Business Ethics: A Philosophical Introduction

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: What Is Business Ethics?
	1.1 Two Cases
	1.2 What Is Philosophy?
	1.3 What Is Business Ethics?
	References
Chapter 2: Morality: When Does it Come into Play?
	2.1 Two Cases
	2.2 Problems of Action, Judgments and Assessment Frameworks
	2.3 A Formal Definition of Morality
		2.3.1 Two Paradoxes
	2.4 Moral Issues Arising from Violation of Rights
		2.4.1 Moral Rights
	2.5 Moral Issues Arise Through an Orientation Toward Good
		2.5.1 Doing Good
		2.5.2 What Is Good?
		2.5.3 How Far Should You Go?
	2.6 Moral Questions Arising from Breaking Through Boundaries in Thinking
		2.6.1 Wrong Thinking?
		2.6.2 The Problem with Shkreli’s Thinking
	2.7 Moral Issues Arising from Character
		2.7.1 Virtues
	2.8 What We Now Know About Morality
	References
Chapter 3: The Grounding of Ethics and Business Ethics
	3.1 Three Cases
	3.2 From Normative Ethics to the Grounding of Morality
	3.3 What Is Reflection on the Grounding of Morality About?
	3.4 Morality to Enable Us to Live Together
		3.4.1 A Free Society
		3.4.2 Self-Evident Truths
	3.5 Morality in Relation to Being a Person
		3.5.1 The Value of Being a Person
		3.5.2 The Person as a Creation of the Self
		3.5.3 Self-Discipline
	3.6 Grounds for Morality 1: Free Will
		3.6.1 The Compatibilist Response
		3.6.2 The Affirmative Response
	3.7 Ground for Morality 2: The Specter of Relativism
		3.7.1 Types of Relativists
		3.7.2 Discretion
	3.8 From Grounding to Normative Moral Reflection
	References
Chapter 4: Moral Reasons
	4.1 Moral Problems
		4.1.1 Motivations and Reasons
		4.1.2 Motivational Problems and Substantive Problems
		4.1.3 Three Types of Moral Reasons
	4.2 Consequences
		4.2.1 Economic Value and Economic Harm
		4.2.2 Non-economic Value
		4.2.3 Equality and Inequality
	4.3 Moral Principles
		4.3.1 Human Rights
		4.3.2 Respect
		4.3.3 What If Everyone Did That?
	4.4 Moral Virtues
	References
Chapter 5: Corporate Responsibility and the Morality of the Market
	5.1 Three Cases
	5.2 Responsibility for Market Parties
		5.2.1 Responsibility
	5.3 Questions Regarding Responsibility
		5.3.1 Limits to Market Participant Responsibility
	5.4 Responsibility of Market Participants Under Discussion
		5.4.1 Two Frequently Heard Arguments
	5.5 Market Morality as a Specific Kind of Morality
		5.5.1 Minimal Market Morality
	5.6 Discussions on the Substance of Market Morality
		5.6.1 Limits to the Business Mindset
	References
Chapter 6: Different Views on the Social Responsibility of Corporations
	6.1 Two Cases
	6.2 What Is CSR?
	6.3 The Homann-Friedman Doctrine on CSR
		6.3.1 Democracy and the Division of Labor
		6.3.2 Baumol: Political Duty Is Part of Minimum Morality
	6.4 The CSR Doctrine
		6.4.1 Limits to Differentiation
		6.4.2 Working Rule of Law
		6.4.3 Industrial Complexes
		6.4.4 Neo-liberal Ideology
		6.4.5 CSR and Democracy
	6.5 Criteria for CSR and Their Application
	6.6 Operational Ways of Looking at CSR
		6.6.1 The Shareholder Theory
		6.6.2 The Stakeholder Theory
			6.6.2.1 The Weighing of Stakeholders
			6.6.2.2 Pragmatic or Prudent Motivations
		6.6.3 The Corporate Citizen Approach
			6.6.3.1 Loopholes in the Law
			6.6.3.2 Rights That Are Difficult to Protect by Law
			6.6.3.3 Operating in Countries with Weak Governments
		6.6.4 The Market Failure Approach
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: “And What Do You Think, as a Professional?”: On Personal and Professional Responsibility in Business
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 What Does it Mean to Be a Professional in a Company?
