C++ without fear: a beginner's guide that makes you feel smart

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
 Why a New C++ Book?......Page 20
 Multiple Learning Paths: What Fits You Best......Page 21
 What Is Not Covered?......Page 22
 Why Should Anyone Start with C++?......Page 23
 Tips and Tricks: What Do I Watch Out For?......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 26
  Computers Do Only What You Tell Them......Page 30
  Write the Equivalent C++ Statements......Page 31
  Some Nerdy Definitions—A Review......Page 33
 What’s Different about C++?......Page 35
  Interlude: What about Java and C#?......Page 36
  Enter the Program Statements......Page 37
  Build the Program (Compile and Link)......Page 38
  Revise As Needed......Page 39
 Installing Your Own C++ Compiler......Page 40
  If You’re Using the RHIDE Environment......Page 41
  If You’re Using Microsoft Visual Studio......Page 42
  How It Works......Page 43
  Interlude: What about #include and “using”?......Page 45
 Advancing to the Next Print Line......Page 46
  How It Works......Page 47
  Exercises......Page 48
 Storing Data: C++ Variables......Page 49
 Introduction to Data Types......Page 50
 Example 1.3. Convert Temperatures......Page 52
  How It Works......Page 54
  Variations on the Example......Page 56
 A Word about Variable Names and Keywords......Page 58
 Chapter 1 Summary......Page 59
 But First, a Few Words about Data Types......Page 62
  Interlude: For C Programmers......Page 65
 If and if-else......Page 66
  Interlude: Why Two Operators (= and ==)?......Page 69
 Example 2.1. Odd or Even?......Page 70
  How It Works......Page 71
  Optimizing the Code......Page 72
 Introducing Loops......Page 73
 Example 2.2. Print 1 to N......Page 77
  How It Works......Page 78
 True and False in C++......Page 79
 The Increment Operator (++)......Page 80
 Statements vs. Expressions......Page 82
 Introducing Boolean (Short-Circuit) Logic......Page 83
  Interlude: What Is “true”?......Page 84
 Example 2.3. Testing a Person’s Age......Page 85
 Introducing the Math Library......Page 86
 Example 2.4. Prime-Number Test......Page 87
  How It Works......Page 89
 Chapter 2 Summary......Page 90
 Loops Used for Counting......Page 94
 Introducing the “for” Loop......Page 95
 A Wealth of Examples......Page 97
  Interlude: Does “for” Always Behave like “while”?......Page 98
  How It Works......Page 99
 Statement Blocks with “for”......Page 100
 Declaring Loop Variables on the Fly......Page 101
 Example 3.2. Prime-Number Test with “for”......Page 102
  How It Works......Page 103
  Exercise......Page 105
 Comparative Languages 101: The Basic “for” Statement......Page 106
 Chapter 3 Summary......Page 107
 The Concept of Function......Page 110
 Function Calls and the Flow of the Program......Page 112
 The Basics of Using Functions......Page 113
  Step One: Declare (Prototype) the Function......Page 114
  Step Two: Define the Function......Page 115
  Step Three: Call the Function......Page 116
 Example 4.1. Triangle-Number Function......Page 117
  How It Works......Page 118
  Optimizing the Program......Page 119
 Example 4.2. Prime-Number Function......Page 121
  How It Works......Page 122
 Local and Global Variables......Page 124
 Recursive Functions......Page 126
 Example 4.3. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)......Page 127
  How It Works......Page 129
  Exercises......Page 130
 Example 4.4. Prime Factorization......Page 131
  How It Works......Page 132
  Interlude: For Math Junkies......Page 134
 Example 4.5. Random-Number Generator......Page 135
  How It Works......Page 137
 Chapter 4 Summary......Page 138
 A First Look at C++ Arrays......Page 140
 Initializing Arrays......Page 142
  Interlude: Why Use Zero-Based Indexes?......Page 143
 Example 5.1. Print Out Elements......Page 144
  How It Works......Page 145
 Example 5.2. How Random Is Random?......Page 146
  How It Works......Page 149
 Strings and Arrays of Strings......Page 151
 Example 5.3. Card Dealer #1......Page 152
  How It Works......Page 154
 Example 5.4. Card Dealer #2......Page 155
  How It Works......Page 157
 Example 5.5. Card Dealer #3......Page 159
  How It Works......Page 161
  Optimizing the Program......Page 163
 A Word to the Wise......Page 164
 2-D Arrays: Into the Matrix......Page 165
