Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases -- Books a la Carte (8th Edition)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgments
1 Ethics and Business
	1.1 The Nature of Business Ethics
		1.1.1 Merck & Co., Inc.
		1.1.2 Clarifying Ethical Issues
			Ethical Application: Analyzing Merck’s Decision
	1.2 Moral Reasoning and Moral Decision Making
		1.2.1 BFGoodrich
		1.2.2 Moral and Nonmoral Standards and Norms
		1.2.3 Refining the Concept of Ethics
			Ethical Application: Returning to BFGoodrich
			Ethical Application: BFGoodrich: Conclusion
		1.2.4 Applying Ethical or Moral Concepts to Corporations
		1.2.5 Objections to Business Ethics
			Ethical Application: Following Orders at WorldCom
		1.2.6 The Case for Ethics in Business
		1.2.7 Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
	1.3 Ethical Issues in International Business
		1.3.1 Technology and Business Ethics
		1.3.2 Globalization and Business Ethics
			On the Edge: A Traditional Business
		1.3.3 Integrative Social Contracts Theory
	1.4 Foundations of Moral Reasoning
		1.4.1 Moral Development
		1.4.2 The Structure of Moral Reasoning
		1.4.3 Impediments to Ethical Behavior
	1.5 Moral Responsibility and Blame
		Ethical Application: BFGoodrich and Moral Responsibility
		1.5.1 When Is a Person Morally Responsible?
			Ethical Application: Nike in Developing Countries
		1.5.2 Mitigating Factors
		1.5.3 Moral Responsibility: Essential Points
		1.5.4 Responsibility for Corporate Actions
		On the Edge: Gun Manufacturers and Responsibility
	Web Resources
	Case Study 1.1: Slavery in the Chocolate Industry
	Case Study 1.2: Aaron Beam and the HealthSouth Fraud
	Summary
2 Ethical Principles in Business
	2.1 Approaches to Moral Decision-Making
		2.1.1 Unocal and Burma
	2.2 Utilitarianism: Weighing Social Costs and Benefits
		2.2.1 Utilitarianism and Ford Motor Company’s Pinto
		2.2.2 Traditional Utilitarianism
			Ethical Application: Four Steps in Utilitarian Reasoning and Ford’s Decision
		2.2.3 The Advantages of Utilitarianism
		2.2.4 Utilitarianism’s Measurement Problems
		2.2.5 Utilitarian Replies to Measurement Objections
		2.2.6 Utilitarian Problems with Rights and Justice
			Ethical Application: Counterexample: The Murderous Heir
			Ethical Application: Counterexample: Subsistence Wages
		2.2.7 Utilitarian Replies to Objections on Rights and Justice
			Ethical Application: Price-Fixing and Rule-Utilitarianism
			Ethical Application: Back to the Murderous Heir and Subsistence Wages Counterexamples
	2.3 Rights and Duties
		2.3.1 Human Rights and Walt Disney Company’s Supplier
		2.3.2 The Concept of a Right
		On the Edge: Working for Eli Lilly & Company
			Ethical Application: Two Violations of Rights without Injury
		2.3.3 A Basis for Moral Rights: Immanuel Kant
		2.3.4 Robert Nozick and the Libertarian Objection
	2.4 Justice and Fairness
		2.4.1 Wages in the Fast Food Industry
		2.4.2 Standards of Justice and Fairness
		2.4.3 Distributive Justice
			Ethical Application: Distributive Justice and Pay
			On the Edge: ExxonMobil, Amerada Hess, and Marathon Oil in Equatorial Guinea
		2.4.4 Retributive Justice
		2.4.5 Compensatory Justice
			Ethical Application: What Compensatory Justice Can There Be in the Pinto Case?
