Building Bridges in Cyber Diplomacy: How Brazil Shaped Global Cyber Norms

Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	1.1 Research Question and Original Contribution
	1.2 Locating the Book in the Literature
	1.3 The Argument
	1.4 Research Design and Methodology
	1.5 Limitations
	1.6 Plan of the Book
	References
2 Introducing Key Concepts and the Analytical Framework
	2.1 Consolidating the Cyber Norms Concept
	2.2 Introducing the Normative Agency Framework and the Norm Bridge-Building Concept
		2.2.1 Norm Entrepreneurship
		2.2.2 Norm Antipreneurship
		2.2.3 Rival Norm Entrepreneurship
		2.2.4 Norm-Following
		2.2.5 Passivity
		2.2.6 Norm Bridge-Building
	References
3 The Global Cyber Norms Debate
	3.1 The Polarization of the Cyber Norms Debate
		3.1.1 The Objective of Cyber Norms: Cybersecurity Versus Information Security
		3.1.2 The Shape of Cyber Norms: Treaty Versus Norms
		3.1.3 Status Quo Versus Revisionist Orientations and Political Tensions
		3.1.4 How the Polarization Manifests in Cyber Norm Proposals
		3.1.5 Limits to the Polarization
	3.2 How the Debate Unfolded
		3.2.1 1998–2011: Russia Leads the Way
		3.2.2 2012–2015: Maturation of the Global Debate and a First Consensus
		3.2.3 2016–2017: From Fragmentation to Failure at the UN
		3.2.4 2018–2019: Beyond States
		3.2.5 2021: UN Process Takes up Speed Again
	References
4 Cybersecurity and Brazil
	4.1 Cornerstones of Brazilian Foreign Policy
		4.1.1 Aspiration for Global Leadership
		4.1.2 Maintain but Reform the International Order
		4.1.3 Commitment to and Engagement with International Law and Norms
		4.1.4 Bridge-Building in International Affairs
		4.1.5 Breaks with Tradition Since 2016
	4.2 Cybersecurity Threat Perceptions and Policy Development in Brazil
		4.2.1 2005–2009: Concept Development
		4.2.2 2009–2013: Preparing for the Mega-Events
		4.2.3 2013–2016: The Snowden Revelations
		4.2.4 2016–2021: Domestic Turmoil
	References
5 Norm Entrepreneurship: Banning Indiscriminate Digital Espionage at the UN
	5.1 A New Understanding of the Normative Status Quo
	5.2 Opposing the Normative Status Quo
	5.3 The New Norm Proposal
	5.4 Promoting the Norm Proposal
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Rival Norm Entrepreneurship: Rivaling Proposals at the OAS and the BRICS
	6.1 Opposition and Counterproposals at the OAS
		6.1.1 Negative Tactics
		6.1.2 Developing Rivaling Proposals
		6.1.3 Conclusion
	6.2 Unity and Division Within the BRICS Grouping
		6.2.1 Rival Norm Entrepreneurship by the BRICS as a Whole
		6.2.2 Rival Norm Entrepreneurship Within the BRICS
		6.2.3 Conclusion
	References
7 Norm Bridge-Building: Crafting Compromises at NETmundial, GGE and OEWG
	7.1 Crafting a Compromise on Internet Governance at NETmundial
		7.1.1 The Conflict on Internet Governance Norms
		7.1.2 Brazil’s Position in the Conflict
		7.1.3 Crafting Compromise and Engaging Passive Actors
		7.1.4 The Compromise Norm Proposal
		7.1.5 Conclusion
	7.2 Brokering Norms on International Security at the 2014–2015 GGE
		7.2.1 The GGE Format
		7.2.2 The Conflict on International Security
		7.2.3 Brazil’s Position in the Conflict and Its Role in the GGE
		7.2.4 The Compromise Norm Proposal
		7.2.5 Conclusion
	7.3 Mediating Between the 2019–2021 GGE and the 2019–2021 OEWG
		7.3.1 The Conflict on International Security and the OEWG Format
		7.3.2 Brazil’s Position in the Conflict and the OEWG
		7.3.3 The Compromise Norm Proposal
		7.3.4 Conclusion
	References
8 Passivity
	8.1 Passivity by Default
	8.2 Passivity by Choice
	References
9 Conclusion
	9.1 Central Theoretical Contributions
		9.1.1 The Norm Bridge-Building Concept
		9.1.2 The Normative Agency Framework
	9.2 Central Empirical Contributions
		9.2.1 Cyber Norms
		9.2.2 Brazilian Cybersecurity Threat Perceptions and Policy Development
		9.2.3 Applying the Normative Agency Framework to Brazil’s Engagement with Cyber Norms
	9.3 Implications and Future Research
		9.3.1 Implications for Norm Research
		9.3.2 Implications for Cyber Norm Research
		9.3.3 Implications for Studies of Brazilian Foreign Policy
	References