Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Coursebook

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Title
Copyright
Contents
How to use this book
Chapter 1: Moles and equations
	Learning outcomes
	Masses of atoms and molecules
	Accurate relative atomic masses
	Amount of substance
	Mole calculations
	Chemical formulae and chemical equations
	Solutions and concentration
	Calculations involving gas volumes
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 2: Atomic structure
	Learning outcomes
	Elements and atoms
	Inside the atom
	Numbers of nucleons
	Isotopes
	How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 3: Electrons in atoms
	Learning outcomes
	Simple electronic structure
	Evidence for electronic structure
	Subshells and atomic orbitals
	Electronic configurations
	Orbitals and the Periodic Table
	Patterns in ionisation energies in the Periodic Table
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 4: Chemical bonding
	Learning outcomes
	Types of chemical bonding
	Ionic bonding
	Covalent bonding
	Shapes of molecules
	More molecular shapes
	Metallic bonding
	Intermolecular forces
	Hydrogen bonding
	Bonding and physical properties
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 5: States of matter
	Learning outcomes
	States of matter
	The gaseous state
	The liquid state
	The solid state
	Simple molecular lattices
	Carbon nanoparticles
	Conserving materials
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 6: Enthalpy changes
	Learning outcomes
	What are enthalpy changes?
	Standard enthalpy changes
	Measuring enthalpy changes
	Hess’s law
	Enthalpy change of reaction from enthalpy changes of formation
	Enthalpy change of formation from enthalpy changes of combustion
	Calculating the enthalpy change of hydration of an anhydrous salt
	Bond energies and enthalpy changes
	Calculating enthalpy changes using bond energies
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 7: Redox reactions
	Learning outcomes
	What is a redox reaction?
	Redox and electron transfer
	Oxidation numbers
	Redox and oxidation number
	Naming compounds
	From name to formula
	Balancing chemical equation susing oxidation numbers
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 8: Equilibrium
	Learning outcomes
	Reversible reactions and equilibrium
	Changing the position of equilibrium
	Equilibrium expressions and the equilibrium constant, K[sub(c)]
	Equilibria in gas reactions: the equilibrium constant, K[sub(p)]
	Equilibria and the chemical industry
	Acid–base equilibria
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 9: Rates of reaction
	Learning outcomes
	Reaction kinetics
	The effect of concentration on rate of reaction
	The effect of temperature on rate of reaction
	Catalysis
	Enzymes
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 10: Periodicity
	Learning outcomes
	Structure of the Periodic Table
	Periodicity of physical properties
	Periodicity of chemical properties
	Oxides of Period 3 elements
	Chlorides of Period 3 elements
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 11: Group 2
	Learning outcomes
	Physical properties of Group 2 elements
	Reactions of Group 2 elements
	Thermal decomposition of Group 2 carbonates and nitrates
	Some uses of Group 2 compounds
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 12: Group 17
	Learning outcomes
	Physical properties of Group 17 elements
	Reactions of Group 17 elements
	Reactions of the halide ions
	Disproportionation
	Uses of the halogens and their compounds
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 13: Nitrogen and sulfur
	Learning outcomes
	Nitrogen gas
	Ammonia and ammonium compounds
	Uses of ammonia and ammonium compounds
	Sulfur and its oxides
	Sulfuric acid
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 14: Introduction to organic chemistry
	Learning outcomes
	Representing organic molecules
	Functional groups
	Naming organic compounds
	Bonding in organic molecules
	Structural isomerism
	Stereoisomerism
	Organic reactions – mechanisms
	Types of organic reaction
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 15: Hydrocarbons
	Learning outcomes
	The homologous group of alkanes
	Sources of the alkanes
	Reactions of alkanes
	The alkenes
	Addition reactions of the alkenes
	Oxidation of the alkenes
	Addition polymerisation
	Tackling questions on addition polymers
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 16: Halogenoalkanes
	Learning outcomes
	Nucleophilic substitution reactions
	Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes
	Elimination reactions
	Uses of halogenoalkanes
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 17: Alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids
	Learning outcomes
	The homologous series of alcohols
	Reactions of the alcohols
	Carboxylic acids
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 18: Carbonyl compounds
	Learning outcomes
	The homologous series of aldehydes and ketones
	Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
	Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
	Nucleophilic addition with HCN
	Testing for aldehydes and ketones
	Reactions to form tri-iodomethane
	Infra-red spectroscopy
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter P1: Practical skills 1
	Review of practical knowledge and understanding
	Manipulation, measurement and observation
	Presentation of data and observations
	Analysis, conclusions and evaluation
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 19: Lattice energy
	Learning outcomes
	Defining lattice energy
	Enthalpy change of atomisation and electron affinity
	Born–Haber cycles
	Factors affecting the value of lattice energy
	Ion polarisation
	Enthalpy changes in solution
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
	Learning outcomes
	Redox reactions revisited
	Electrolysis
	Quantitative electrolysis
	Electrode potentials
	Measuring standard electrode potentials
	Using E[sup(ө)] values
	Cells and batteries
	More about electrolysis
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 21: Further aspects of equilibria
	Learning outcomes
	The ionic product of water, K[sub(w)]
	pH calculations
	Weak acids – using the acid dissociation constant, K[sub(a)]
	Indicators and acid–basetitrations
	Buffer solutions
	Equilibrium and solubility
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 22: Reaction kinetics
	Learning outcomes
	Factors affecting reaction rate
	Rate of reaction
	Rate equations
	Which order of reaction?