		7.2.1 Profession and Business: Goal-Oriented, But Towards Which Goal?
		7.2.2 What Is a Professional?
	7.3 Professional and Personal Responsibility
	7.4 Professional and Personal Responsibility in a Corporate Context
		7.4.1 Free Space for Debate and Dialogue
		7.4.2 Whistleblowers
		7.4.3 The Problem of Many Hands
	7.5 Conclusion: All Hands on Deck?
	References
Chapter 8: Justice at Work
	8.1 Inequality and Companies
	8.2 Dividing Jobs2
		8.2.1 Choosing Between the Three Principles
	8.3 Determining Salaries
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Discrimination, Diversity and Inclusion
	9.1 Two cases1
	9.2 Discrimination
	9.3 Diversity and Inclusion
	9.4 Socio-historical Context
		9.4.1 Feminism
		9.4.2 Class Struggle and Socio-economic Inequality
		9.4.3 The Civil Rights Movement and (De)colonization
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Privacy and Surveillance
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Consent and Asymmetry
	10.3 Privacy
	10.4 A Revenue Model Based on Attention
	10.5 Surveillance Capitalism
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Sustainability and Environment
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 What Is Sustainability?
		11.2.1 The Three Legged Stool Model
	11.3 A Critical Evaluation of the Common Interpretation
		11.3.1 Sustainability and Justice
	11.4 Questions Concerning Compensation for Damages
		11.4.1 Strong and Weak Sustainability
	11.5 The Precautionary Principle
	11.6 Intergenerational Justice
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Corporate Responsibility for Human Rights
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Human Rights
	12.3 A Business Ethics Framework– Complicity
	12.4 Influence and Positive Duty
		12.4.1 A Morally Meaningful Relationship
		12.4.2 The Ability to Make a Difference
		12.4.3 Low Costs
		12.4.4 Significant Threat
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Advertising Ethics
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Ethics of Advertising
		13.2.1 Manipulation
	13.3 Cognitive Manipulation in Advertising
		13.3.1 Follow-up Case 13.1: Misleading Environmental Claim by Travel Company TUI
	13.4 Affective Manipulation in Advertising
		13.4.1 How Advertisers Create Desires
		13.4.2 Stereotyping and Respect for the Person
	13.5 Social Media Advertising
		13.5.1 Uncertainty About Whether Something Involves Advertising
		13.5.2 Ethical Aspects of Online Behavioral Advertising
	13.6 Advertising, Health and the Limits to Growth
		13.6.1 Advertising and the Limits to Growth
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Tax Avoidance as a Moral Issue
	14.1 Two Cases
	14.2 Tax Avoidance as a Moral Issue
	14.3 Why Do We Pay Taxes and What Do We Pay Taxes On?
	14.4 Tax Avoidance
	14.5 Tax Avoidance Goes with a Global Networking Society
	14.6 Tax Avoidance: Ethical Contra Arguments
	14.7 Government, Businesses and Tax Industry Change
	References
Chapter 15: Meaningful Work
	15.1 Job Creation
	15.2 Dignified Work
	15.3 Autonomy and Democracy at Work
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Animal Business, a Blind Spot of Companies
	16.1 Philosophical Foundation
		16.1.1 Consequences
		16.1.2 Principles
		16.1.3 Virtues
	16.2 Impact and Context
	16.3 Biological Arguments
	16.4 Interests of Animals
		16.4.1 Animal Welfare
		16.4.2 Right to Continue Living
		16.4.3 Freedom and Captivity
	16.5 Animals and CSR
		16.5.1 Animal Rights, Animals as Stakeholders, and Externalities for Animals
		16.5.2 Animals as Workers
		16.5.3 Five Freedoms
		16.5.4 Fourteen Requirements
	16.6 Concrete Issues for Different Sectors
		16.6.1 Livestock Industry
		16.6.2 Fur, Leather, and Wool Industry
		16.6.3 Fishing
		16.6.4 Insect Culture
		16.6.5 Entertainment Industry
		16.6.6 Animal Experiments
		16.6.7 Indirect Impact on Animals
	References
Glossary