C Notes For Professionals. 300+ pages of professional hints and tricks

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Chapter 1: Getting started with C Language
	Section 1.1: Hello World
	Section 1.2: Original "Hello, World!" in K&R C
Chapter 2: Comments
	Section 2.1: Commenting using the preprocessor
	Section 2.2: /* */ delimited comments
	Section 2.3: // delimited comments
	Section 2.4: Possible pitfall due to trigraphs
Chapter 3: Data Types
	Section 3.1: Interpreting Declarations
	Section 3.2: Fixed Width Integer Types (since C99)
	Section 3.3: Integer types and constants
	Section 3.4: Floating Point Constants
	Section 3.5: String Literals
Chapter 4: Operators
	Section 4.1: Relational Operators
	Section 4.2: Conditional Operator/Ternary Operator
	Section 4.3: Bitwise Operators
	Section 4.4: Short circuit behavior of logical operators
	Section 4.5: Comma Operator
	Section 4.6: Arithmetic Operators
	Section 4.7: Access Operators
	Section 4.8: sizeof Operator
	Section 4.9: Cast Operator
	Section 4.10: Function Call Operator
	Section 4.11: Increment / Decrement
	Section 4.12: Assignment Operators
	Section 4.13: Logical Operators
	Section 4.14: Pointer Arithmetic
	Section 4.15: _Alignof
Chapter 5: Boolean
	Section 5.1: Using stdbool.h
	Section 5.2: Using #define
	Section 5.3: Using the Intrinsic (built-in) Type _Bool
	Section 5.4: Integers and pointers in Boolean expressions
	Section 5.5: Defining a bool type using typedef
Chapter 6: Strings
	Section 6.1: Tokenisation: strtok(), strtok_r() and strtok_s()
	Section 6.2: String literals
	Section 6.3: Calculate the Length: strlen()
	Section 6.4: Basic introduction to strings
	Section 6.5: Copying strings
	Section 6.6: Iterating Over the Characters in a String
	Section 6.7: Creating Arrays of Strings
	Section 6.8: Convert Strings to Number: atoi(), atof() (dangerous, don't use them)
	Section 6.9: string formatted data read/write
	Section 6.10: Find first/last occurrence of a specific character: strchr(), strrchr()
	Section 6.11: Copy and Concatenation: strcpy(), strcat()
	Section 6.12: Comparsion: strcmp(), strncmp(), strcasecmp(), strncasecmp()
	Section 6.13: Safely convert Strings to Number: strtoX functions
	Section 6.14: strspn and strcspn
Chapter 7: Literals for numbers, characters and strings
	Section 7.1: Floating point literals
	Section 7.2: String literals
	Section 7.3: Character literals
	Section 7.4: Integer literals
Chapter 8: Compound Literals
	Section 8.1: Definition/Initialisation of Compound Literals
Chapter 9: Bit-fields
	Section 9.1: Bit-fields
	Section 9.2: Using bit-fields as small integers
	Section 9.3: Bit-field alignment
	Section 9.4: Don'ts for bit-fields
	Section 9.5: When are bit-fields useful?