	2.5 An Ethic of Care
		2.5.1 Malden Mills Company
		2.5.2 Partiality and Care
			Ethical Application: Preserving Relationships
		2.5.3 Criticisms of an Ethic of Care
	2.6 Integrating Utility, Rights, Justice, and Caring
		2.6.1 The Four Moral Considerations and Behavior
		2.6.2 Relating the Moral Standards to Each Other
	2.7 An Alternative to Moral Principles: Virtue Ethics
		2.7.1 Vices, Virtues, and the CEO of Qwest Communications
		2.7.2 Virtue Ethics and Action-Based Ethics
		2.7.3 Moral Virtues
		2.7.4 Virtues, Actions, and Institutions
		2.7.5 Studying Virtue Theory in the Real World
			Ethical Application: The Prison Study
		2.7.6 Virtues and Principles
	2.8 Unconscious and Conscious Moral Decisions
		2.8.1 X-System and C-System Processes
		2.8.2 The Legitimacy of Unconscious Moral Decision-Making
		2.8.3 Cultural Influences and Intuition
	Web Resources
	Case Study 2.1: Triodos Bank and Roche’s Clinical Trials in China
	Case Study 2.2: Testing Drugs in the Developing World
	Summary
3 The Business System: Government, Markets, and International Trade
	3.1 Globalization and the Business System
		3.1.1 Economic Systems
		3.1.2 Market Theory and Market Practice
	3.2 Free Markets and Rights: John Locke
		3.2.1 Interpreting John Locke
			Ethical Application: Abbott Labs and Locke
		3.2.2 Criticisms of Lockean Rights
			Ethical Application: Expanding Inequality
	3.3 Free Markets and Utility: Adam Smith
		3.3.1 The Invisible Hand of Market Competition
		3.3.2 Government Plays No Role
			Ethical Application: Government Intervention
		3.3.3 Interpreting Adam Smith
		3.3.4 Criticisms of Smith’s Free Markets
			Ethical Application: Monopoly and High Prices
		3.3.5 Social Darwinism
	3.4 Free Trade and Utility: David Ricardo
		3.4.1 Ricardo’s Argument for Comparative Advantage
		3.4.2 Comparative Advantage and Globalization
		3.4.3 Criticisms of Ricardo
			Ethical Application: Non-transferability of Jobs
			Ethical Application: International Rules and Balance
	3.5 Karl Marx and Justice: A Critique of Free Markets and Free Trade
		3.5.1 Alienation
			On the Edge: Marx’s Children
		3.5.2 Historical Materialism
		3.5.3 Immiseration of Workers
		3.5.4 Critics’ Views on Karl Marx’s Criticisms
	3.6 The Mixed Economy, New Forms of Property, and the End of Marxism
		3.6.1 The Mixed Economy
		3.6.2 Property Systems and New Technologies
			On the Edge: Napster’s Lost Revolution
		3.6.3 The End of Marxism?
	Web Resources
	Case Study 3.1: The GM Bailout
	Case Study 3.2: Accolade versus Sega
	Summary
4 Ethics in the Marketplace
	4.1 Applying Ethics to Market Competition
		Ethical Application: Anticompetitive Practices
		4.1.1 Three Economic Models
	4.2 Perfect Competition
		4.2.1 The Equilibrium Point and Moral Outcomes
		4.2.2 The Mechanics of Perfectly Competitive Markets
		4.2.3 Ethics and Perfectly Competitive Markets
	4.3 Monopoly Competition
		Ethical Application: The Operating System Monopoly Market
		4.3.1 Monopoly Control and Profit
		4.3.2 Monopolists as Utility Maximizers
			On the Edge: Drug Company Monopolists and Profits
		4.3.3 Monopoly Competition and Ethics
			4.4 Oligopolistic Competition
