California Food Guide: Fulfilling the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (CFG)

Cover
......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 4
CALIFORNIA FOOD GUIDE AUTHORS......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
What’s New......Page 11
Background......Page 12
The Critical Role of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity......Page 13
Special Populations......Page 14
Nutrition Throughout the Lifecycle......Page 16
Federal and State Government Initiatives......Page 22
California State Government Initiatives......Page 25
Web Resources......Page 35
References......Page 36
Public Health Implications......Page 41
Dietary Requirements......Page 42
Table 2: Recommended Daily Number of Cups and Servings for the Vegetable Group, with Subgroup Amounts Listed as Weekly Cups......Page 43
Burden......Page 44
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 46
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 47
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 48
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 50
Opportunities for schools and after-school programs......Page 51
Opportunities for worksites
......Page 52
Opportunities for communities
......Page 53
Resources / Web Sites......Page 54
References......Page 55
What’s New:......Page 61
Definition......Page 62
Table 2: A Serving of Whole Grain Is:......Page 63
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 64
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 65
Resources / Web Sites......Page 66
Clinical Implications......Page 67
References......Page 68
Public Health Implications......Page 70
Dairy Products:......Page 71
Health Benefits of Milk and Milk Products......Page 72
Burden......Page 74
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 75
Common Concerns About Milk and Milk Products......Page 76
Table 3: Alternate Food Sources of Calcium......Page 77
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 79
Resources / Web Sites......Page 81
References......Page 82
Soy Protein Approved Health Claim on Food Labels......Page 86
Definition......Page 87
Dietary Recommendations......Page 89
Table 2: Dietary Reference Intakes For Protein......Page 90
Table 3: Recommended Number of Ounce Equivalents Per Day from the
Meat and Beans Group According to Calorie Intake
......Page 91
Table 4: Recommended Number of Ounce Equivalent Per Day
from the Meat and Beans Group According to Population Group
......Page 92
Table 5: Common Foods and Ounce Equivalents from the Meat and Beans
Group
......Page 93
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 94
Avian Bird Flu......Page 95
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 96
Resources / Web Sites......Page 97
References......Page 98
Introduction......Page 101
Public Health Implications......Page 102
Trans Fats......Page 103
Omega-6 fatty acids......Page 104
Table 1: Percentage of Specific Types of Fat in Common Oils and Fats......Page 105
Burden......Page 106
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 107
Myth: Fat-free means taste-free.......Page 108
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 109
Margarine vs. Butter Controversy......Page 110
Did you know?......Page 111
Recommendations......Page 112
Ways of Reducing Fat and Cholesterol in the diet......Page 113
Meal Planning......Page 114
Table 5: Alternatives in Food Selections......Page 115
Table 6: Food Label Terms for Fat......Page 116
Sauces, Gravies, and Dressings
......Page 117
Resources / Web Sites......Page 118
References......Page 119
Public Health Implications......Page 124
Preconceptional Nutrition......Page 126
A. Diet and Physical Activity......Page 127
B. Food Security......Page 128
Dietary Recommendations During Pregnancy......Page 129
Public Health Implications......Page 149
Benefits of Breastfeeding......Page 150
Trends / Nutrient Patterns......Page 151
Dietary Recommendations......Page 153
Energy Needs During Lactation......Page 155
Vitamin A......Page 157
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)......Page 158
Protein......Page 159
Fluid intake......Page 160
Iron......Page 161
Colic and Maternal Diet......Page 162
Caffeine and Lactation......Page 163
Herbal Products, Over the Counter Medications, and Prescription Drugs during Lactation......Page 164
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 165
Appendix 1: Nutrient Recommendations for Lactating Women......Page 167
Resources / Web Sites......Page 170
Public Health Implications......Page 177
Table 1: Quality of Human Milk......Page 178
Burden......Page 179
Feeding Trends / Nutrient Patterns......Page 181
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 180
Breastfeeding......Page 182
Infant Formula......Page 183
Barriers to Breastfeeding......Page 193
Resources / Web Sites......Page 194
References......Page 199
Recent research highlights several major areas of concern for children in this age group:......Page 203
Overweight, Poor Nutrition, and Physical Inactivity......Page 204
Toddler Development......Page 205
Carbohydrates......Page 206
Food group recommendations for ages 2-3 (from MyPyramid)......Page 207
Oral health......Page 208
The Feeding Relationship......Page 209
Food safety......Page 210
What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish......Page 211
Physical Activity......Page 212
Food Insecurity......Page 213
Resources / Web Sites......Page 215
References......Page 217
Additional References on Nutrition for Children Aged 1-3 Years:......Page 219
Definition......Page 221
Food Pattern and Nutrient Intakes......Page 222
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 224
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 225
Physical Activity......Page 226
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 227
References......Page 229
Public Health Implications......Page 232
Definition / Background......Page 233
Burden......Page 234
Incidence / Prevalence......Page 235
Trends / Nutrient Patterns......Page 242
Dietary Recommendations......Page 245
Barriers / Common Concerns......Page 251
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 253
Resources / Web Sites......Page 259
References......Page 261
Public Health Implications......Page 266
Overweight and Obesity......Page 267
Hypertension......Page 268
Trends / Nutrient Patterns......Page 269
Fast Foods......Page 273
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 274
My Pyramid......Page 276
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 278
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 279
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 280
