Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins In the Context of 8th-6th Century BC Babylonian, Assyrian and Elamite Funerary Practices

Cover\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nContents\nList of Figures\n	Preface\n	Introduction\nPreface\nIntroduction\nChapter 1\n	The Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins of Mesopotamia and Elam\n		1.1. Introduction\n		1.2. The Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffin Corpus\n			1.2.1. The Nimrud Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins\n			1.2.2. The Ur Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins\n			1.2.3. The Arjan Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffin\n			1.2.4. The Ram Hormuz Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins\n			1.2.5. The Zincirli Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Vessel\n			1.2.6. Unprovenanced Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Vessels\n			1.2.7. Additional Bronze Coffins of Varying Forms\n		1.3. Manufacture\n		1.4. Workshops\n		1.5. Dating and Origins\nFigure 1 - Map indicating main sites mentioned in text, locations of bronze ‘bathtub’ discoveries marked by a star (source: USGS).\nFigure 2 - Plan indicating locations of the four main tomb chambers (labelled Gruft I-IV) in the ‘domestic wing’ of the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal at Nimrud (after Hauser 2012: Abb. F - 12).\nFigure 3 - Plan showing bronze ‘bathtub’ coffins in the antechamber of Tomb III at Nimrud\nFigure 4 - Coffin 2 in situ in the antechamber of Tomb III at Nimrud\nFigure 5 - Nimrud Coffin 1 showing grave goods in their location of discovery\nFigure 6 - Nimrud Coffin 2 showing grave goods in their location of discovery\nFigure 7 - Nimrud Coffin 3 showing grave goods in their location of discovery\nFigure 8 - Plan of the ‘domestic wing’ of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud indicating possible route (with dashed line) from the vaulted complex underneath rooms 74 and 75 to Tomb III underneath Room 57 (modified after Hussein 2002: Fig. 1).\nFigure 9 - Drawing of the vaulted complex underneath Rooms 74 and 75 of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud\nFigure 10 - Plan of Ur including the area of the giparu of Kurigalzu\nFigure 11 – Drawings of the Ur PG1 and PG2 burial chambers, after drawings in C. L. Woolley’s field notes\nFigure 12 - Left: Ur bronze ‘bathtub’ coffins PG1 and PG2 in situ (after Woolley 1962: Pl. 17a); top right: Coffin PG1\nFigure 13 - Ur bronze ‘bathtub’ coffin PG1 in situ inside its roughly made chamber\nFigure 15 - Ur burials PG1 (left) and PG2 (right) with locations of selected grave goods marked (field sketches by C. L. Woolley, after Molleson and Hodgson 2003: Fig. 23; clean line drawings after Curtis 1983: Fig. 1).\nFigure 16 - Location of the Arjan Tomb on the left bank of the Marun River\nFigure 17 - Line drawings of the Arjan tomb chamber and contents\nFigure 18 - Line drawings of the Arjan bronze ‘bathtub’ coffin and contents (left) and photograph of the coffin (right)\nFigure 19 - The Arjan bronze ‘bathtub’ coffin handles, lid handle and lid fragment\nFigure 20 - Approximate location of the Ram Hormuz burial chamber (delimited by black rectangle) on the left bank of the Ala River\nFigure 23 - Metal vessels placed between the West and East Coffins in the Ram Hormuz tomb chamber\nFigure 24 - Metal vessels deposited on the Ram Hormuz tomb chamber floor between the two coffins\nFigure 25 - Plan of the Zincirli palace indicating Room L6 where the bronze ‘bathtub’ was found\nFigure 26 - Bronze ‘bathtub’ from Zincirli (\nFigure 27 - Zincirli bronze ‘bathtub’ in its present fragmentary state\nFigure 28 - One of the Zincirli bronze ‘bathtub’ handles with rosette bases (after Jendritzki and Martin 2001: Abb. 15).