Campbell Biology

Cover
Copyright Page
Title Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
New Content
To the Student: How to Use This Book
To the Student: How to Effectively
Use MasteringBiology
To the Instructor: New Content in
MasteringBiology
Supplements
Featured Figures
Interviews
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
Detailed Contents
1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life
	OVERVIEW: Inquiring About Life
	CONCEPT 1.1 The themes of this book make connections across different areas of biology
		Theme: New Properties Emerge at Each Level in the Biological Hierarchy
		Theme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
		Theme: Life Requires Energy Transfer and Transformation
		Theme: Structure and Function Are Correlated at All Levels of Biological Organization
		Theme: The Cell Is an Organism's Basic Unit of Structure and Function
		Theme: The Continuity of Life Is Based on Heritable Information in the Form of DNA
		Theme: Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems
		Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
	CONCEPT 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
		Classifying the Diversity of Life
		Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
		The Tree of Life
	CONCEPT 1.3 In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypotheses
		Making Observations
		Forming and Testing Hypotheses
		The Flexibility of the Scientific Method
		A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations
		Theories in Science
	CONCEPT 1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
		Building on the Work of Others
		Science, Technology, and Society
		The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science
UNIT 1 The Chemistry of Life
	Interview
	2 The Chemical Context of Life
		OVERVIEW: A Chemical Connection to Biology
		CONCEPT 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
		CONCEPT 2.2 An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms
		CONCEPT 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
		CONCEPT 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
	3 Water and Life
		OVERVIEW: The Molecule That Supports All of Life
		CONCEPT 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
		CONCEPT 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's suitability for life
		CONCEPT 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
	4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
		OVERVIEW: Carbon: The Backbone of Life
		CONCEPT 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
		CONCEPT 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
		CONCEPT 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
	5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
		OVERVIEW: The Molecules of Life
		CONCEPT 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
		CONCEPT 5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
		CONCEPT 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
		CONCEPT 5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
		CONCEPT 5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
UNIT 2 The Cell
	Interview
	6 A Tour of the Cell
		OVERVIEW: The Fundamental Units of Life
		CONCEPT 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
		CONCEPT 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
		CONCEPT 6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
		CONCEPT 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
		CONCEPT 6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
		CONCEPT 6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
		CONCEPT 6.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
	7 Membrane Structure and Function
		OVERVIEW: Life at the Edge
		CONCEPT 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
		CONCEPT 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
		CONCEPT 7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
		CONCEPT 7.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
		CONCEPT 7.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
	8 An Introduction to Metabolism
		OVERVIEW: The Energy of Life
		CONCEPT 8.1 An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
		CONCEPT 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
		CONCEPT 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
		CONCEPT 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
		CONCEPT 8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
	9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
		OVERVIEW: Life Is Work
		CONCEPT 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
		CONCEPT 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
		CONCEPT 9.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
		CONCEPT 9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
		CONCEPT 9.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
		CONCEPT 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
	10 Photosynthesis
		OVERVIEW: The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
		CONCEPT 10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
		CONCEPT 10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
		CONCEPT 10.3 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO[Sub(2)] to sugar
		CONCEPT 10.4 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
	11 Cell Communication
		OVERVIEW: Cellular Messaging
		CONCEPT 11.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell
		CONCEPT 11.2 Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
		CONCEPT 11.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
		CONCEPT 11.4 Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
		CONCEPT 11.5 Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways
	12 The Cell Cycle
		OVERVIEW: The Key Roles of Cell Division
		CONCEPT 12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
		CONCEPT 12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
		CONCEPT 12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
UNIT 3 Genetics
	Interview
	13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
		OVERVIEW: Variations on a Theme
		CONCEPT 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
		CONCEPT 13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
		CONCEPT 13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
		CONCEPT 13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
	14 Mendel and the Gene Idea
		OVERVIEW: Drawing from the Deck of Genes
		CONCEPT 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
		CONCEPT 14.2 The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance
		CONCEPT 14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
		CONCEPT 14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
	15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
		OVERVIEW: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes
		CONCEPT 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
		CONCEPT 15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
		CONCEPT 15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
		CONCEPT 15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
		CONCEPT 15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance
	16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
		OVERVIEW: Life's Operating Instructions
		CONCEPT 16.1 DNA is the genetic material
		CONCEPT 16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
		CONCEPT 16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
	17 From Gene to Protein
		OVERVIEW: The Flow of Genetic Information
		CONCEPT 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
		CONCEPT 17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look
