Business Ethics: An Indian Perspective

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface to the second edition
Preface
About the Author
Abbreviations
Part One : Theories underlying the issues and problems of business ethics
	Chapter 1
: Business Ethics:An Overview
		Introduction
		Principles of Personal Ethics
		Principles of Professional Ethics
		What is Business Ethics?
		What is Not Business Ethics?
			Ethics is different from religion
			Ethics is not synonymous with law
			Ethical standards are different from cultural traits
			Ethics is different from feelings
			Ethics is not a science in the strictest sense of the term
			Ethics is not just a collection of values
		Code of Conduct and Ethics for Managers
		Evolution of Ethics Over the Years
		Importance and Need for Business Ethics
		Significance of Business Ethics
		Honesty, Integrity and Transparency are the Touchstones of Business Ethics
		Values and Ethics in Business
		Values, Ethics and Business Strategy
		Distinction between Values and Ethics
		Roots of Unethical Behaviour
		Why does Business have such a Negative Image?
		Why should Businesses Act Ethically?
		Ethical Decision-making
		How Corporations Observe Ethics in their Organizations?
		Changing Business Environment and Ethical Challenges
		Corporate Governance Ethics
		How Ethics can Make Corporate Governance More Meaningful
		Benefits from Managing Ethics in Workplace
			Attention to Business Ethics has Substantially Improved Society
			Ethical Practice has Contributed Towards High Productivity and Strong Team Work
			Changing Situations Require Ethical Education
			Ethical Practices Create Strong Public Image
			Strong Ethical Practices Act as an Insurance
		Characteristics of an Ethical Organization
		Recognizing Ethical Organizations
			On the Basis of Corporate Excellence
			In Relation to the Stakeholders
			In Relation to Corporate Governance
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Satyam Computer Services Limited
	Chapter 2:  Concepts and Theories of Business Ethics
		Introduction
		Definitions of Ethics
		Personal Ethics and Business Ethics
		Morality and Law
		How are Moral Standards Formed?
		Religion and Morality
		Morality, Etiquette and Professional Codes
		Management and Ethics
		Normative Theories
		Ethical Theories in Relation to Business
			Egoism
			Psychological Egoism
			Utilitarianism: Ethics of Welfare
			Kantianism: Ethics of Duty
		Some more Normative Theories of Business Ethics
			The Stockholder Theory
			Stakeholder Theory
			The Social Contract Theory
		Teachings of the Church
			Rerum Novarum
			Gaudium Et Spes
			The Tradition of Catholic Social Thought
		Indian Ethical Traditions
			Gandhian Principles
			Righteousness as the Way in the Gita
			Business and Islam
			Shariah and Interest on capital
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Biocon—India’s Own Home-grown Biotech Company
	Chapter 3: Ethical Dilemmas, Sources and their Resolutions
		Introduction
		What is an Ethical Dilemma?
		How Ethical Dilemmas in Business Affect the Stakeholders?
		Corporate Dilemma Over Ethical Behaviour
		Sources of Ethical Problems
			Failure of Personal Character
			Conflict of Personal Values and Organizational Goals
			Organizational Goals Versus Social Values
			Personal Beliefs Versus Organizational Practices
			Production and Sale of Hazardous but Popular Products
			Other Ethical Challenges
		Why does Business have a Negative Image?
		Why Businesses Should Act Ethically?
		How Corporations Observe Ethics to Reduce Dilemmas?
		Code of Personal Ethics for Employees
		How to Create an Ethical Working Environment?
		How does a Company Establish Ethical Standards?
		Walton’s Six Models of Business Conduct
		How to Resolve an Ethical Problem?
		How to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas?
			Step 1: Analyse the Consequences
			Step 2: Analyse the Actions
			Step 3: Make a Decision
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: HLL'
s Folly: Mercury Spill in Kodaikanal
	Chapter 4: Ethical Decision-making in Business
		Introduction
		Ethical Models that Guide Decision Making
			Rights Theories
			Justice Theories
			Utilitarianism
			The Virtue Approach
			The Common Good Approach
		Which Approach to Use?