\nFigure 29 - Bronze ‘bathtub’ said to be from Dailaman-Amlash, with side-strip detail\nFigure 30 - Bronze ‘bathtub’ said to be from eastern Anatolia\nFigure 31 - ‘Ziwiye’ side-strip fragment\nFigure 32 – ‘Ziwiye’ rim fragment\nFigure 33 – Watercolour painting of the Persian ‘princess’ bronze coffin burial from Susa\nFigure 35 - Ur PG1 with aspects of manufacture indicated\nFigure 36 - Section of the Zincirli ‘bathtub’ showing zig-zagged rivet arrangement\nFigure 37 - Top section of the Arjan coffin showing two rows of zig-zagged rivets attaching the rim and three rivets fixing the vertical handle bases in place\nFigure 38 - Ur PG1 coffin lower section showing the use of two rows of zig-zagged rivets to attach the base  (image courtesy of J. Álvarez-Mon 2011).\nFigure 39 - Section of the Zincirli ‘bathtub’ showing the larger setting heads on the inner surface and smaller closing heads on the outer surface (after Jendritzki and Martin 2001: Abb. 7).\nFigure 40 - Bronze ‘bathtub’ handles. Top left: Ur PG1 coffin (image courtesy of J. Álvarez-Mon 2011); top right: Arjan coffin (after Álvarez-Mon 2010: Pl. 8); bottom left and right: Zincirli coffin (after Andrae and Von Luschan 1943: Taf. 57c-d).\nFigure 41 - Arjan coffin bronze lid fragment (image courtesy of J. Álvarez-Mon 2011).\nFigure 42 - Wall relief in Room 28 of Sennacherib’s Southwest Palace at Nineveh depicting two scribes recording tribute or booty (after Matthiae 1998: Pg. 99).\nChapter 2\n	Mortuary Remains of Mesopotamia and Elam\n		2.1. Introduction\n		2.2. Babylonia\n			2.2.1. Burial Typology\n			2.2.2. Grave Goods\n			2.2.3. Burial Location\n			2.2.4. Commentary\n		2.3. Assyria\n			2.3.1. Burial Typology\n			2.3.2. Grave Goods\n			2.3.3. Burial Location\n			2.3.4. Commentary\n		2.4. Elam\n			2.4.1. Burial Typology\n			2.4.2. Grave Goods\n			2.4.3. Burial Location\n			2.4.4. Commentary\n		2.5. Summary Notes\n			2.5.1. Summarising the Mortuary Remains of Babylonia, Assyria and Elam\n			2.5.2. Notes on Clay U-shape ‘Bathtub’ Coffins in Assyria, Babylonia and Elam\nFigure 43 - Table showing variances in nomenclature used for referring to U-shape coffins, oval coffins and single pot burials.\nFigure 44 - Burial types (not to scale): a. tomb chamber (after Reuther 1926: Taf. 51-52) b. earth/pit (after Boehmer, Pedde and Salje 1995: Taf. 49) c. sherd (after Boehmer, Pedde and Salje 1995: Taf. 51).\nFigure 45 - Single pot burials (not to scale): a. ring-base pot; b. ring-base pot covered with a sherd; c. ring-base pot covered with a flat-bottomed bowl; d. flat-bottomed pot covered with a flat-bottomed bowl; e. round-bottomed pot with perforation; f.\nFigure 46 - Double-pot burials (not to scale): a. two ring-base pots; b. one ring-base and one round-bottomed pot with a perforation; c. one ring-base and one plain round-bottomed pot; d. two round-bottomed pots with perforation; e. one round-bottomed pot\nFigure 47 - Jar burials (not to scale): a. ring-base jar; b. ovoid jar; c. ovoid jar with neck removed; d. ovoid jar with neck removed covered with a sherd; e. ovoid jar with neck removed and flat-bottomed bowl; f. pot and jar\nFigure 48 - Burial types (not to scale): a. bowl; b. ‘bathtub’ bowl; c. oval coffin (after Reuther 1926: Taf. 62, 63 and 78); d. ‘bathtub’ coffin (after Boehmer, Pedde and Salje 1995: Taf. 184).\nFigure 49 - Burial types (not to scale): a. brick wall cavity (after Hauser 2012: Abb. C - 28); b. brick (after Haller 1954: Abb. 20); c. triple pot grave (after Hauser 2012: Abb. D - 40f).\nFigure 50 - Burial types (not to scale): a. half-pot composite (after Hauser 2012: Abb. D - 36l and D - 35f); b. straight-walled coffin with rounded ends (after Haller 1954: Abb. 101); c. rectangular coffin (after Haller 1954: Abb. 102a); d. trough or tub\nFigure 51 - Burial types (not to scale): a-d. two-part coffins in four variations (after Haller 1954: Abb. 81, 82, 85a, 87); e. composite grave (after Haller 1954: Abb. 119a, Taf. 19).\nFigure 52 - Plan of the kings’ tombs under the Old Palace at Ashur (after Haller 1954: Abb. 186) and stone sarcophagus of Shamshi-Adad V (Tomb II) at Ashur (after Andrae 1938: Taf. 66).