		CONCEPT 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
		CONCEPT 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look
		CONCEPT 17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
		CONCEPT 17.6 While gene expression differs among the domains of life, the concept of a gene is universal
	18 Regulation of Gene Expression
		OVERVIEW: Conducting the Genetic Orchestra
		CONCEPT 18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
		CONCEPT 18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
		CONCEPT 18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
		CONCEPT 18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
		CONCEPT 18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
	19 Viruses
		OVERVIEW: A Borrowed Life
		CONCEPT 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
		CONCEPT 19.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
		CONCEPT 19.3 Viruses, viroids, and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
	20 Biotechnology
		OVERVIEW: The DNA Toolbox
		CONCEPT 20.1 DNA cloning yields multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segment
		CONCEPT 20.2 DNA technology allows us to study the sequence, expression, and function of a gene
		CONCEPT 20.3 Cloning organisms may lead to production of stem cells for research and other applications
		CONCEPT 20.4 The practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in many ways
	21 Genomes and Their Evolution
		OVERVIEW: Reading the Leaves from the Tree of Life
		CONCEPT 21.1 New approaches have accelerated the pace of genome sequencing
		CONCEPT 21.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
		CONCEPT 21.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
		CONCEPT 21.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families
		CONCEPT 21.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
		CONCEPT 21.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
UNIT 4 Mechanisms of Evolution
	Interview
	22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
		OVERVIEW: Endless Forms Most Beautiful
		CONCEPT 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
		CONCEPT 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
		CONCEPT 22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
	23 The Evolution of Populations
		OVERVIEW: The Smallest Unit of Evolution
		CONCEPT 23.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
		CONCEPT 23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
		CONCEPT 23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
		CONCEPT 23.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
	24 The Origin of Species
		OVERVIEW: That "Mystery of Mysteries"
		CONCEPT 24.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
		CONCEPT 24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
		CONCEPT 24.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
		CONCEPT 24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
	25 The History of Life on Earth
		OVERVIEW: Lost Worlds
		CONCEPT 25.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
		CONCEPT 25.2 The fossil record documents the history of life
		CONCEPT 25.3 Key events in life's history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land
		CONCEPT 25.4 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
		CONCEPT 25.5 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
		CONCEPT 25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented
UNIT 5 The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity
	Interview
	26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
		OVERVIEW: Investigating the Tree of Life
		CONCEPT 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
		CONCEPT 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
		CONCEPT 26.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
		CONCEPT 26.4 An organism's evolutionary history is documented in its genome
		CONCEPT 26.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
		CONCEPT 26.6 New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life
	27 Bacteria and Archaea
		OVERVIEW: Masters of Adaptation
		CONCEPT 27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
		CONCEPT 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
		CONCEPT 27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
		CONCEPT 27.4 Molecular systematics is illuminating prokaryotic phylogeny
		CONCEPT 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
		CONCEPT 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans
	28 Protists
		OVERVIEW: Living Small
		CONCEPT 28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms
		CONCEPT 28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
		CONCEPT 28.3 Chromalveolates may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis
		CONCEPT 28.4 Rhizarians are a diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
		CONCEPT 28.5 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants
		CONCEPT 28.6 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
		CONCEPT 28.7 Protists play key roles in ecological communities
	29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
		OVERVIEW: The Greening of Earth
		CONCEPT 29.1 Land plants evolved from green algae
		CONCEPT 29.2 Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
		CONCEPT 29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
	30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
		OVERVIEW: Transforming the Worlds
		CONCEPT 30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
		CONCEPT 30.2 Gymnosperms bear "naked" seeds, typically on cones
		CONCEPT 30.3 The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
		CONCEPT 30.4 Human welfare depends greatly on seed plants
	31 Fungi
		OVERVIEW: Mighty Mushrooms
		CONCEPT 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
		CONCEPT 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles
		CONCEPT 31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
		CONCEPT 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
		CONCEPT 31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
	32 An Overview of Animal Diversity
		OVERVIEW: Welcome to Your Kingdom
		CONCEPT 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
		CONCEPT 32.2 The history of animals spans more than half a billion years
		CONCEPT 32.3 Animals can be characterized by "body plans"
		CONCEPT 32.4 New views of animal phylogeny are emerging from molecular data
	33 An Introduction to Invertebrates
		OVERVIEW: Life Without a Backbone
		CONCEPT 33.1 Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
		CONCEPT 33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
		CONCEPT 33.3 Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
		CONCEPT 33.4 Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group
		CONCEPT 33.5 Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
	34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
		OVERVIEW: Half a Billion Years of Backbones
		CONCEPT 34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
		CONCEPT 34.2 Craniates are chordates that have a head
		CONCEPT 34.3 Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone
		CONCEPT 34.4 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
		CONCEPT 34.5 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
		CONCEPT 34.6 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
		CONCEPT 34.7 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
		CONCEPT 34.8 Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
UNIT 6 Plant Form and Function
	Interview
	35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
		OVERVIEW: Are Plants Computers?