		4.4.1 Highly Concentrated Markets
		4.4.2 How Oligopolies Form
			Ethical Application: The Airline Oligopoly
		4.4.3 Effects of Oligopoly on Consumers and Markets
			On the Edge: Fixing the Computer Memory Market
		4.4.4 Anticompetitive Strategies
			Ethical Application: Bundling Software
			Ethical Application: Rockefeller and Predatory Pricing
	4.5 Oligopolies and Public Policy
		4.5.1 Interpretations of Sherman Antitrust Act
	On the Edge: Oracle and PeopleSoft
	Web Resources
	Case Study 4.1: Intel’s Rebates and Other Ways It “Helped” Customers
	Case Study 4.2: Archer Daniels Midland and the Friendly Competitors
	Summary
5 Ethics and the Environment
	5.1 The Dimensions of Pollution and Resource Depletion
		5.1.1 Essential Questions and Issues
		5.1.2 Air Pollution
			On the Edge: Ford’s Toxic Wastes
		5.1.3 Water Pollution
			Ethical Application: Oil Spills
		5.1.4 Land Pollution
		5.1.5 Depletion of Species and Habitats
		5.1.6 Depletion of Fossil Fuels
		5.1.7 Depletion of Minerals
	5.2 The Ethics of Pollution Control
		Ethical Application: Ignoring Environmental Impact
		5.2.1 Consumer Responsibility
			On the Edge: The Auto Industry and Its Effects in China
		5.2.2 Ecological Ethics
			Ethical Application: Ecological Ethics and Activism
		5.2.3 Environmental Rights and Absolute Bans
		5.2.4 Markets and Partial Controls
	5.3 Remedies and Duties of the Firm
		Ethical Application: Union Oil and Internalized Costs
		5.3.1 Remedies and Justice
		5.3.2 Costs and Benefits of Remedies
		5.3.3 Social Ecology, Ecofeminism, and the Demands of Caring
	5.4 The Ethics of Conserving Resources
		5.4.1 The Rights of Future Generations
		5.4.2 Justice for Future Generations
			On the Edge: Exporting Poison
		5.4.3 Economic Growth and Environmental Ethics
	Web Resources
	Case Study 5.1: The Ok Tedi Copper Mine
	Case Study 5.2: Gas or Grouse?
	Summary
6 The Ethics of Consumer Production and Marketing
	6.1 Everyday Consumer Risks
		Ethical Application: Inflating Mobile Phone Bills
	6.2 Markets and Consumer Protection
		6.2.1 The Market Approach to Protecting Consumers
		6.2.2 Criticisms of the Market Approach to Protecting Consumers
		6.2.3 Beyond Market Forces
	6.3 The Contractual View of the Manufacturer’s Duties to Consumers
		6.3.1 The Duty to Comply
		6.3.2 The Duty of Disclosure
		6.3.3 The Duty Not to Misrepresent
		6.3.4 The Duty Not to Coerce
			On the Edge: Mr. Trump’s University
		6.3.5 Problems with the Contractual View
			Ethical Application: Broadened Indirect Contractual Relationships
	6.4 The Due-Care View of the Manufacturer’s Duties to Consumers
		6.4.1 Components of Due Care
		On the Edge: Tobacco Companies and Product Safety
		6.4.2 Difficulties with Due Care
	6.5 The Social Costs View of the Manufacturer’s Duties to Consumers
		6.5.1 Utilitarian Arguments Underlying the Social Costs View
			On the Edge: Selling Personalized Genetics Directly to Consumers
		6.5.2 Criticisms and Defense of the Social Costs View
	6.6 Advertising Ethics
		6.6.1 Distinguishing Advertising from Other Communication
		6.6.2 The Social Effects of Advertising
			On the Edge: Advertising Death to Kids?