 Chapter 5 Summary......Page 166
 The Concept of Pointer......Page 168
  Interlude: What Do Addresses Really Look Like?......Page 169
 Declaring and Using Pointers......Page 171
  How It Works......Page 174
 Swap: Another Function Using Pointers......Page 176
 Example 6.2. Array Sorter......Page 178
  How It Works......Page 181
  Exercises......Page 182
 Pointer Arithmetic......Page 183
 Pointers and Array Processing......Page 185
 Example 6.3. Zero Out an Array......Page 186
  How It Works......Page 187
  Optimizing the Program......Page 188
  Exercises......Page 189
 Chapter 6 Summary......Page 190
 Text Storage on the Computer......Page 192
  Interlude: How Does the Computer Translate Programs?......Page 193
 It Don’t Mean a Thing If It Ain’t Got That String......Page 194
 String-Manipulation Functions......Page 195
 Example 7.1. Building Strings......Page 197
  How It Works......Page 199
  Exercises......Page 200
 Reading String Input......Page 201
 Example 7.2. Get a Number......Page 204
  How It Works......Page 205
 Example 7.3. Convert to Uppercase......Page 206
  How It Works......Page 207
  Exercises......Page 208
 Individual Characters vs. Strings......Page 209
 Example 7.4. Analyze Input......Page 210
  How It Works......Page 212
  Exercises......Page 214
 The New C++ String Class......Page 215
  Declare and Initialize Variables of Type string......Page 216
  Working with Variables of Type string......Page 217
 Example 7.5. Building Strings with the string Type......Page 218
  How It Works......Page 219
 Other Operations on the string Type......Page 220
 Chapter 7 Summary......Page 222
 Introducing File-Stream Objects......Page 226
 How to Refer to Disk Files......Page 228
 Example 8.1. Write Text to a File......Page 229
  How It Works......Page 230
  Exercises......Page 231
 Example 8.2. Display a Text File......Page 232
  How It Works......Page 233
  Exercises......Page 234
 Text Files vs.“Binary” Files......Page 235
 Introducing Binary Operations......Page 237
 Example 8.3. Random-Access Write......Page 240
  How It Works......Page 242
 Example 8.4. Random-Access Read......Page 243
  Exercises......Page 245
 Chapter 8 Summary......Page 246
 Command-Line Arguments......Page 248
 Example 9.1. Display File from Command Line......Page 250
  Exercises......Page 252
 Function Overloading......Page 253
  Interlude: Overloading and OOPS......Page 254
 Example 9.2. Printing Different Types of Arrays......Page 255
  How It Works......Page 256
 The do-while Loop......Page 257
 The switch-case Statement......Page 259
 Multiple Modules......Page 260
  Say Hello to Exceptions......Page 263
  Handling Exceptions: A First Attempt......Page 264
  Introducing try-catch Exception Handling......Page 265
 Example 9.3. Exception Handling with GCF......Page 268
  How It Works......Page 269
  Interlude: Can I Use Multiple try-catch Blocks?......Page 270
 Chapter 9 Summary......Page 271
 Why Get Object Oriented?......Page 274
 A String Parser......Page 276
 Objects vs. Classes......Page 277
 Another Example: The Fraction Class......Page 278
 Object Creation and Destruction......Page 279
 Inheritance, or Subclassing......Page 280
 Creating Shared Interfaces......Page 281
 Polymorphism: True Object Independence......Page 282
 Polymorphism and Virtual Functions......Page 284
  Interlude: Polymorphism and Traditional Languages......Page 285
 What about Reusability?......Page 286
 Chapter 10 Summary......Page 288
 Point: A Simple Class......Page 290
 Private: Members Only (Protecting the Data)......Page 292
 Example 11.1. Testing the Point Class......Page 295
  How It Works......Page 296
 Introducing the Fraction Class......Page 297
 Inline Functions......Page 300
 Find the Greatest Common Factor......Page 302
 Find the Lowest Common Multiple......Page 304
 Example 11.2. Fraction Support Functions......Page 305
  How It Works......Page 307
  Exercises......Page 308
 Example 11.3. Testing the Fraction Class......Page 309
  How It Works......Page 311
 Example 11.4. Fraction Arithmetic: add and mult......Page 312
  How It Works......Page 316
 Chapter 11 Summary......Page 317
 Introducing Constructors......Page 320
 Multiple Constructors (Overloading)......Page 322
 The Default Constructor… and a Warning......Page 323
