Broadband last mile: access technologies for multimedia communications

Cover......Page 1
Broadband Last Mile: Access Technologies for Multimedia Communications......Page 2
Series Introduction......Page 4
Prologue......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
About the Editor......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
1.1 Introduction......Page 15
1.1.1.1 Definition of Last Mile Broadband......Page 18
1.1.1.2 Applications of Broadband......Page 21
1.1.1.3 The Role of Signal Compression: The Broadband Margin......Page 23
1.1.1.5 Outline of Remainder of Chapter......Page 32
1.2 Media Compression......Page 34
1.2.1 Principles and Practice of Media Compression......Page 35
1.2.2 ISO and ITU Compression Standards......Page 44
1.2.3 What Do the Standards Specify?......Page 51
1.2.4 Evaluating Media Compression Algorithms......Page 53
1.2.5.1 Adapting the Compressed Media Bit Rate......Page 56
1.2.5.2 Transmission Error Concealment for Compressed Media......Page 59
1.3 Applications of Broadband Networks......Page 60
1.3.1 Classifying Operating Conditions for Media Applications over Broadband Networks......Page 61
1.3.1.1 Point-to-Point, Multicast, and Broadcast Communications......Page 62
1.3.1.3 Interactive vs. Noninteractive Applications......Page 63
1.3.1.5 Static vs. Dynamic Channels......Page 64
1.3.1.7 Constant-Bit-Rate (CBR) or Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) Channels......Page 65
1.3.1.8 QoS Support......Page 66
1.3.2 The Latency Spectrum: Download vs. Streaming vs. Low-Latency Communication......Page 67
1.3.3 Interactive Two-Way Communications: VoIP......Page 70
1.3.4 Peer-to-Peer Networking: Sharing of Audio Files......Page 71
1.3.5 Media Delivery: Video Streaming......Page 74
1.3.5.1 Basic Challenges in Media Streaming......Page 75
1.3.5.2.1 Why Do We Need Rate Control?......Page 80
1.3.5.2.2 Rate Control: Estimating the Available Bandwidth......Page 81
1.3.5.2.3 Rate Control: Matching the Media Rate to the Available Bandwidth......Page 83
1.3.5.3 Playout Buffer for Overcoming Delay Jitter......Page 85
1.3.5.4 Error Control for Overcoming Transmission Losses......Page 87
1.3.5.4.1 Joint Source/Channel Coding......Page 93
1.3.6 End-to-End Security and Midnetwork Media Transcoding......Page 94
1.3.7.1.1 Internet Protocols: TCP, UDP, IP......Page 97
1.3.7.1.2 Media Delivery and Control Protocols......Page 98
1.3.7.2 Media Streaming Standards and Specifications......Page 100
1.3.8 Content Delivery Networks: The Core, the Edge, and the Last Mile......Page 101
1.3.8.1 Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)......Page 102
1.3.8.1.1 Streaming Media Content Delivery Network: Basic Components and Functionalities......Page 103
1.3.9 Future Applications......Page 106
1.4 Summary......Page 108
Glossary......Page 109
References......Page 111
2.1 Introduction......Page 117
2.2 Existing Last Mile Solutions......Page 119
2.3 Quality of Service Provisioning for Broadband Access......Page 120
2.3.2 IntServ......Page 121
2.3.4 Policy Support from Higher Layers......Page 123
2.4 QoS Case Study Based on the DOCSIS Cable Standard......Page 124
2.4.1 Experimental Setup......Page 125
2.4.2 Measured Results......Page 127
2.4.3 QoS Model for the CMTS Scheduler......Page 130
2.5 Ethernet for the First Mile......Page 131
2.5.2 EFM Copper, EFM Fiber, EFM PON......Page 133
2.6 Broadband Wireless Access......Page 135
2.6.1 Cost Reduction and Improved Reliability......Page 136