Chapter 10: Arrays
	Section 10.1: Declaring and initializing an array
	Section 10.2: Iterating through an array eciently and row-major order
	Section 10.3: Array length
	Section 10.4: Passing multidimensional arrays to a function
	Section 10.5: Multi-dimensional arrays
	Section 10.6: Define array and access array element
	Section 10.7: Clearing array contents (zeroing)
	Section 10.8: Setting values in arrays
	Section 10.9: Allocate and zero-initialize an array with user defined size
	Section 10.10: Iterating through an array using pointers
Chapter 11: Linked lists
	Section 11.1: A doubly linked list
	Section 11.2: Reversing a linked list
	Section 11.3: Inserting a node at the nth position
	Section 11.4: Inserting a node at the beginning of a singly linked list
Chapter 12: Enumerations
	Section 12.1: Simple Enumeration
	Section 12.2: enumeration constant without typename
	Section 12.3: Enumeration with duplicate value
	Section 12.4: Typedef enum
Chapter 13: Structs
	Section 13.1: Flexible Array Members
	Section 13.2: Typedef Structs
	Section 13.3: Pointers to structs
	Section 13.4: Passing structs to functions
	Section 13.5: Object-based programming using structs
	Section 13.6: Simple data structures
Chapter 14: Standard Math
	Section 14.1: Power functions - pow(), powf(), powl()
	Section 14.2: Double precision floating-point remainder: fmod()
	Section 14.3: Single precision and long double precision floating-point remainder: fmodf(), fmodl()
Chapter 15: Iteration Statements/Loops: for, while, do-while
	Section 15.1: For loop
	Section 15.2: Loop Unrolling and Du's Device
	Section 15.3: While loop
	Section 15.4: Do-While loop
	Section 15.5: Structure and flow of control in a for loop
	Section 15.6: Infinite Loops
Chapter 16: Selection Statements
	Section 16.1: if () Statements
	Section 16.2: Nested if()...else VS if()..else Ladder
	Section 16.3: switch () Statements
	Section 16.4: if () ... else statements and syntax
	Section 16.5: if()...else Ladder Chaining two or more if () ... else statements
Chapter 17: Initialization
	Section 17.1: Initialization of Variables in C
	Section 17.2: Using designated initializers
	Section 17.3: Initializing structures and arrays of structures
Chapter 18: Declaration vs Definition
	Section 18.1: Understanding Declaration and Definition
Chapter 19: Command-line arguments
	Section 19.1: Print the arguments to a program and convert to integer values
	Section 19.2: Printing the command line arguments
	Section 19.3: Using GNU getopt tools
Chapter 20: Files and I/O streams
	Section 20.1: Open and write to file
	Section 20.2: Run process
	Section 20.3: fprintf
	Section 20.4: Get lines from a file using getline()
	Section 20.5: fscanf()
	Section 20.6: Read lines from a file
	Section 20.7: Open and write to a binary file
Chapter 21: Formatted Input/Output
	Section 21.1: Conversion Specifiers for printing
	Section 21.2: The printf() Function
	Section 21.3: Printing format flags
	Section 21.4: Printing the Value of a Pointer to an Object
	Section 21.5: Printing the Dierence of the Values of two Pointers to an Object
	Section 21.6: Length modifiers
Chapter 22: Pointers
	Section 22.1: Introduction
	Section 22.2: Common errors
	Section 22.3: Dereferencing a Pointer
	Section 22.4: Dereferencing a Pointer to a struct
	Section 22.5: Const Pointers
	Section 22.6: Function pointers
	Section 22.7: Polymorphic behaviour with void pointers
	Section 22.8: Address-of Operator ( & )
	Section 22.9: Initializing Pointers
	Section 22.10: Pointer to Pointer
	Section 22.11: void* pointers as arguments and return values to standard functions
	Section 22.12: Same Asterisk, Dierent Meanings
Chapter 23: Sequence points
	Section 23.1: Unsequenced expressions
	Section 23.2: Sequenced expressions
	Section 23.3: Indeterminately sequenced expressions
Chapter 24: Function Pointers
	Section 24.1: Introduction
	Section 24.2: Returning Function Pointers from a Function
	Section 24.3: Best Practices
	Section 24.4: Assigning a Function Pointer
	Section 24.5: Mnemonic for writing function pointers
	Section 24.6: Basics
Chapter 25: Function Parameters
	Section 25.1: Parameters are passed by value
	Section 25.2: Passing in Arrays to Functions
	Section 25.3: Order of function parameter execution
	Section 25.4: Using pointer parameters to return multiple values
	Section 25.5: Example of function returning struct containing values with error codes
Chapter 26: Pass 2D-arrays to functions
	Section 26.1: Pass a 2D-array to a function
