C: How to Program

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the Web
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research
	1.3 Hardware and Software
		1.3.1 Moore’s Law
		1.3.2 Computer Organization
	1.4 Data Hierarchy
	1.5 Programming Languages
	1.6 The C Programming Language
	1.7 C Standard Library
	1.8 C++ and Other C-Based Languages
	1.9 Object Technology
	1.10 Typical C Program Development Environment
		1.10.1 Phase 1: Creating a Program
		1.10.2 Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing and Compiling a C Program
		1.10.3 Phase 4: Linking
		1.10.4 Phase 5: Loading
		1.10.5 Phase 6: Execution
		1.10.6 Problems That May Occur at Execution Time
		1.10.7 Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error Streams
	1.11 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and Mac OS X
		1.11.1 Running a C Application from the Windows Command Prompt
		1.11.2 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Linux
		1.11.3 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Mac OS X
	1.12 Operating Systems
		1.12.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System
		1.12.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System
		1.12.3 Apple’s Mac OS X; Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices
		1.12.4 Google’s Android
	1.13 The Internet and World Wide Web
	1.14 Some Key Software Development Terminology
	1.15 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies
	1.16 Web Resources
2 Introduction to C Programming
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
	2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
	2.4 Memory Concepts
	2.5 Arithmetic in C
	2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
	2.7 Secure C Programming
3 Structured Program Development in C
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Algorithms
	3.3 Pseudocode
	3.4 Control Structures
	3.5 The if Selection Statement
	3.6 The if…else Selection Statement
	3.7 The while Repetition Statement
	3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Repetition
	3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition
	3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 3: Nested Control Statements
	3.11 Assignment Operators
	3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators
	3.13 Secure C Programming
4 C Program Control
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Repetition Essentials
	4.3 Counter-Controlled Repetition
	4.4 for Repetition Statement
	4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations
	4.6 Examples Using the for Statement
	4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
	4.8 do…while Repetition Statement
	4.9 break and continue Statements
	4.10 Logical Operators
	4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators
	4.12 Structured Programming Summary
	4.13 Secure C Programming
5 C Functions
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Program Modules in C
	5.3 Math Library Functions
	5.4 Functions
	5.5 Function Definitions
	5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look
	5.7 Function Call Stack and Stack Frames
	5.8 Headers
	5.9 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference
	5.10 Random Number Generation
	5.11 Example: A Game of Chance
	5.12 Storage Classes
	5.13 Scope Rules
	5.14 Recursion
	5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
	5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration
	5.17 Secure C Programming
6 C Arrays
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Arrays
	6.3 Defining Arrays
	6.4 Array Examples
	6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions
	6.6 Sorting Arrays
	6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays
	6.8 Searching Arrays
	6.9 Multidimensional Arrays
	6.10 Variable-Length Arrays
	6.11 Secure C Programming
7 C Pointers
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization
	7.3 Pointer Operators
	7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference
	7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers
		7.5.1 Converting a String to Uppercase Using a Non-Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data
		7.5.2 Printing a String One Character at a Time Using a Non-Constant Pointer to Constant Data
		7.5.3 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data
		7.5.4 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Constant Data
	7.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-by-Reference
	7.7 sizeof Operator
	7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
	7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays
	7.10 Arrays of Pointers
	7.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
	7.12 Pointers to Functions
	7.13 Secure C Programming
8 C Characters and Strings
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters
	8.3 Character-Handling Library
		8.3.1 Functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum and isxdigit
		8.3.2 Functions islower, isupper, tolower and toupper
		8.3.3 Functions isspace, iscntrl, ispunct, isprint and isgraph
	8.4 String-Conversion Functions
		8.4.1 Function strtod
		8.4.2 Function strtol
		8.4.3 Function strtoul
	8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions
		8.5.1 Functions fgets and putchar
		8.5.2 Function getchar
		8.5.3 Function sprintf
		8.5.4 Function sscanf
	8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library
		8.6.1 Functions strcpy and strncpy
		8.6.2 Functions strcat and strncat
	8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library
	8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library
		8.8.1 Function strchr
		8.8.2 Function strcspn
		8.8.3 Function strpbrk
		8.8.4 Function strrchr
		8.8.5 Function strspn
		8.8.6 Function strstr
		8.8.7 Function strtok
	8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library
		8.9.1 Function memcpy
		8.9.2 Function memmove
		8.9.3 Function memcmp
		8.9.4 Function memchr
		8.9.5 Function memset
	8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library
		8.10.1 Function strerror
		8.10.2 Function strlen
	8.11 Secure C Programming
9 C Formatted Input/Output
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Streams
	9.3 Formatting Output with printf
	9.4 Printing Integers
	9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers
	9.6 Printing Strings and Characters
	9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers
	9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision
	9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String
	9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences
	9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf
	9.12 Secure C Programming
10 C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulation and Enumerations
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Structure Definitions
		10.2.1 Self-Referential Structures
		10.2.2 Defining Variables of Structure Types
		10.2.3 Structure Tag Names
		10.2.4 Operations That Can Be Performed on Structures
	10.3 Initializing Structures
	10.4 Accessing Structure Members
	10.5 Using Structures with Functions
	10.6 typedef
	10.7 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
	10.8 Unions
		10.8.1 Union Declarations
		10.8.2 Operations That Can Be Performed on Unions
		10.8.3 Initializing Unions in Declarations
		10.8.4 Demonstrating Unions
	10.9 Bitwise Operators
		10.9.1 Displaying an Unsigned Integer in Bits
		10.9.2 Making Function displayBits More Scalable and Portable
		10.9.3 Using the Bitwise AND, Inclusive OR, Exclusive OR and Complement Operators
		10.9.4 Using the Bitwise Left- and Right-Shift Operators
		10.9.5 Bitwise Assignment Operators
	10.10 Bit Fields
	10.11 Enumeration Constants
	10.12 Secure C Programming
11 C File Processing
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Files and Streams
	11.3 Creating a Sequential-Access File
	11.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File
	11.5 Random-Access Files
	11.6 Creating a Random-Access File
	11.7 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
	11.8 Reading Data from a Random-Access File
	11.9 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program
	11.10 Secure C Programming
12 C Data Structures
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Self-Referential Structures
	12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation
	12.4 Linked Lists
		12.4.1 Function insert
		12.4.2 Function delete
		12.4.3 Function printList
	12.5 Stacks
		12.5.1 Function push
		12.5.2 Function pop
		12.5.3 Applications of Stacks
	12.6 Queues