\nFigure 53 - Humaidat tomb chamber. Top left: stone sarcophagus; top right: tomb chamber plan; centre left: terracotta U-shape coffin with lid; centre right: double stone slab doors on pivots separating the antechamber and main chamber; bottom: large stora\nFigure 54 - Left: clay coffin with moulded rope-like band from Susa (image from the archives of Roland de Mecquenem http://www.mom.fr/mecquenem/photo/afficher/id/416, accessed 19 July 2012); right: line drawings of coffins from Babylon graves 129 (top) an\nFigure 55 - Table of clay U-shape ‘bathtub’ coffins.\nFigure 56 - Double-handled ‘coffin’ from Alaca Höyük (after Koşay and Akok 1966: Lev. 7 e253).\nChapter 3\n	Death, the Afterlife and Funerary Ritual in Mesopotamia and Elam\n		3.1. Introduction\n		3.2. Death, the Afterlife and Funerary Ritual in Mesopotamia\n			3.2.1. Death and the Afterlife\n			3.2.2. The Funeral\n			3.2.3. Ongoing Care for the Dead\n		3.3. Death, the Afterlife and Funerary Ritual in Elam\n		3.4. Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffin Burials in the Context of Death, the Afterlife and Funerary Ritual\nFigure 57 - Left: terracotta ‘feeding tube’ of Tomb II in the Northwest Palace at Nimrud\nChapter 4\n	Ideological Aspects of the Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Burials\n		4.1. Introduction\n		4.2. Location, Orientation and Body Arrangement\n			4.2.1. Location\n			4.2.2. Orientation and Body Arrangement\n		4.3. Form, Material and Iconography of the Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins\n			4.3.1. Form\n			4.3.2. Material\n			4.3.3. Iconography\n		4.4. Social Rank\nFigure 58 - Early Dynastic period basin from the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu (Tello), c. 2500-2300 BC\nFigure 59 - Photograph and plan showing U-shape depression in Room 12 of Sargon’s palace at Khorsabad\nFigure 60 - Relief panels from the Room 12 ‘bathroom’ of Sargon’s palace at Khorsabad showing figures proceeding towards the king and making cultic, clasped-hand gestures\nFigure 61 - Photograph and plan showing U-shape depression in Room 29 of Residence K at Khorsabad\nFigure 62 - Photograph (after Mallowan 1966: Fig. 7) and plan (modified after Oates and Oates 2001: Fig. 83) showing pair of U-shape depressions in Room 12 of the Governor’s Palace at Nimrud.\nFigure 63 - Plan showing U-shape depressions in Rooms 17 and 26 of the ZT Wing of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud\nFigure 64 - Photograph and plan showing U-shape depression in Room 9 of the palace of Adad-nirari III, area PD. 5 at Nimrud\nFigure 65 - Plan showing U-shape depression in Room 15 of the Burnt Palace at Nimrud\nFigure 66 - Plan showing Rooms T4 and T5 at Fort Shalmaneser where U-shape depressions were found\nFigure 67 - Plan showing Room SE21 at Fort Shalmaneser where a U-shape depression was found\nFigure 68 - Top: plan showing Rooms I and L in the Nimrud State Apartments East Wing where pairs of U-shape depressions were found; bottom: closer view of Room I and L depressions\nFigure 69 - Photograph of U-shape depression in Room 65 and plan showing its location in the Northwest palace of Ashurnasirpal at Nimrud\nFigure 70 - Plan showing U-shape depressions in Rooms XXVII and XLV of the Assyrian palace at Til Barsib\nFigure 71 - Fragments of a glazed panel from Khorsabad depicting a goat standing atop a rosette\nFigure 72 - Kneeling ‘prayer’ pose. Left: terracotta figurine from the Gula Temple at Isin (after Hrouda 1981: Taf. 25); centre: altar of Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207) from Ashur depicting the kneeling king (after Watanabe 2004: Fig. 3); right: bronze cha\nChapter 5\n	Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins in Historical Context\n		5.1. Introduction\n		5.2. Assyrian, Babylonian and Elamite Interaction in the 8th-6th Centuries\n		5.3. The Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffins in Historical Context\n		5.4. The Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffin: a Shared Funerary Tradition?\nChapter 6\n	Concluding Remarks\n	Bibliography\nAppendix 1\n	Catalogue of Bronze ‘Bathtubs’\nAppendix 2\n	Nimrud Bronze ‘Bathtub’ Coffin Grave Good Inventory\nAppendix 3\n	Texts