Bulk and Surface Acoustic Waves: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1: Sound Waves and Acoustics
	1.2: Main Types of Acoustic Waves
	1.3: A Brief History of Wave Theory Development
	1.4: Uniqueness of Acoustic Wave Devices
	1.5: An Overview of the Book
	1.6: Study Problems
Chapter 2: Elasticity and Piezoelectricity
	2.1: Elastic and Piezoelectric Behavior of Materials
	2.2: Free Body Diagram and Equations of Motion
		2.2.1: Free Body Diagram
		2.2.2: Equations of Motion
		2.2.3: The State of Stresses and Strains
	2.3: Elastic Constitutive Relations
		2.3.1: Generalized Hooke’s Law
		2.3.2: Isotropic Materials
		2.3.3: Anisotropic Materials
	2.4: Simplification of 3D Problems
		2.4.1: 2D Plane‐Stress Situation
		2.4.2: 2D Plane‐Strain Situation
		2.4.3: 1D Situation
	2.5: Governing Equation for Acoustic Waves in Elastic Solids
	2.6: Coupled Elastic and Piezoelectric Constitutive Relations
		2.6.1: Direct Piezoelectric Effect
		2.6.2: Reverse Piezoelectric Effect
		2.6.3: Piezoelectric Coupling Equations
	2.7: Governing Equation Piezoelectric Solids
	2.8: Unit Analysis
	2.9: Study Problems
Chapter 3: Coordinate Rotation and Matrix Transformation
	3.1: Coordinate Rotation and Transformation Matrix
	3.2: Transformation of Stress and Strain Matrices
		3.2.1: Transformation of Matrices of Primary and Secondary Variables
		3.2.2: Transformation of the Stress Matrix
		3.2.3: Transformation of the Strain Matrix
	3.3: Transformation of Piezoelectric Properties
		3.3.1: Transformation of [c] and [s] Matrices
		3.3.2: Transformation of [e], [d] and [ϵ] Matrices
	3.4: Transformation by Euler‐Angles
		3.4.1: Transformation by the First Euler Angle Alone
		3.4.2: Transformation by the Second Euler Angle Alone
		3.4.3: Transformation by the Third Euler Angle Alone
		3.4.4: Transformation by a Set of Euler Angles Sequentially
	3.5: Study Problems
Chapter 4: Classes of Crystal Symmetry
	4.1: The Concept of Crystal Symmetry
	4.2: Triclinic Crystals
		4.2.1: Class 1: Triclinic 1
		4.2.2: Class 2: Triclinic 1
	4.3: Monoclinic Crystals
		4.3.1: Class 3: Monoclinic 2
		4.3.2: Class 4: Monoclinic m
		4.3.3: Class 5: Monoclinic 2/m
	4.4: Orthorhombic Crystals
		4.4.1: Class 6: Orthorhombic 2mm
		4.4.2: Class 7: Orthorhombic 222
		4.4.3: Class 8: Orthorhombic mmm
	4.5: Tetragonal Crystals
		4.5.1: Class 9: Tetragonal 4
		4.5.2: Class 10: Tetragonal 4
		4.5.3: Class 11: Tetragonal 4/m
		4.5.4: Class 12: Tetragonal 422
		4.5.5: Class 13: Tetragonal 4mm
		4.5.6: Class 14: Tetragonal 42m
		4.5.7: Class 15: Tetragonal 4/mmm
	4.6: Trigonal Crystals
		4.6.1: Class 16: Trigonal 3
		4.6.2: Class 17: Trigonal 3
		4.6.3: Class 18: Trigonal 32
		4.6.4: Class 19: Trigonal 3m
		4.6.5: Class 20: Trigonal 3m
	4.7: Hexagonal Crystals
		4.7.1: Class 21: Hexagonal 6
		4.7.2: Class 22: Hexagonal 6
		4.7.3: Class 23: Hexagonal 6/m
		4.7.4: Class 24: Hexagonal 622
		4.7.5: Class 25: Hexagonal 6mm
		4.7.6: Class 26: Hexagonal 6m2
		4.7.7: Class 27: Hexagonal 6/mmm
	4.8: Cubic Crystals
		4.8.1: Class 28: Cubic 23
		4.8.2: Class 29: Cubic m3
		4.8.3: Class 30: Cubic 432
		4.8.4: Class 31: Cubic m3m
		4.8.5: Class 32: Cubic 43m
	4.9: Properties of Some Common Crystal Materials
	4.10: Study Problems
Chapter 5: Bulk Acoustic Waves
	5.1: Different Types of Bulk Acoustic Waves
		5.1.1: Longitudinal and Transverse Acoustic Waves
		5.1.2: Polarization and Propagation of BAWs
	5.2: Bulk Acoustic Waves in Elastic Solids
		5.2.1: Christoffel Equation in a Matrix Form
		5.2.2: Slowness Curves in Anisotropic Solids
	5.3: Slowness Curves Interpreted
		5.3.1: Information Contained in Slowness Curves
