Cannabis: The Genus Cannabis (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

Cover......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
ISBN    9789057022913......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
ANCIENT CHINA......Page 13
THE BIBLE AND JUDEA......Page 15
PREHISTORIC EUROPE AND SCYTHIA......Page 16
ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME......Page 17
PERSIA AND ARABIA......Page 20
INDIA......Page 23
EUROPE AFTER 500 AD......Page 26
ENGLAND BEFORE 1800......Page 27
FRANCE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY......Page 28
VICTORIAN BRITAIN......Page 31
CANNABIS AND NORTH AMERICA......Page 34
THE ANALYSIS OF CANNABIS......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF CANNABIS......Page 41
BOTANICAL FEATURES OF CANNABIS......Page 45
GROWTH CYCLE OF CANNABIS......Page 48
History of Cannabis Cultivation......Page 49
Present Day Cultivation of Cannabis......Page 51
Cultivation of Cannabis for Hemp Fibre or Cannabis Seed......Page 52
Cultivation of Cannabis for Narcotic Use in India and Surrounding Areas......Page 54
Synonyms for Cannabis Preparations......Page 56
International Trafficking of Illicit Cannabis Products......Page 57
THC Content and Stability of Cannabis Preparations......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
Numbering Systems for Cannabinoids......Page 67
Structural Groups of Cannabinoids......Page 68
Biogenesis of Cannabinoids......Page 69
NON-CANNABINOID CONSTITUENTS OF CANNABIS......Page 74
CHEMICAL VARIATION IN CANNABIS......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 79
1.1 International Conventions and National Enactments......Page 83
1.3 Parts of Plant: Fruiting/Flowering Tops; Aerial Parts, Stalk; Seed (Non)viable......Page 85
1.4 Compendial Definitions......Page 86
1.5 Cannabis Oils......Page 87
1.6 Smoking Residues......Page 88
1.7 Natural Cannabinoids, Including C3 and Cl Analogues......Page 89
1.8 Synthetic Analogues of Natural Cannabinoids......Page 91
1.9 Esters of Cannabinoids......Page 93
1.10 Stereochemistry of THC and Legal Implications......Page 95
2.1 Cultivation......Page 96
2.2 Trafficking Offences......Page 98
1 Unlawful Possession......Page 99
4 Usable/Measurable Amounts......Page 100
1 National Surveys......Page 101
3 Global Seizures......Page 103
1 Public Debate......Page 104
2 Recreational Use......Page 105
3 Therapeutic Implications......Page 106
3.1 Detection and Sampling......Page 107
1 Sampling Practice......Page 108
4 Field Kits......Page 109
3 Laboratory Colour Tests......Page 110
2 Thin Layer Chromatography......Page 111
3 Gas Chromatography......Page 112
4 Liquid Chromatography......Page 114
5 NMR Spectroscopy......Page 116
1 Geographical Origin......Page 117
2 Chemotaxonomic Studies......Page 118
4.1 Compendial Standards......Page 120
4.3 Identification—Herbal and Chemical......Page 121
4.7 Potency Standards, Reference Material......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 123
CULTIVATION......Page 127
CURRENT USES......Page 128
Rope......Page 130
Paints and Resins......Page 131
Canada......Page 132
Romania......Page 133
SUMMARY......Page 134
Hemp Product Producers around the World......Page 135
The Internet......Page 136
2.1 Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors......Page 137
2.2 Subtypes of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors......Page 138
3.1 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists......Page 139
3.2.2 Other Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists......Page 145
3.3 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists with Selectivity for CB1 or CB2 Receptors......Page 148
4.2 Cannabinoid Binding Sites......Page 150
4.3 Distribution of Cannabinoid Receptors within the CNS......Page 151
5.1 Adenylate Cyclase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases......Page 152
5.2 Arachidonic Acid......Page 153
5.3 Ion Channels......Page 157
6.1 In Vivo Effects......Page 160
6.2.1 Inhibition of Neurotransmitter Release......Page 161
6.2.2 Inhibition of GABA, Uptake into Central Neurones and of 5-HT Release from Mast Cells......Page 162
6.2.3 Inhibition of Long Term Potentiation......Page 163
6.2.4 Inhibition of Electrically-Evoked Contractions......Page 164
7.2 Formation......Page 165
7.3 Release......Page 166
7.4 Fate......Page 167
7.5 Inhibitors of Anandamide Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis......Page 168
8 PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ANANDAMIDE......Page 169
9 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 187
2.1.1 Cannabis......Page 190
2.1.2 THC......Page 191
2.1.3 Nabilone......Page 200
2.1.4 Levonantradol......Page 201
2.1.5 Other Derivatives......Page 205
2.2.1 Cannabis......Page 206
2.2.4 Other Derivatives......Page 207
2.3.1 Cannabis......Page 208
2.3.3 Nabilone......Page 209
2.4.1 Cannabis......Page 210
2.5.3 Cannabidiol (CBD)......Page 211
2.5.4 Mode of Action......Page 212
2.6.2 THC......Page 213
2.7 Effects on Anxiety and Insomnia......Page 214
2.7.3 Nabilone......Page 215
2.9.1 Cannabis......Page 216
2.9.3 Mode of Action......Page 217
2.11.1 Mode of Action......Page 218
2.13 Anti-Tumour Activity......Page 219
3 SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF CANNABINOIDS......Page 220
4 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH CANNABINOIDS......Page 221
5 FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 224
Early Experiences in the 19th Century......Page 235
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE AND PERSISTENT PAIN......Page 236
Gate Theory......Page 237
NEUROTRANSMITTERS INVOLVED WITH CANNABINOID ACTION......Page 238
CANNABINOID RECEPTORS......Page 240
MEDICINAL CANNABINOID PROTOTYPES......Page 241
THE ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOID—ANANDAMIDE......Page 242
The Abdominal Stretching Test......Page 244
CLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR CANNABINOID ANALGESIC ACTIVITY......Page 245
Major Spinal Injury......Page 246
NABILONE—CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AT THE JAMES PAGET HOSPITAL......Page 247
Spinal Problems......Page 248
Malignancy......Page 249
Summary of Nabilone Experience in 43 Patients......Page 250
Future Studies......Page 251
THE EXPERIENCE OF AN MS PATIENT WHO USES CANNABIS......Page 252
SIDE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS AND NABILONE......Page 253
Elimination......Page 254
THE FUTURE FOR CANNABIS AS A DRUG FOR PAIN RELIEF......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
INTRODUCTION......Page 259
THE NEUROPHARMACOLOGY OF MARIJUANA......Page 260
EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA......Page 261
MARIJUANA WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
ACUTE INTOXICATING EFFECTS......Page 265
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS......Page 267
ENDOCRINE EFFECTS......Page 268
NEUROLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS......Page 270
PSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS......Page 272
PULMONARY EFFECTS......Page 274
SUMMARY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 276
DRUG INTERACTIONS INVOLVING CANNABIS......Page 277
Antidiabetic Drugs......Page 278
Cytotoxic Agents......Page 279
Ethanol......Page 280
Fluoxetine......Page 281
Physostigmine......Page 282
Tricyclic Antidepressants......Page 283
REFERENCES......Page 284