2.6.2 Advantages of Multihop Wireless Solutions......Page 137
2.6.3 Disadvantages of Multihop Wireless Solutions......Page 139
2.7 Broadband Optical Access......Page 143
2.7.1 Passive Optical Networks......Page 144
2.7.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Access......Page 146
2.7.3 WDM Broadband Optical Access Protocol......Page 149
2.7.4 Quality of Service Provisioning for Broadband Optical Access Networks......Page 153
2.7.5 Wavelength Multiplexing in WDM Optical Access Networks......Page 154
2.8 Network Edge and the Backbone Network......Page 155
2.8.1 SONET/SDH for Multimedia and Ethernet Transport......Page 156
2.8.2 Evolution of Packet Switching and Routing......Page 157
2.8.3 Emergence of Tag Switching......Page 158
2.8.4 Current and Future Switching and Routing Technologies......Page 159
2.8.5 Optical Label Switching for Dynamic Optical Backbone......Page 160
2.8.6 Unified Optical Backbone Architecture......Page 161
2.9 Peer-to-Peer File Sharing and Software Download......Page 163
2.9.1 Delta Compression Performance......Page 164
2.9.2 Delta Compression as Unifying Cross-Layer Technology......Page 167
2.10 Conclusions......Page 168
References......Page 169
3.1 Introduction......Page 173
3.2 Flavors of DSL......Page 176
3.2.1 ADSL......Page 177
3.2.2 VDSL......Page 178
3.2.3 Symmetrical DSLs: HDSL and SHDSL......Page 179
3.2.4 Choosing a Flavor of DSL......Page 180
3.3 The Telephony Network......Page 182
3.4 Deploying DSL over POTS......Page 184
3.4.1.2 The POTS/ISDN Splitter......Page 185
3.4.1.3 The Central Office Modem and DSLAM......Page 187
3.4.1.4 Putting Together the Pieces......Page 188
3.4.2 DSL Deployment from the RT......Page 189
3.4.2.1 Overlay of DSL at the RT......Page 190
3.4.2.2 Integrating POTS and DSL......Page 191
3.5 Twisted-Pair Lines......Page 192
3.5.1 Bridged Taps......Page 197
3.6.1 Crosstalk......Page 202
3.6.1.1 Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)......Page 203
3.6.1.2 Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)......Page 206
3.6.1.2.1 Adding Crosstalk from Different Sources......Page 211
3.6.2 Radio-Frequency Interference......Page 212
3.6.2.1 Ingress......Page 213
3.6.3 Impulse Noise......Page 214
3.7.1.1 Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD)......Page 215
3.7.1.1.1 “Optimal” Frequency Plans......Page 216
3.7.1.2 Echo Cancellation (EC)......Page 220
3.7.1.3 Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)......Page 221
3.7.1.4.1 Mixing Symmetric and Asymmetric Services......Page 224
3.7.1.4.2 Support of Required Data Rate Ratios......Page 226
3.7.1.4.3 Complexity, Cost, and Power Consumption of TDD......Page 227
3.7.2 Line Code Alternatives......Page 228
3.7.2.1 Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT)......Page 229
3.8.1 ADSL......Page 236
3.8.2 VDSL......Page 238
3.8.2.1 Cyclic Suffix......Page 243
3.8.2.2 Timing Advance......Page 244
3.8.2.4 Egress Suppression......Page 246
3.8.2.5 VDSL Frequency Plans......Page 247
3.8.2.6 VDSL System Parameters......Page 248
3.8.3 Symmetric DSLs......Page 249
3.9 Unbundling and Spectral Compatibility......Page 250
3.9.1 Near-Far Problem and Upstream Power Back-Off......Page 254
3.9.1.1 Crosstalk Cancellation......Page 256
Glossary......Page 258
References......Page 259
4.1 Introduction......Page 265
4.2 Overview of HFC Networks......Page 269
4.3.1 Passive Channel Effects......Page 273