		5.3.2: Slowness Shells or Surfaces
		5.3.3: More Examples of Slowness Curves
		5.3.4: Poynting Vector, Energy Velocity, Wave and Velocity Surfaces
	5.4: Bulk Acoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Solids
		5.4.1: Governing Equation for BAWs with Piezoelectric Coupling
		5.4.2: Slowness Curves Affected by Piezoelectric Coupling
		5.4.3: Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient K for BAWs
		5.4.4: A Few Other Crystals with Strong Piezoelectric Coupling Effect
		5.4.5: Energy Velocity, Wave Velocity and Poynting Angle
	5.5: Study Problems
Chapter 6: Surface Acoustic Waves
	6.1: Fixed and Rotated Coordinates Systems
	6.2: Propagation of SAWs in Isotropic Solids
		6.2.1: Governing Eqs. for SAWs in Isotropic Solids
		6.2.2: Rayleigh Waves
		6.2.3: Displacements and Stresses Caused by Rayleigh Waves
		6.2.4: Transverse Wave
	6.3: Propagation of SAWs in Piezoelectric Solids
		6.3.1: Governing Equations for SAWs in Piezoelectric Solids
		6.3.2: Displacement and Potential Fields
		6.3.3: Mechanical and Electrical Conditions at the Surface
	6.4: Common Crystal Cuts for SAW Applications
		6.4.1: Z‐Cut Crystals
		6.4.2: Y‐Cut Crystals
		6.4.3: X‐Cut Crystals
		6.4.4: Rotated Y‐Cut Crystals with X(‖) Wave Propagation
		6.4.5: Rotated Y‐Cut Crystals with X(┴) Wave Propagation
		6.4.6: 45° Rotated Y‐Cut Crystals
		6.4.7: Rotated X‐Cut Crystals with Y(┴) Wave Propagation
	6.5: Decoupling SAWs with Specific Cut Orientations
		6.5.1: Cuts with xz‐Plane Perpendicular to Axes of Rotation of Even‐Fold
		6.5.2: Cuts with xz‐Plane Parallel with Mirror Planes
	6.6: Characterization of SAWs in Piezoelectric Solids
		6.6.1: Non‐Piezoelectric Rayleigh Waves
		6.6.2: Influence of Anisotropy on Rayleigh Waves
		6.6.3: Piezoelectric Stiffened Bleustein–Gulyaev Waves
		6.6.4: Piezoelectric Stiffened Rayleigh Waves
	6.7: Fully Coupled SAWs in Piezoelectric Solids
		6.7.1: Phase Velocity of SAWs in LiTaO3
		6.7.2: Phase Velocity of SAWs in LiNbO3
		6.7.3: Phase Velocity of SAWs in Langasite
		6.7.4: Phase Velocity of SAWs in SiO2
		6.7.5: Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient K for SAWs
		6.7.6: Poynting Angle for SAWs
	6.8: Study Proble
Chapter 7: Temperature Effect
	7.1: Temperature‐Dependent Behavior
		7.1.1: Temperature Coefficient of Delay
		7.1.2: Temperature Coefficient of Velocity
		7.1.3: Approximate Values of TCD and TCV
	7.2: Temperature‐Dependent Material Properties
		7.2.1: Temperature‐Dependent [c], [e] and [ϵ] Constants
		7.2.2: Temperature‐Dependent Thermal Coefficient of Expansion
		7.2.3: Temperature‐Dependent Density
	7.3: Case Studies of Temperature Effect on SAWs
		7.3.1: TCD for Langasite
		7.3.2: TCD for Quartz
		7.3.3: TCD for Lithium Niobate
		7.3.4: TCD for Lithium Tantalate
	7.4: Study Problems
Chapter 8: Acoustic Waves in Thin Layers
	8.1: Love Waves
	8.2: Effect of Layer Thickness on Love Waves
	8.3: Lamb Waves
	8.4: Lamb Waves of the Zeroth Order
		8.4.1: Lamb Waves with Asymmetric Flexure‐Mode Displacements
		8.4.2: Lamb Waves with Symmetric Dilation‐Mode Displacements
	8.5: Lamb Waves of Higher Orders
	8.6: Effect of Plate Thickness on Lamb Waves
	8.7: Rayleigh Waves in Thin Layers
	8.8: Study Problems
Chapter 9: Applications and Devices
	9.1: BAW Devices
		9.1.1: Disc Resonators
		9.1.2: Temperature Influence on Quartz Disc Resonators
		9.1.3: Disc Resonator as Sensors
		9.1.4: Tuning‐Fork Resonators
		9.1.5: Temperature Influence on Quartz Tuning‐Fork Resonators
	9.2: SAW Devices
		9.2.1: SAW Transversal Filters
		9.2.2: Leaky SAWs
		9.2.3: SAW Sensors
		9.2.4: SAW Resonators
Appendix
References and Further Reading
Index