		Ethical Decision Making with Cross-holder Conflicts and Competition
		Applying Moral Philosophy to Ethical Decision Making
		Kohlberg's Model of Cognitive Moral Development
			The Stage of Punishment and Obedience
			The Stage of Individual Instrumental Purpose and Exchange
			The Stage of Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships and Conformity
			The Stage of Social System and Conscience Maintenance
			The Stage of Prior Rights, Social Contract or Utility
			The Stage of Universal Ethical Principles
		Influences on Ethical Decision Making
			Work Place Ethics
			Nature of Ethical Issues
		Personal Values and Ethical Decision Making
			Trustworthiness
			Respect
			Responsibility
			Fairness
			Caring
			Citizenship
		Corporate Values and Ethical Decision Making
		Role of Corporate Governance in Ensuring Ethics in the Workplace
		A Framework of Ethical Decision Making
			Take Choices Seriously
			Good Decisions are Both Ethical and Effective
			Discernment and Discipline
		The Process of Making Good Ethical Decisions
			Recognize and Identify the Kind of Ethical Issue you Need to Resolve
			Pause and Think
			Make Sure of your Goals
			Get your Facts Right
			Evaluate Choices From Different Ethical Perspectives
			Consider Consequences
			Make a Decision
			Act, Then Reflect on the Decision Later
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Global Trust Bank: the Bank that went Bust
	Chapter 5: Globalization and Business Ethics
		Introduction
		Growth of Global Corporations
		Factors Facilitating Globalization
		Doing Business in a Diverse World
		Role of Multinational Corporations
		Excessive Economic Clout
		Current Issues—Multinational Corporations
		International Business Issues
		Benefits of MNCs to the Host Nation
		Disadvantages of MNCs to the Host Country
		International Codes of Business Conduct
		The Limits of Voluntary Approach
		Caux Round Table: Principles for Business
		Challenges of Globalization in the Context of Growing Market Economies
		Public Awareness and Scrutiny
		Technological Challenges and Opportunities
		The Physical Environment
		The Social Environment
		Key Global Issues for Business
			Employment Dilemma
			Sustainable Practices and Values
			Trust, Honesty and Transparency
			Collaboration and Partnerships for Action
		Corporate Governance is a Prerequisite for Globalization
		Global Compact
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Sterlite: Using Money Clout to Maximum Advantage
	Chapter 6: Creating an Ethical Organization
		Introduction
		The Problem is not with corporations, but the People who run them
		Fat Pay did not Ensure Better Governance
		Fraudulent Accounting too Played its Destructive Role
		Independent Directors too did not help Reduce Malpractices
		Reasons for the Failure of Conventional Measures
		Suggestions to Improve Corporate Virtue
		Role of Corporate Governance
		The Role of Corporate Culture
		Role of Corporate Social Responsibility
		Other Influences in Creating an Ethical Organization
		Developing and Executing a Comprehensive Ethics Programme
		Codes of Conduct
		Ethics Committees
		Ethics Communication Systems
		Ethics Office/Officers
		Ethics Training Programmes
		Disciplinary System
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Wipro Limited: an Earnest Effort to Create an Ethical Organizations
Part 2: How can Ethics be Applied in Day-to-Day Business?
	Chapter 7: Corporate Ethics: Good Governance
		What is Corporate Governance?
		Definitions of Corporate Governance
		Desiderata of Corporate Governance
			Rights of Shareholders
			Equitable Treatment of Shareholders
			Role of Stakeholders in Corporate Governance
			Disclosure and Transparency
			Responsibilities of the Board
		A Historical Perspective of Corporate Governance
			The Companies Amendment Act, 2000
			Naresh Chandra Committee, 2002
			Narayana Murthy Committee, 2003
			DR J. J. Irani Committee Report on Company Law, 2005
		Significance of Corporate Governance to Developing Countries
		Issues in Corporate Governance
			Distinguishing the Roles of Board and Management
			Composition of the Board and Related Issues
			Separation of the Roles of the CEO and Chairperson
			Should the Board have Committees?