Resources / Web Sites......Page 281
References......Page 282
Public Health Implications......Page 284
Definition......Page 285
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 Key Recommendations......Page 286
Blood Pressure......Page 287
Recommendations for Electrolytes and Water......Page 288
Recommendations for Reducing Dental Caries: Practice Good Oral
Hygiene and Consume Sugar and Starch Containing Foods and Beverages
Less Frequently
......Page 289
Recommendation for Alcoholic beverages
......Page 290
Recommendation for Food Safety......Page 291
Chronic Disease Prevention......Page 292
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 293
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 294
Resources / Web Sites......Page 295
References......Page 296
Definition......Page 299
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 300
What other benefits accrue from physical activity?......Page 302
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 304
Community Design and Transportation Choice......Page 308
Sedentary Way Active Way......Page 311
References......Page 316
Traditional Food Patterns......Page 318
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 319
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 321
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 323
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 324
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 325
References......Page 326
Introduction......Page 332
Definition......Page 333
Burden......Page 334
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 337
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 338
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 339
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 340
Closing Gaps in Health Disparities......Page 342
Improving Supermarket Access in Low-Income Communities......Page 343
Opportunities to Change Attitudes Within the African-American Community......Page 344
References......Page 345
Definition......Page 351
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 352
Reduce:......Page 353
CHINESE......Page 354
FILIPINO......Page 355
VIETNAMESE......Page 356
KOREAN......Page 357
ASIAN INDIAN......Page 358
HMONG......Page 359
References, Resources, and Web Sites......Page 360
AMERICAN INDIAN TRADITIONAL FOODS......Page 363
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 364
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 365
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 366
Clinical Implications......Page 367
References......Page 368
Public Health Implications......Page 370
Traditional Food Habits of The Middle East and East European Countries......Page 371
Vegetables/Fruits......Page 372
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 373
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 374
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 375
Resources / Web Sites......Page 376
References......Page 377
Public Health Implications......Page 379
Overweight and Obesity in Adults......Page 381
Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents......Page 384
Underweight in All Age Groups......Page 386
Adults - Race/Ethnicity, Poverty, Income, and Education......Page 387
Underweight – Adults, Children, and Teens......Page 389
Burden......Page 390
Contributing Factors: Food......Page 391
Contributing Factors: Inadequate Physical Activity/Screen Time......Page 392
Contributing Factors – Environmental Issues......Page 393
Contributing Factors – Societal Norms......Page 394
Barrier: Family Structure......Page 395
Barrier – Out of Home Eating......Page 396
Barrier – Cost......Page 397
Barrier – Conflicting Weight Control Information......Page 398
Myths......Page 399
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 400
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 404
Resources / Web Sites:......Page 407
References......Page 417
High blood pressure......Page 429
Definition......Page 430
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 431
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 436
Contributing Health Conditions and Lifestyle Behaviors......Page 438
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 439
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 441
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 446
Resources / Web Sites......Page 447
References......Page 452
Public Health Implications......Page 460
Definition......Page 461
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 462
Trends / Contributing Factors......Page 463
Secondary Prevention:......Page 464
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 465
Clinical Implications......Page 466
References......Page 467
Public Health Implications......Page 471
Burden......Page 472
Among non-pregnant females of childbearing age......Page 473
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)......Page 474
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 475
Strategies for reducing IDA......Page 476
Iron Rich Food......Page 477
References 
......Page 480
Public Health Implications......Page 482
Poverty:......Page 483
Chronic Disease......Page 484
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 485
Poverty Trends......Page 487
Food Stamp Trends......Page 488
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 489
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 492
Federal food and nutrition assistance programs......Page 493
Food distribution programs......Page 496
Tier Two: Community Food Security......Page 498
Food Retailing......Page 499
“Safety Net” Programs......Page 500
Resources / Web Sites......Page 503
References......Page 505
Appendix 1: Specific Recommendations from......Page 513
Public Health Implications......Page 515
Definition......Page 516
Burden......Page 518
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 519
Mercury:......Page 520
Barriers to Implementation / Myths......Page 521
Common Concerns / Strategies......Page 523
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 524
References......Page 525
Definition......Page 530
Health Benefits of Vegetarian Diets......Page 531
Table 2: Apparent Health Benefits of Components of a Vegetarian Diet*......Page 532
Nutrient Adequacy of Vegetarian Diets......Page 533
Table 3: Nutrients of Concern for Total Vegetarians (plant foods only......Page 534
Table 5: Plant Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids......Page 535
Opportunities for Improvement......Page 536
Resources for Healthful Vegetarian Meal Planning......Page 537
Resources / Websites......Page 538
References......Page 540