		12.6.1 Function enqueue
		12.6.2 Function dequeue
	12.7 Trees
		12.7.1 Function insertNode
		12.7.2 Traversals: Functions inOrder, preOrder and postOrder
		12.7.3 Duplicate Elimination
		12.7.4 Binary Tree Search
		12.7.5 Other Binary Tree Operations
	12.8 Secure C Programming
13 C Preprocessor
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive
	13.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants
	13.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros
	13.5 Conditional Compilation
	13.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives
	13.7 # and ## Operators
	13.8 Line Numbers
	13.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants
	13.10 Assertions
	13.11 Secure C Programming
14 Other C Topics
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Redirecting I/O
	14.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists
	14.4 Using Command-Line Arguments
	14.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs
	14.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit
	14.7 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Literals
	14.8 Signal Handling
	14.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc
	14.10 Unconditional Branching with goto
15 C++ as a Better C; Introducing Object Technology
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 C++
	15.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
	15.4 C++ Standard Library
	15.5 Header Files
	15.6 Inline Functions
	15.7 References and Reference Parameters
	15.8 Empty Parameter Lists
	15.9 Default Arguments
	15.10 Unary Scope Resolution Operator
	15.11 Function Overloading
	15.12 Function Templates
	15.13 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector
	15.14 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML
	15.15 Wrap-Up
16 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Defining a Class with a Member Function
	16.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter
	16.4 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions
	16.5 Initializing Objects with Constructors
	16.6 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability
	16.7 Separating Interface from Implementation
	16.8 Validating Data with set Functions
	16.9 Wrap-Up
17 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Time Class Case Study
	17.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members
	17.4 Separating Interface from Implementation
	17.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions
	17.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments
	17.7 Destructors
	17.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called
	17.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to a private Data Member
	17.10 Default Memberwise Assignment
	17.11 Wrap-Up
18 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions
	18.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes
	18.4 friend Functions and friend Classes
	18.5 Using the this Pointer
	18.6 static Class Members
	18.7 Proxy Classes
	18.8 Wrap-Up
19 Operator Overloading; Class string
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string
	19.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading
	19.4 Overloading Binary Operators
	19.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators
	19.6 Overloading Unary Operators
	19.7 Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix ++ and -- Operators
	19.8 Case Study: A Date Class
	19.9 Dynamic Memory Management
	19.10 Case Study: Array Class
		19.10.1 Using the Array Class
		19.10.2 Array Class Definition
	19.11 Operators as Member Functions vs. Non-Member Functions
	19.12 Converting between Types
	19.13 explicit Constructors
	19.14 Building a String Class
	19.15 Wrap-Up
20 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes
	20.3 protected Members
	20.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes
		20.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class
		20.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance
		20.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
		20.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data
		20.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data
	20.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes
	20.6 public, protected and private Inheritance
	20.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance
	20.8 Wrap-Up
21 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game
	21.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
		21.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects
		21.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects
		21.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers
		21.3.4 Virtual Functions
	21.4 Type Fields and switch Statements
	21.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions
	21.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism
		21.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee
		21.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee
		21.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee
		21.6.4 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
		21.6.5 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing
	21.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”
	21.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info
	21.9 Virtual Destructors
	21.10 Wrap-Up
22 Templates
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Function Templates
	22.3 Overloading Function Templates
	22.4 Class Templates
	22.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates
	22.6 Wrap-Up
23 Stream Input/Output
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Streams
		23.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams
		23.2.2 iostream Library Headers
		23.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects
	23.3 Stream Output
		23.3.1 Output of char * Variables
		23.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put
	23.4 Stream Input
		23.4.1 get and getline Member Functions
		23.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore
		23.4.3 Type-Safe I/O
	23.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount
	23.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators
		23.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase
		23.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision)
		23.6.3 Field Width (width, setw)
		23.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators
	23.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators
		23.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint)
		23.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal)
		23.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill)
		23.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase)
		23.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed)
		23.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase)
		23.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha)
		23.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags
	23.8 Stream Error States
	23.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream
	23.10 Wrap-Up
24 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero
	24.3 When to Use Exception Handling
	24.4 Rethrowing an Exception
	24.5 Processing Unexpected Exceptions
	24.6 Stack Unwinding
	24.7 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling
	24.8 Exceptions and Inheritance
	24.9 Processing new Failures
	24.10 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation
	24.11 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy
	24.12 Wrap-Up
A: Operator Precedence Charts
B: ASCII Character Set
C: Number Systems
	C.1 Introduction
	C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
	C.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers
	C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal
	C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal
	C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation
D: Game Programming: Solving Sudoku
	D.1 Introduction
	D.2 Deitel Sudoku Resource Center
	D.3 Solution Strategies
	D.4 Programming Sudoku Puzzle Solvers
	D.5 Generating New Sudoku Puzzles
	D.6 Conclusion
Appendices on the Web
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
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	H
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	K
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	M
	N
	O
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	Q
	R
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	X
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