			Appointments to the Board and Directors' Re-Election
			Directors' and Executives' Remuneration
			Disclosure and Audit
			Protection of Shareholder Rights and their Expectations
			Dialogue With Institutional Shareholders
			Making a Socially Responsible Corporate—investor's Role
		Major Thrust Areas of Corporate Governance
			Need for and Importance of Corporate Governance
			Governance and Corporate Performance
			Investors' Preference for Good Governance
			Significance of Corporate Governance to Developing Countries
		Strategies and Techniques Basic to Sound Corporate Governance
		Benefits to Society
		Benefits to Corporation
			Creation and Enhancement of a Corporation's Competitive Advantage
			Enabling a Corporation Perform Efficiently by Preventing Fraud and Malpractices
			Providing Protectionl to Shareholders' Interest
			Enhancing the Valuation of an Enterprise
			Ensuring Compliance of Laws and Regulations
			Contemporary Corporate Governance Situation
			Growing Awareness and Societal Responses
		Indian Model of Corporate Governance
		What Is 'Good' Corporate Governance?
			Obligation to Society
		Obligation to Investors
		Obligation to Employees
		Obligation to Customers
		Managerial Obligation
		Legislative Changes
		Introduction of Regulations
		Implementation of Recommendations of Birla Committee Report
			What is Clause 49?
			Provisions and Requirements of Clause 49
		The Reserve Bank's and Other Regulations
		Self-regulation
		Pioneers in Good Governance Practices
			Industry Initiatives
			Corporate Initiatives
			Individual Initiatives
			Banks and Corporate Governance
			Transparency in the Private Sector
			Initiatives of the Department of Company Affairs
			Centre for Corporate Excellence
			Corporate Restructuring
			Best Practices
			Establishment of the Serious Fraud Office
			Establishment of the National Foundation of Corporate Governance
		Corporate Governance in India—a Performance Appraisal
			Performance Appraisal of Indian Corporations
		Future of Corporate Governance in India
		Impetus for the Growth of Corporate Governance in India
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Tata Steel—A Company that also makes Steel
	Chapter 8: Corporate Ethics: Investors'
 Rights, Privileges, Problems and Protection
		Introduction
		Ethical Governance Needed to Protect Stakeholders
		Theoretical Basis—Agency Costs
		Long-term Shareholder Value
		Rights of Shareholders
		Views of Various Committees on the Issue
			Working Group on the Companies Act
			Cii's Committee on Corporate Governance
			Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee
			Naresh Chandra Committee
			Narayana Murthy Committee
			Dr J. J. Irani Committee Report on Company Law, 2005
		Poor Track Record of Shareholder Protection in India
		Guide for Investors/Shareholders
			Why is Investor Protection Needed?
			Definition of Investor Protection
			Relationship Between Investor Protection and Corporate Governance
			How do Insiders Steal Investors' Funds?
			Rights to Information and Other Rights
			Corporate Governance Through Legal Protection of Investors
			Impact of Investor Protection on Ownership and Control of Firms
			Impact of Investor Protection on the Development of Financial Markets
			Banks and Corporate Governance
		Investor Protection in India
		N. K. Mitra Committee on Investor Protection
		Problems of Investors In India
		Law Enforcement for Investor Protection
		Lacunae in Investor Protection
		SEBI's Poor Performance and Suggestions for Improvement
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: On Insider Trading (HLL–BBLIL Merger)
	Chapter 9: Handmaid of Ethics: Corporate Social Responsibility
		Introduction
		Why Social Responsibility of Business?
			Accountability to Society
			Corporations' Debt to Society
		Definitions of CSR
			The Classical Economic Model
			The Socioeconomic Model
		Today's Corporate Social Responsibility
			CSR and the Stakeholder
			Implementation of CSR
		Theoretical Justification for CSR
			Trusteeship Model
			Social Entity Theory
			Pluralistic Model
		What are Corporations Expected to do?
			Private Sector Needs Goodwill of the Society
		Models for Implementation of CSR
		CSR as a Business Strategy for Sustainable Development
			Evaluation of CSR activity
			Why a Lukewarm Response to CSR in India?
		Advantages of CSR
		Scope of CSR
			Understanding Social Responsibility of Business
			Protecting and Promoting Stakeholders' Interests
			Promotion of Common Welfare Programmes
			Philanthropy
			Good Corporate Governance
			Render Social Service
			Abiding by Rules and Regulations
			Creation of Wealth
			Ensure Ecological Balance
			Focus on the Human Element
			Improve Productivity
			Sponsor Social and Charitable Causes
			Supplement State Efforts
		Steps to Attain CSR
		External Standards on CSR
		Prestigious Awards for CSR
		The Indian Perspective
			Reasons for Change in CSR Attitudes
		India on the Ethical/CSR Matrix
		Core-BCSD India
		Ethics and Social Responsibility of Business
			Business Ethics in India Today
			Why so much Corruption?
