5.6 Thermodynamic Variables
		7.5.7 CNT Regeneration
		7.5.8 Isotherm Equation
		7.5.9 Current Issues and the Need for Additional Study
	7.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8 Carbon Allotropes in Phenolic Compounds Removal
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Carbon Materials in Phenol Removal
		8.2.1 Activated Carbon
		8.2.2 Graphene
		8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
		8.2.4 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide
		8.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
		8.2.6 Carbon Materials in the Biodegradation of Phenols
	8.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9 Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Importance of Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
	9.2 Main Part
		9.2.1 Polymer-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
		9.2.2 Graphene-Aerogels-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
	9.3 Functionalized Graphene-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Carbon Allotropes in Air Purification
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Historical and Chemical Properties of Some Designated Carbon-Based Allotropes
	10.3 Structure and Characteristics of Carbon Allotropes
	10.4 Uses of Carbon Nanotube Filters for Removal of Air Pollutants
	10.5 Physicochemical Characterization of CNTs
	10.6 TiO2 Nanofibers in a Simulated Air Purifier Under Visible Light Irradiation
	10.7 Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP)
	10.8 VOCs
	10.9 Heavy Metals
	10.10 Particulate Matter (PM)
	10.11 Techniques to Remove Air Pollutants and Improve Air Treatment Efficiency
	10.12 Removal of NOX by Photochemical Oxidation Process
	10.13 Chemically Adapted Nano-TiO2
	10.14 Alternative Nanoparticulated System
	10.15 Photodegradation of NOX Evaluated for the ZnO-Based Systems
	10.16 Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
	10.17 Mechanism of Technologies
	10.18 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Carbon Allotropes in Waste Decomposition and Management
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Management Methods for Waste
		11.2.1 Landfilling
		11.2.2 Incineration
		11.2.3 Mechanical Recycling
			11.2.3.1 Downcycling Method
			11.2.3.2 Upcycling Method
	11.3 Process of Pyrolysis: Waste Management to the Synthesis of Carbon Allotropes
	11.4 Synthesis Methods to Produce Carbon-Based Materials From Waste Materials
		11.4.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis
		11.4.2 Batch Pyrolysis-Catalysis
		11.4.3 CVD Method
		11.4.4 Pyrolysis-Deposition Followed by CVD
		11.4.5 Thermal Decomposition
		11.4.6 Activation Techniques
			11.4.6.1 Physical Activation Technique
			11.4.6.2 Chemical Activation Technique
	11.5 Use of Waste Materials for the Development of Carbon Allotropes
		11.5.1 Synthesis of CNTs Using Waste Materials
		11.5.2 Synthesis of Graphene Using Waste Materials
	11.6 Applications for Carbon-Based Materials
		11.6.1 CNTs
		11.6.2 Graphene
		11.6.3 Activated Carbon
	11.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12 Carbon Allotropes in a Sustainable Environment
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes
		12.2.1 Covalent Functionalization
		12.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
	12.3 Developments of Carbon Allotropes and Their Applications
	12.4 Carbon Allotropes in Sustainable Environment
	12.5 Carbon Allotropes Purification Process in the Treatment of Wastewater
		12.5.1 Fullerenes
		12.5.2 Bucky Paper Membrane (BP)
		12.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
			12.5.3.1 CNT Adsorption Mechanism
			12.5.3.2 CNTs Ozone Method
			12.5.3.3 CNTs-Fenton-Like Systems
			12.5.3.4 CNTs-Persulfates Systems
			12.5.3.5 CNTs-Ferrate/Permanganate Systems
		12.5.4 Graphene
	12.6 Removal of Various Pollutants
		12.6.1 Arsenic
		12.6.2 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
		12.6.3 Heavy Metals
		12.6.4 Pesticides and Other Pest Controllers
		12.6.5 Fluoride
	12.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorption
	12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 13 Carbonaceous Catalysts for Pollutant Degradation
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Strategies to Develop Carbon-Based Material
	13.3 Advantages of Carbon-Based Metal Nanocomposites
	13.4 Methods for the Development of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
	13.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalyst
		13.5.1 Fullerene (C60)
		13.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		13.5.3 Graphene
		13.5.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
		13.5.5 Diamond
	13.6 Applications
		13.6.1 Dye Degradation
		13.6.2 Organic Transformation
		13.6.3 NOx Removal
	13.7 Factors Affecting Degradation
		13.7.1 Radiation
		13.7.2 Exfoliation
		13.7.3 pH
		13.7.4 Reaction Condition
		13.7.5 Carbonaceous Material
	13.8 Challenges
	13.9 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	Acknowledgments
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 14 Importance and Contribution of Carbon Allotropes in a Green and Sustainable Environment
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Basic Aspects of Sustainability
	14.2 Changes Being Observed in Nature and Their Effect on Our Planet
		14.2.1 Water, Air, and Effect on Energy Generation
		14.2.2 Air Quality
		14.2.3 Pollution (Air/Water)
		14.2.4 Carbon Footprint
		14.2.5 Green House Effect
		14.2.6 Ozone Layer Depletion
		14.2.7 Temperature
		14.2.8 Effect on Farm Products
		14.2.9 Plastic
		14.2.10 Radiation Pollution
	14.3 Advantages of Green House Effect
		14.3.1 Supports and Promotes Life
		14.3.2 Photosynthesis
	14.4 Industrial Sustainability
	14.5 Corrosion and Its Implications
		14.5.1 Corrosion
		14.5.2 Corrosion and Sustainable Environment
		14.5.3 Industrial Operations and Environmental Sustainability
		14.5.4 Industrial Machinery Corrosion and Its Implications
	14.6 Corrosion Control and Material Properties
		14.6.1 Mechanical Properties
		14.6.2 Corrosion Resistant Materials
		14.6.3 Design Consideration
		14.6.4 Erosion Corrosion
		14.6.5 Cathodic/Anodic Protection
		14.6.6 Corrosion Inhibitors
		14.6.7 Nanomaterials
	14.7 Carbon Allotropes and Corrosion Inhibition
		14.7.1 Carbon Dots (CD) or Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD)
		14.7.2 Buckminster Fullerene C60
		14.7.3 Graphene
		14.7.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
	14.8 Conclusion
		14.8.1 Commercialization
		14.8.2 Synergy in Mixed Nanohybrids
	References
Index
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