	Section 26.2: Using flat arrays as 2D arrays
Chapter 27: Error handling
	Section 27.1: errno
	Section 27.2: strerror
	Section 27.3: perror
Chapter 28: Undefined behavior
	Section 28.1: Dereferencing a pointer to variable beyond its lifetime
	Section 28.2: Copying overlapping memory
	Section 28.3: Signed integer overflow
	Section 28.4: Use of an uninitialized variable
	Section 28.5: Data race
	Section 28.6: Read value of pointer that was freed
	Section 28.7: Using incorrect format specifier in printf
	Section 28.8: Modify string literal
	Section 28.9: Passing a null pointer to printf %s conversion
	Section 28.10: Modifying any object more than once between two sequence points
	Section 28.11: Freeing memory twice
	Section 28.12: Bit shifting using negative counts or beyond the width of the type
	Section 28.13: Returning from a function that's declared with `_Noreturn` or `noreturn` function specifier
	Section 28.14: Accessing memory beyond allocated chunk
	Section 28.15: Modifying a const variable using a pointer
	Section 28.16: Reading an uninitialized object that is not backed by memory
	Section 28.17: Addition or subtraction of pointer not properly bounded
	Section 28.18: Dereferencing a null pointer
	Section 28.19: Using ush on an input stream
	Section 28.20: Inconsistent linkage of identifiers
	Section 28.21: Missing return statement in value returning function
	Section 28.22: Division by zero
	Section 28.23: Conversion between pointer types produces incorrectly aligned result
	Section 28.24: Modifying the string returned by getenv, strerror, and setlocale functions
Chapter 29: Random Number Generation
	Section 29.1: Basic Random Number Generation
	Section 29.2: Permuted Congruential Generator
	Section 29.3: Xorshift Generation
	Section 29.4: Restrict generation to a given range
Chapter 30: Preprocessor and Macros
	Section 30.1: Header Include Guards
	Section 30.2: #if 0 to block out code sections
	Section 30.3: Function-like macros
	Section 30.4: Source file inclusion
	Section 30.5: Conditional inclusion and conditional function signature modification
	Section 30.6: __cplusplus for using C externals in C++ code compiled with C++ - name mangling
	Section 30.7: Token pasting
	Section 30.8: Predefined Macros
	Section 30.9: Variadic arguments macro
	Section 30.10: Macro Replacement
	Section 30.11: Error directive
	Section 30.12: FOREACH implementation
Chapter 31: Signal handling
	Section 31.1: Signal Handling with “signal()”
Chapter 32: Variable arguments
	Section 32.1: Using an explicit count argument to determine the length of the va_list
	Section 32.2: Using terminator values to determine the end of va_list
	Section 32.3: Implementing functions with a `printf()`-like interface
	Section 32.4: Using a format string
Chapter 33: Assertion
	Section 33.1: Simple Assertion
	Section 33.2: Static Assertion
	Section 33.3: Assert Error Messages
	Section 33.4: Assertion of Unreachable Code
	Section 33.5: Precondition and Postcondition
Chapter 34: Generic selection
	Section 34.1: Check whether a variable is of a certain qualified type
	Section 34.2: Generic selection based on multiple arguments
	Section 34.3: Type-generic printing macro
Chapter 35: X-macros
	Section 35.1: Trivial use of X-macros for printfs
	Section 35.2: Extension: Give the X macro as an argument
	Section 35.3: Enum Value and Identifier
	Section 35.4: Code generation
Chapter 36: Aliasing and eective type
	Section 36.1: Eective type
	Section 36.2: restrict qualification
	Section 36.3: Changing bytes
	Section 36.4: Character types cannot be accessed through non-character types
	Section 36.5: Violating the strict aliasing rules
Chapter 37: Compilation
	Section 37.1: The Compiler
	Section 37.2: File Types
	Section 37.3: The Linker
	Section 37.4: The Preprocessor
	Section 37.5: The Translation Phases
Chapter 38: Inline assembly
	Section 38.1: gcc Inline assembly in macros
	Section 38.2: gcc Basic asm support
	Section 38.3: gcc Extended asm support
Chapter 39: Identifier Scope
	Section 39.1: Function Prototype Scope
	Section 39.2: Block Scope
	Section 39.3: File Scope
	Section 39.4: Function scope
Chapter 40: Implicit and Explicit Conversions
	Section 40.1: Integer Conversions in Function Calls
	Section 40.2: Pointer Conversions in Function Calls
Chapter 41: Type Qualifiers
	Section 41.1: Volatile variables
	Section 41.2: Unmodifiable (const) variables
Chapter 42: Typedef
	Section 42.1: Typedef for Structures and Unions
	Section 42.2: Typedef for Function Pointers
	Section 42.3: Simple Uses of Typedef