	Calculations involving the rate constant, k
	Deducing order of reaction from raw data
	Kinetics and reaction mechanisms
	Catalysis
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 23: Entropy and Gibbs free energy
	Learning outcomes
	Introducing entropy
	Chance and spontaneous change
	Calculating entropy changes
	Entropy and temperature
	Entropy, enthalpy changes and free energy
	Gibbs free energy
	Gibbs free energy calculations
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 24: Transition elements
	Learning outcomes
	What is a transition element?
	Physical properties of the transition elements
	Redox reactions
	Ligands and complex formation
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 25: Benzene and its compounds
	Learning outcomes
	The benzene ring
	Reactions of arenes
	Phenol
	Reactions of phenol
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 26: Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
	Learning outcomes
	The acidity of carboxylic acids
	Oxidation of two carboxylic acids
	Acyl chlorides
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 27: Organic nitrogen compounds
	Learning outcomes
	Amines
	Formation of amines
	Amino acids
	Peptides
	Reactions of the amides
	Electrophoresis
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 28: Polymerisation
	Learning outcomes
	Condensation polymerisation
	Synthetic polyamides
	Biochemical polymers
	The importance of hydrogen bonding in DNA
	Polyesters
	Designing useful polymers
	Degradable polymers
	Polymer deductions
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 29: Analytical chemistry
	Learning outcomes
	Chromatography
	Proton ([sup(1)]H) nuclear magnetic resonance
	Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy
	Mass spectrometry
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter 30: Organic synthesis
	Learning outcomes
	Chromatography
	Proton ([sup(1)]H) nuclear magnetic resonance
	Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy
	Mass spectrometry
	Summary
	End-of-chapter questions
Chapter P2: Practical skills 2
	Written examination of practical skills
	Planning
	Analysis, conclusions and evaluation
	Summary
	End-of-chapter question
Appendix 1: The Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix 2: Selected standard electrode potentials
Appendix 3: Qualitative analysis notes
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgements
CD ROM
	Introduction to the examination and changes to the syllabus
	Advice on how to revise for and approach examinations
		Tips for revision
		Approaching the examinations
	Answers to end-of-chapter questions
		Chapter 1
		Chapter 2
		Chapter 3
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 5
		Chapter 6
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9
		Chapter 10
		Chapter 11
		Chapter 12
		Chapter 13
		Chapter 14
		Chapter 15
		Chapter 16
		Chapter 17
		Chapter 18
		Chapter P1
		Chapter 19
		Chapter 20
		Chapter 21
		Chapter 22
		Chapter 23
		Chapter 24
		Chapter 25
		Chapter 26
		Chapter 27
		Chapter 28
		Chapter 29
		Chapter 30
		Chapter P2
	Recommended resources
		Chapter 1: Moles and equations
		Chapter 2: Atomic structure
		Chapter 3: Electrons in atoms
		Chapter 4: Chemical bonding
		Chapter 5: States of matter
		Chapter 10: Periodicity
		Chapter 11: Group 2
		Chapter 12: Group 17
		Chapter 13: Nitrogen and sulfur
		Chapter 14: Introduction to organic chemistry
		Chapter 15: Hydrocarbons
		Chapter 16: Halogenoalkanes
		Chapter 17: Alcohols, carboxylic acids and related compounds
		Chapter 18: Carbonyl compounds
		Chapter 19: Lattice energy
		Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
		Chapter 21: Further aspects of equilibria
		Chapter 22: Reaction kinetics
		Chapter 23: Entropy and Gibbs free energy
		Chapter 24: Transition elements
		Chapter 25: Benzene and its compounds
		Chapter 26: Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
		Chapter 27: Organic nitrogen compounds
		Chapter 28: Polymerisation
		Chapter 29: Analytical techniques
		Chapter 30: Organic synthesis