			The License Raj
			Black Money
		Social Responsibility and Indian Corporations—A Score Card
		Future of Indian CSR
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Dr Reddy's Laboratories: Commitment to All-round Corporate Excellence
	Chapter 10: Ethics of Consumer Protection
		Introduction
		Consumer—An Important Stakeholder
		Hidden Taxation on Society
		Stakeholder Alliance
		Consumer and Consumer Protection
		Parties to Consumer Protection
		History and Growth of Consumer Protection
		Ralph Nader's Contribution to Consumer Protection
		Consumer Protection, Why and How
		Consumer Duties and Responsibilities
		Consumer Protection: Indian Scenario
		Spate of Consumer-oriented Legislations
		How are Indian Consumers Exploited?
			Exorbitant Prices of Products and Services
			Deceptive Selling Practices
			False and Misleading Advertisements
				Defective Quality, Higher Prices
				Sale of Hazardous Products to Ignorant Consumers
				Suppression of Material Information
				False Product Differentiation
				Producers'/Sellers' Collusion
				Supply of Adulterated and Substandard Products
				Cheating Consumers by Giving Lesser Quantity for the Price
				Dishonoured Guarantees and Warranties
				Poor Redressal of Customers' Genuine Grievances
				Creating A Scare Out of Scarcity
				Making Consumer Buy Unwanted Goods
				Misleading Representation on Utility of Products
				Manipulating Conditions of Delivery
				Customers Pay for Numerous Intermediaries
				Fall in Prices—never Passed to Consumers
				Buying Unaffordable Goods
				Advertisement Cost
				Counterfeits Constitute Substantial Quantity of Goods in Store Shelves
				Hoarding And Black-Marketing
				Tie-in-Sales
				Gifts for Products/Services
			Consumer Protection in India
			Legal Protection to Consumers
			Consumer Protection Act, 1986
				Eligibility to File a Claim
				Limitation and Appeals
				Appeals
			Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act, 2002
			Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
				What is Adulterated Food?
			Institutional Arrangements Under Copra
				Consumer Protection Councils
				Three-Tier Consumer Dispute Redressal System
			Quality Standards
			Standards of Weights and Measures
			Role and Initiatives of Voluntary Organizations
				Consumer Associations or Councils
				Consumer Cooperatives
				Coordination at the National Level
			Other Initiatives to Promote Consumer Protection
				National Awards
				Publicity Measures
				Customer Service Department of RBI
			Summary
			Key Words
			Discussion Questions
			Notes
			Further Reading
			Case Study: Wockhardt Ltd—Divergence between Precepts and Practices
	Chapter 11: Environmental Ethics
		Introduction
		Environmental Concerns
		History of Environmentalism
		Environmental Philosophy
		Environmental Preservation: Role of Stakeholders
			Public Opinion
			Media
			Environmental Groups
			Corporations
			Goverment
		Future Outlook on Environment
		Partnerships
		International Issues
		Sustainable Development
		Costs and Benefits of Environmental Regulation
		Trade and the Environment
		Industrial Pollution
			India's Toxic Corridor
			Evidence of Pollutants
		Role of Corporations in Environmental Management
		Innovative Business Responses to Environmental Regulations
		Waste Management and Pollution Control
			Pollution Prevention
			Key Strategies for Industrial Pollution Prevention
		Improving Corporate Environmental Performance
		Need for a New Approach
		Environmental Audit
		Managing Environmental Issues
		Product Differentiation
		Managing Regulation
			Government Regulation
			Generating Cost Savings
		Redefining Markets
		Environmental Risk Management
		Environmental Management in India
		Charter for Voluntary Pollution Control
		Corporate India Gets Eco-friendly
			Private Sector Initiatives
			Public Sector Efforts
		India's Environment Policy
			Laws Governing Environment
			The National Environmental Policy, 2004
			Environment and Economy—two Sides of the Same Coin
			Conservation of Life Supporting Systems
			Forest and Wildlife Conservation
			Forest Cover
			Biodiversity Conservation
			Concerns on Fresh Water Resources
			Deficiencies in the Draft Policy
			Summary
			Key Words
			Discussion Questions
			Notes
			Further Readings
			Case Study-1: E-Waste: The Latest Contributor to Environmental Degradation
			Case Study-2: Tirupur—A Study on Its Environmental Degradation
	Chapter 12: Role of Various Agencies in Ensuring Ethics in Corporations
		Introduction
		Public Opinion
		Role of Auditors in Ensuring Business Ethics
			Role of Auditors
			Defining Audit
			Objectives of an Audit
			Defining Auditor
			Types of Auditors
			Duties of an Auditor
			Responsibilities of Auditors
			Audit Failures Leading to Corporate Scams
			The Enron Debacle
			Establishment of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
			Attempts to Prevent Fraudulent Auditing Practices
			Audit Committee
			Independence of Auditors
			Disclosures
			Penalties
		Role of Board of Directors in Ensuring Ethical Business
			Who is a Director?