Chapter 43: Storage Classes
	Section 43.1: auto
	Section 43.2: register
	Section 43.3: static
	Section 43.4: typedef
	Section 43.5: extern
	Section 43.6: _Thread_local
Chapter 44: Declarations
	Section 44.1: Calling a function from another C file
	Section 44.2: Using a Global Variable
	Section 44.3: Introduction
	Section 44.4: Typedef
	Section 44.5: Using Global Constants
	Section 44.6: Using the right-left or spiral rule to decipher C declaration
Chapter 45: Structure Padding and Packing
	Section 45.1: Packing structures
	Section 45.2: Structure padding
Chapter 46: Memory management
	Section 46.1: Allocating Memory
	Section 46.2: Freeing Memory
	Section 46.3: Reallocating Memory
	Section 46.4: realloc(ptr, 0) is not equivalent to free(ptr)
	Section 46.5: Multidimensional arrays of variable size
	Section 46.6: alloca: allocate memory on stack
	Section 46.7: User-defined memory management
Chapter 47: Implementation-defined behaviour
	Section 47.1: Right shift of a negative integer
	Section 47.2: Assigning an out-of-range value to an integer
	Section 47.3: Allocating zero bytes
	Section 47.4: Representation of signed integers
Chapter 48: Atomics
	Section 48.1: atomics and operators
Chapter 49: Jump Statements
	Section 49.1: Using return
	Section 49.2: Using goto to jump out of nested loops
	Section 49.3: Using break and continue
Chapter 50: Create and include header files
	Section 50.1: Introduction
	Section 50.2: Self-containment
	Section 50.3: Minimality
	Section 50.4: Notation and Miscellany
	Section 50.5: Idempotence
	Section 50.6: Include What You Use (IWYU)
Chapter 51:  — character classification & conversion
	Section 51.1: Introduction
	Section 51.2: Classifying characters read from a stream
	Section 51.3: Classifying characters from a string
Chapter 52: Side Eects
	Section 52.1: Pre/Post Increment/Decrement operators
Chapter 53: Multi-Character Character Sequence
	Section 53.1: Trigraphs
	Section 53.2: Digraphs
Chapter 54: Constraints
	Section 54.1: Duplicate variable names in the same scope
	Section 54.2: Unary arithmetic operators
Chapter 55: Inlining
	Section 55.1: Inlining functions used in more than one source file
Chapter 56: Unions
	Section 56.1: Using unions to reinterpret values
	Section 56.2: Writing to one union member and reading from another
	Section 56.3: Dierence between struct and union
Chapter 57: Threads (native)
	Section 57.1: Inititialization by one thread
	Section 57.2: Start several threads
Chapter 58: Multithreading
	Section 58.1: C11 Threads simple example
Chapter 59: Interprocess Communication (IPC)
	Section 59.1: Semaphores
Chapter 60: Testing frameworks
	Section 60.1: Unity Test Framework
	Section 60.2: CMocka
	Section 60.3: CppUTest
Chapter 61: Valgrind
	Section 61.1: Bytes lost -- Forgetting to free
	Section 61.2: Most common errors encountered while using Valgrind
	Section 61.3: Running Valgrind
	Section 61.4: Adding flags
Chapter 62: Common C programming idioms and developer practices
	Section 62.1: Comparing literal and variable
	Section 62.2: Do not leave the parameter list of a function blank — use void
Chapter 63: Common pitfalls
	Section 63.1: Mixing signed and unsigned integers in arithmetic operations
	Section 63.2: Macros are simple string replacements
	Section 63.3: Forgetting to copy the return value of realloc into a temporary
	Section 63.4: Forgetting to allocate one extra byte for \0
	Section 63.5: Misunderstanding array decay
	Section 63.6: Forgetting to free memory (memory leaks)
	Section 63.7: Copying too much
	Section 63.8: Mistakenly writing = instead of == when comparing
	Section 63.9: Newline character is not consumed in typical scanf() call
	Section 63.10: Adding a semicolon to a #define
	Section 63.11: Incautious use of semicolons
	Section 63.12: Undefined reference errors when linking
	Section 63.13: Checking logical expression against 'true'
	Section 63.14: Doing extra scaling in pointer arithmetic
	Section 63.15: Multi-line comments cannot be nested
	Section 63.16: Ignoring return values of library functions
	Section 63.17: Comparing floating point numbers
	Section 63.18: Floating point literals are of type double by default
	Section 63.19: Using character constants instead of string literals, and vice versa
	Section 63.20: Recursive function — missing out the base condition
	Section 63.21: Overstepping array boundaries
	Section 63.22: Passing unadjacent arrays to functions expecting "real" multidimensional arrays
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