		CONCEPT 35.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
		CONCEPT 35.2 Meristems generate cells for primary and secondary growth
		CONCEPT 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
		CONCEPT 35.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
		CONCEPT 35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body
	36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
		OVERVIEW: Underground Plants
		CONCEPT 36.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
		CONCEPT 36.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
		CONCEPT 36.3 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem
		CONCEPT 36.4 The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
		CONCEPT 36.5 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
		CONCEPT 36.6 The symplast is highly dynamic
	37 Soil and Plant Nutrition
		OVERVIEW: A Horrifying Discovery
		CONCEPT 37.1 Soil contains a living, complex ecosystem
		CONCEPT 37.2 Plants require essential elements to complete their life cycle
		CONCEPT 37.3 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
	38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
		OVERVIEW: Flowers of Deceit
		CONCEPT 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle
		CONCEPT 38.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
		CONCEPT 38.3 Humans modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering
	39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
		OVERVIEW: Stimuli and a Stationary Life
		CONCEPT 39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response
		CONCEPT 39.2 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
		CONCEPT 39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success
		CONCEPT 39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
		CONCEPT 39.5 Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
UNIT 7 Animal Form and Function
	Interview
	40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
		OVERVIEW: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
		CONCEPT 40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
		CONCEPT 40.2 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
		CONCEPT 40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
		CONCEPT 40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment
	41 Animal Nutrition
		OVERVIEW: The Need to Feed
		CONCEPT 41.1 An animal's diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
		CONCEPT 41.2 The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
		CONCEPT 41.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
		CONCEPT 41.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
		CONCEPT 41.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite
	42 Circulation and Gas Exchange
		OVERVIEW: Trading Places
		CONCEPT 42.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
		CONCEPT 42.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
		CONCEPT 42.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
		CONCEPT 42.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
		CONCEPT 42.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
		CONCEPT 42.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
		CONCEPT 42.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
	43 The Immune System
		OVERVIEW: Recognition and Response
		CONCEPT 43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
		CONCEPT 43.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
		CONCEPT 43.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
		CONCEPT 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
	44 Osmoregulation and Excretion
		OVERVIEW: A Balancing Act
		CONCEPT 44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes
		CONCEPT 44.2 An animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat
		CONCEPT 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
		CONCEPT 44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
		CONCEPT 44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure
	45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
		OVERVIEW: The Body's Long-Distance Regulators
		CONCEPT 45.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
		CONCEPT 45.2 Feedback regulation and antagonistic hormone pairs are common in endocrine systems
		CONCEPT 45.3 The hypothalamus and pituitary are central to endocrine regulation
		CONCEPT 45.4 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and behavior
	46 Animal Reproduction
		OVERVIEW: Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction
		CONCEPT 46.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
		CONCEPT 46.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs of the same species
		CONCEPT 46.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
		CONCEPT 46.4 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
		CONCEPT 46.5 In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother's uterus
	47 Animal Development
		OVERVIEW: A Body-Building Plan
		CONCEPT 47.1 Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development
		CONCEPT 47.2 Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival
		CONCEPT 47.3 Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to cell fate specification
	48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
		OVERVIEW: Lines of Communication
		CONCEPT 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
		CONCEPT 48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
		CONCEPT 48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
		CONCEPT 48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
	49 Nervous Systems
		OVERVIEW: Command and Control Center
		CONCEPT 49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
		CONCEPT 49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
		CONCEPT 49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
		CONCEPT 49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
		CONCEPT 49.5 Many nervous system disorders can be explained in molecular terms
	50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
		OVERVIEW: Sensing and Acting
		CONCEPT 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
		CONCEPT 50.2 The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles
		CONCEPT 50.3 Visual receptors in diverse animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
		CONCEPT 50.4 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
		CONCEPT 50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
		CONCEPT 50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
	51 Animal Behavior
		OVERVIEW: The How and Why of Animal Activity
		CONCEPT 51.1 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
		CONCEPT 51.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
		CONCEPT 51.3 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain most behaviors
		CONCEPT 51.4 Inclusive fitness can account for the evolution of behavior, including altruism
UNIT 8 Ecology
	Interview
	52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
		OVERVIEW: Discovering Ecology
		CONCEPT 52.1 Earth's climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
		CONCEPT 52.2 The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
		CONCEPT 52.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
		CONCEPT 52.4 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
	53 Population Ecology
		OVERVIEW: Counting Sheep
		CONCEPT 53.1 Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
		CONCEPT 53.2 The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
		CONCEPT 53.3 The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity
		CONCEPT 53.4 Life history traits are products of natural selection
		CONCEPT 53.5 Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent
		CONCEPT 53.6 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
	54 Community Ecology
		OVERVIEW: Communities in Motion
		CONCEPT 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved
		CONCEPT 54.2 Diversity and trophic structure characterize biological communities
		CONCEPT 54.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
		CONCEPT 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
		CONCEPT 54.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
	55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
		OVERVIEW: Cool Ecosystem
		CONCEPT 55.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
		CONCEPT 55.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
		CONCEPT 55.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
		CONCEPT 55.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
		CONCEPT 55.5 Restoration ecologists help return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
	56 Conservation Biology and Global Change
		OVERVIEW: Striking Gold
		CONCEPT 56.1 Human activities threaten Earth's biodiversity
		CONCEPT 56.2 Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
		CONCEPT 56.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
		CONCEPT 56.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
		CONCEPT 56.5 Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
Appendix A: Answers
Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix C: The Metric System
Appendix D: A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope
Appendix E: Classification of Life
Credits
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