			Independent Directors
			Family-Owned Businesses and Business Ethics
		Media and Business Ethics
			Corporate Advertising
			Harms of Using Advertisement as a Media Tool
			Corporate Ethics and the Press
			Selective Coverage and Media Credibility
		Ethics in Advertising
			Adverse Effects of Advertising
			Advertising Standards
		Role of Government Agencies in Ensuring Ethical Practices
		Role of the Judiciary
		Role of SEBI in Ensuring Ethical Corporate Governance
			Establishment of SEBI
			Basic Objectives of SEBI
			Powers of SEBI
			Some of the Initiatives of SEBI
			Clause 49 Ensures Corporate Governance
			Role of SEBI in Promoting an Orderly Securities Market
			Has Clause 49 Achieved its Objectives?
			Non-Compliance by Public Sector Enterprises
			Need to Improve Quality of Investigations
			Need for Severe Penalties for Serious Offences
			Need to Look into Other Issues
		Role of Whistle-Blowing
			Grounds for Whistle-Blowing
			Whistle-Blowing is not only Moral but also Obligatory
			When is Whistle-Blowing Permitted?
			Whistle-Blowing
			Why should a Business be Moral?
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Ketan Parekh Scam 200 Whistle-Blower
	Chapter 13: Ethics and Indian Business
		Impact of Globalization
		Role of Securities Market in Economic Growth
		Phenomenal Growth of Indian Capital Market
		Nature of the Indian Capital Market
		Development of the Indian Capital Market
			Legislative Measures
			Establishment of Development Banks and Expansion of the Public Sector
			Growth of Underwriting Business
			Public Confidence
			Increasing Awareness of Investment Opportunities
			Capital Market Reforms
		Deficiencies in the Indian Capital Market
		Major Indian Scams
		Can Unethical Behaviour be Avoided?
		Reasons for Unethical Practices Among Indian Corporations
		Business Ethics in India Today
		Corporations in India Cannot Afford to be Ethical
		Some Unethical Issues in India
			Bribery
			Corruption
			Black Money
			Coercion
			Insider Trading
			Tax Evasion
			Conflicts of Interest
			Pollution
		Why should Indian Business be Ethical?