  Interlude: Is C++ Out to Trick You with the Default Constructor?......Page 324
 Example 12.1. Point Class Constructors......Page 325
  Exercises......Page 327
 Example 12.2. Fraction Class Constructors......Page 328
  How It Works......Page 330
 Reference Variables and Arguments (&)......Page 331
 The Copy Constructor......Page 333
  Interlude: The Copy Constructor and References......Page 334
 Example 12.3. Fraction Class Copy Constructor......Page 335
  How It Works......Page 338
 Chapter 12 Summary......Page 339
 Introducing Class Operator Functions......Page 342
 Operator Functions As Global Functions......Page 345
 Improve Efficiency with References......Page 347
 Example 13.1. Point Class Operators......Page 349
  How It Works......Page 351
 Example 13.2. Fraction Class Operators......Page 352
  How It Works......Page 355
 Working with Other Types......Page 357
 The Class Assignment Function (=)......Page 358
 The Test-for-Equality Function (==)......Page 359
  Interlude: What about the Boolean Type (bool)?......Page 360
 A Class "Print" Function......Page 361
 Example 13.3. The Completed Fraction Class......Page 362
  How It Works......Page 366
  Exercises......Page 367
 Chapter 13 Summary......Page 368
 The "new" Operator......Page 372
 Objects and "new"......Page 374
 Allocating Array Data......Page 376
  Interlude: Dealing with Problems in Memory Allocation......Page 377
 Example 14.1. Dynamic Memory in Action......Page 378
 Design for a Parser (Lexical Analyzer)......Page 379
 Example 14.2. The StringParser Class......Page 384
  How It Works......Page 387
  Exercises......Page 389
 Chapter 14 Summary......Page 390
 Introducing the String Class......Page 392
 Introducing Class Destructors......Page 393
 Example 15.1. A Simple String Class......Page 395
  How It Works......Page 396
 "Deep" Copying and the Copy Constructor......Page 399
 The "this" Keyword......Page 401
 Revisiting the Assignment Operator......Page 403
 Writing a Concatenation Function......Page 404
 Example 15.2. The Complete String Class......Page 406
  How It Works......Page 409
  Exercises......Page 410
 Chapter 15 Summary......Page 411
 Subclassing for Fun and Profit......Page 414
  Interlude: Why "public" Base Classes?......Page 417
 Example 16.1. The FloatFraction Class......Page 418
  How It Works......Page 422
 Problems with the FloatFraction Class......Page 423
  Add the Missing Constructors......Page 425
  Resolving Type Conflicts with the Base Class......Page 426
 Example 16.2. The Completed FloatFraction Class......Page 427
 Example 16.3. The ProperFraction Class......Page 428
  How It Works......Page 431
 Private and Protected Members......Page 433
 Example 16.4. Contained Members: FractionUnits......Page 435
  How It Works......Page 437
 Chapter 16 Summary......Page 439
 A Different Approach to the FloatFraction Class......Page 442
 Virtual Functions to the Rescue!......Page 444
  Interlude: What Is the Virtual Penalty?......Page 445
 Example 17.1. The Revised FloatFraction Class......Page 447
  How It Works......Page 449
  Improving the Code......Page 450
 "Pure Virtual" and Other Arcane Matters......Page 452
 Abstract Classes and Interfaces......Page 453
 Why cout Is Not Truly Polymorphic......Page 455
 Example 17.2. True Polymorphism: The Printable Class......Page 456
  How It Works......Page 458
 A Final Word (or Two)......Page 460
 A Final Final Word......Page 461
 Chapter 17 Summary......Page 462
Appendix A: C++ Operators......Page 464
Appendix B: Intrinsic Data Types......Page 468
 Basic Expression Syntax......Page 470
 Basic Statement Syntax......Page 471
 Control Structures......Page 472
 Special Control Statements......Page 474
 Data Declarations......Page 475
 Function Declarations......Page 476
 Class Declarations......Page 477
Appendix D: ASCII Codes......Page 480
 String Functions......Page 482
 Data-Conversion Functions......Page 483
 Math Functions......Page 484
 Randomization......Page 486
 A......Page 488
 C......Page 489
 E......Page 490
 G......Page 491
 I......Page 492
 O......Page 493
 P......Page 494
 V......Page 495
Index......Page 498
 A......Page 499
 C......Page 500
 D......Page 503
 F......Page 504
 I......Page 507
 L......Page 508
 O......Page 509
 P......Page 510
 R......Page 511
 S......Page 512
 T......Page 514
 Z......Page 515