		6.6.3 Advertising and the Creation of Consumer Desires
		6.6.4 Advertising and Its Deceptive Effects on Consumer Beliefs
	6.7 Consumer Privacy
		Ethical Application: British Intelligence and the U.S. Medical Information Bureau
		6.7.1 Defining the Right to Privacy
		6.7.2 Privacy within a Business Context
	Web Resources
	Case Study 6.1: Promoting Infant Formula in the Twenty-First Century
	Case Study 6.2: Reducing Debt at Credit Solutions of America
	Summary
7 The Ethics of Job Discrimination
	7.1 Divided over Discrimination
		7.1.1 A Key Legal Case: Grutter v. Bollinger
		7.1.2 Continuing Debates over Diversity in Business
	7.2 The Nature of Job Discrimination
		Ethical Application: Same Qualifications, Different Offers
		7.2.1 Discrimination Is Not Morally Neutral
		7.2.2 Forms of Discrimination: Intentional and Institutional Aspects
			On the Edge: Work Environment at Plainfield Healthcare Center
	7.3 The Extent of Discrimination in the United States
		7.3.1 Average Income Comparisons: Race and Gender
		7.3.2 Lowest Income Group Comparisons: Poverty
		7.3.3 Desirable Occupation Comparisons
		7.3.4 A Reasonable Conclusion about Employment Discrimination
	7.4 Discrimination: Utility, Rights, and Justice
		7.4.1 Utilitarian Arguments against Discrimination
		7.4.2 Rights-Based Arguments against Discrimination
		7.4.3 Justice-Based Arguments against Discrimination
		7.4.4 Recognizing Discriminatory Practices
		7.4.5 Specifics of Sexual Harassment
			On the Edge: Driving for Old Dominion
		7.4.6 Difficult Questions about the Hostile Workplace Guideline
			Ethical Application: Hostile Workplace
		7.4.7 Beyond Race and Gender: Other Groups
	7.5 Affirmative Action
		7.5.1 Legal Aspects of Affirmative Action
		7.5.2 Societal Aspects of Affirmative Action
		7.5.3 Compensation Arguments for Affirmative Action
		7.5.4 Affirmative Action as an Instrument for Increasing Utility
		7.5.5 Equal Justice Argument for Affirmative Action
		7.5.6 Implementing Affirmative Action and Managing Diversity
	Web Resources
	Case Study 7.1: Should Kroger Pay Now for What a Ralphs’ Employee Did in the Past?
	Case Study 7.2: Wal-Mart’s Women
	Summary
8 Ethics and the Employee
	8.1 The Rational Organization
		8.1.1 The Employee’s Obligations to the Employer
			Ethical Application: Two Variations of Conflicts of Interest
			Ethical Application: Eliminating a Conflict of Interest
			Ethical Application: Moving to a Competitor
			On the Edge: Hewlett-Packard’s Secrets and Oracle’s New Hire
			On the Edge: Insider Trading, or What Are Friends for?
		8.1.2 The Employer’s Obligations to the Employee
			On the Edge: Beyoncé’s Gym Clothes
	8.2 The Political Organization
		8.2.1 Where Is the Power?
		8.2.2 Employee Rights and the Similarity Argument
		8.2.3 Employees’ Right to Privacy
			On the Edge: Sergeant Quon’s Text Messages
		8.2.4 Employees’ Right to Freedom of Conscience
			Ethical Application: An Inspector Is Thwarted
		8.2.5 Employees’ Right to Participate in Decisions That Affect Them
		8.2.6 The Right to Due Process versus Employment at Will
			Ethical Application: Corporate Justice
		8.2.7 The Right to Work
		8.2.8 Employees’ Right to Organize
	8.3 Informal Power Relationships in Organizations
		8.3.1 Organizational Politics
			Ethical Application: Political Tactics in Action
		8.3.2 The Ethical Dilemma of Organizational Politics
			Ethical Application: Bendix Corporation
		8.3.3 Ways to Look at the Ethics of Politics in Organizations
	8.4 The Caring Organization
		8.4.1 Characteristics of the Caring Organization
			Ethical Application: W. L. Gore & Associates
		8.4.2 Key Ethical Issues of the Caring Organization
	Web Resources
	Case Study 8.1: Death at Massey Energy Company
	Case Study 8.2: Who Should Pay?
	Summary
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Notes
Credits
Index
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