		Studies on Ethical Attitudes of Managers
		Some Questionable Business Practices
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study: Demat Scam 2003–2005
Part 3: Functional Areas in Business Management
	Chapter 14: Marketing Ethics*
		Introduction
		Role of Marketing
			Positive Role of Marketing
			Negative Role of Marketing
			Voluntary Adherence to High Marketing Ethics
			Ethics Due to Market Compulsions
			Shift From Emphasis on Products to Process
		Defining Marketing Ethics
			Marketing Ethics as a Right or Wrong Action
			Ethics and Law
			Effect of Time
			Tacit and Explicit Codes of Ethics
		The Context of Indian Economy
		Normative Marketing Ethics
		Areas in Marketing Ethics
			Product Development
			Pricing
			Placing (Distribution)
			Promotions (Advertising)
			Other Promotional Activities (i.e., Excluding Advertising)
		Beyond the Four Ps
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Reading
		Case Study: The Cola Conundrum
	Chapter 15: Ethical issues in Human Resource Management*
		Introduction
		Definition
		Genesis and Growth of Human Resource Management
		Scope of Human Resource Management
		Different Aspects of Human Resource Management
		Different Functional Areas of HRM
		Emerging Challenges of HRM
		Changing Profile of HR Professionals
		HR-related Ethical Issues
			Discrimination Issues
			Suppression of Democratization in the Workplace
			Privacy Issues
			Safety and Health
			Performance Appraisals
		Role of HRM in Creating an Ethical Organization
		Institutional Culture
		Creating an Ethical Organization
		Human Resource Development in India
		Functions
		Human Development Index
		Summary
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study-1: The Phaneesh Murthy Sexual Harassment Case
		Case Study-2: HMSI—Better Wages Cannot Suppress Workers' Demand for Their Rights
		Case Study-3: The HR Intervention at Rourkela Steel Plant: Involving People in Quality-driven Improvement Culture
	Chapter 16: IT Industry: An Overview and Ethical Perspective*
		Introduction
		Structure of IT–ITES Industry
			IT Services
			IT-Enabled Services
		Unique Characteristics of IT–ITES Industry
			Technology and the Medium of Operation
			IT Industry's Workforce
			IT Industry's Output Process: Information and Tools
		Ethical Perspective of IT–ITES Industry
			Information Security
			Intellectual Property Rights
			Work Culture and Environment
		Key Words
		Notes
		Further Readings
		Case Study-1: Mphasis Case: If Individuals do not Comply, Safeguards Achieve Little
		Case Study-2: Credit Card Data Fraud
		Case Study-3: Cyber Crimes—The Glitches Amidst the Glow*
	Chapter 17: Ethical Issues in Financial Management
		Introduction
		Financial Accounting
		Management Accounting
		Financial Management
			Role of Finance Manager
		Ethical Issues in Finance
			Ethical Issues in Financial Markets
			Ethical Issues in Financial Services Industry
		Frauds in Banks
			Types of Bank Frauds
			How to Avoid Phishing Scams/Attacks
		Measures Against Bank Frauds
			Prevention of Money Laundering ACT 2002
			The Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006
		Constraints to Ethical Practices in Indian Nationalized Banks
			Tenure of CEOs
			Remuneration of CEOs
			Accountability and Autonomy
			How do other Countries who have Public Sector Units Manage Such Issues?
		Frauds in the Insurance Sector
			Possibilities of Fraud at Policy Proposal Stage
			Possibilities of Fraud During the Policy Contract Term Stage
			Fraud Possibilities at Claim Stage
			Frauds in Non-Life Insurance Sector
			Effect of Insurance Fraud
			Combating Insurance Fraud
		Ethical Issues Arising out of Activities oF Professional Players
		Mini Case 1: Xeroxing Corruption
		Mini Case 2: Foul Play by Soundcraft Industries' Promoter
		Mini Case 3: Tricking Investors for Personal Gain
		Mini Case 4: Dereliction of Duty by a CFO
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Further Readings
	Chapter 18: Whistle-Blowing
		Introduction
		Whistle-Blowing in PSEs
		Who is a Whistle-Blower?
		Types of Whistle-Blowing
			Internal to Internal
			Internal to External
			Extrinsic to External
		Whistle-Blowing is not Accepted by All
		Emerging Trends in Accepting Whistle-Blowing
		Why only a Few Act as Whistle-Blowers?
		Why is Whistle-Blowing a Significant Tool to Ensure Corporate Governance?
		Whistle-Blowing Promotes a Firm’s Competitive Advantage
		Whistle-Blowing is not only Moral but also an Obligation
		Whistle-Blowing Protection Law
		Guidelines for Whistle-Blowing
			1. Magnitude of Consequences
			2. Probability of Effect
			3. Temporal Immediacy
			4. Proximity
		Some Cases of Whistle-Blowing in India
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
		Case Study: Satyendra Dubey: A Patriotic but Unfortunate Whistle-Blower
	Chapter 19: Corruption in India
		What is Corruption?
		Indian Scenario
		How can the Government Prevent Corruption?
		The 2G Spectrum Scam
		Widespread Corruption in Corporate India: An MDRA Study
		Computerisation can help Combat Corruption
		Ill Effects of Corruption on Indian Economy
		Indirect Effects of Corruption on the Economy
		Corruption Perceptions Index
			Anti-Corruption Movement in India
		Key Words
		Discussion Questions
		Notes
Appendix
Glossary
Bibliography
Index