4.3.2 Intermodulation Distortion Effects......Page 280
4.3.3 Ingress......Page 286
4.3.4 Impulse/Burst Noise......Page 289
4.3.5 Hum Modulation......Page 290
4.4.1 Downstream Modulation Schemes......Page 291
4.4.2 Upstream Modulation Schemes......Page 293
4.4.3 DOCSIS 1.0 TDMA......Page 294
4.4.5 DOCSIS 2.0 Advanced TDMA and S-CDMA......Page 297
4.4.5.1 Advanced TDMA in DOCSIS 2.0......Page 301
4.4.5.2 S-CDMA in DOCSIS 2.0......Page 305
4.4.5.3 Comparison of DOCSIS 2.0 TDMA and S-CDMA Modulation Schemes......Page 312
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 314
4.5.2 Detailed MAC Protocol Description......Page 317
4.5.2.1 Downstream Description......Page 320
4.5.2.2 Upstream Description......Page 324
4.5.3 The MAC Scheduler: Evaluation of MAC Protocols, Traffic Models, and Implications for Physical Layer Design......Page 330
4.6.1 Dynamic Adaptation to Upstream Impairments......Page 333
4.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream......Page 339
4.7.3 Cable Plant Architecture Alternatives......Page 340
4.8. Summary......Page 341
Glossary......Page 342
References......Page 344
5.1 Introduction......Page 347
5.2 FTTH Architectures......Page 349
5.2.1 Passive Optical Networks......Page 353
5.2.2 PON Power-Splitting Optimization......Page 354
5.2.3 PON Standards......Page 356
5.3.1 ATM PON System Architecture......Page 357
5.3.2 Upstream and Downstream Transport......Page 358
5.3.3 Broadcast Downstream Overlay......Page 359
5.4.1 Gigabit Ethernet and 10 GbE......Page 360
5.4.2 EPON System Architecture......Page 362
5.5 Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) Systems......Page 365
5.6 Advanced Technologies......Page 366
5.6.1 Component Requirements......Page 368
5.6.2 Fiber......Page 371
5.6.3 VCSELs......Page 374
5.6.4 Coarse WDM......Page 378
5.6.5 Packaging, Interconnections, and Manufacturing......Page 379
5.6.6 Passive Optical Devices......Page 381
5.6.7 Components for Bidirectional Transport......Page 383
5.6.8 Optical and Electronic Signal Processing......Page 386
5.6.9 Equalizing Multimode Fiber......Page 387
5.7 Spatially Resolved Equalization......Page 389
5.8 Conclusions......Page 392
References......Page 394
6.1 Introduction......Page 401
6.2 Chapter Organization......Page 403
6.3 A Broadband Home Access Architecture......Page 404
6.3.1 Broadband Local Loop......Page 405
6.3.4 Electrodomestic Network Devices (ENDs)......Page 406
6.4 Last Mile Broadband Wireless Access......Page 407
6.4.1 Basic Principles......Page 408
6.4.1.2 Radio Frequency (RF)......Page 409
6.4.2 Services, Deployment Scenarios, and Architectures of BWA......Page 410
6.4.2.4 Challenges in Fixed Wireless Networks......Page 411
6.4.3.1 Path Loss and Delay Spread......Page 412
6.4.3.2 K-Factor......Page 413
6.4.4 Physical Layer, MAC Layer, and Radio Link Protocols......Page 414
6.4.4.1.3 DS-CDMA......Page 415
6.4.4.1.5 Ultra-Wideband Modulation (UWBM)......Page 416
6.4.4.1.9 Link Adaptation......Page 417
6.4.4.1.11 TDD vs. FDD......Page 418
6.4.4.2 MAC Layer and Radio Link Protocol......Page 419
6.4.5 Multiple Antennas in BWA......Page 420
6.5.1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS)......Page 422
6.5.2 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)......Page 424
6.5.2.1 Operating Frequencies......Page 425
6.5.2.2 Technologies Employed......Page 426
6.5.2.3 Applications......Page 428
6.5.3 Satellite Communications......Page 429
6.5.4 3G and 4G Cellular Systems......Page 430
6.5.5 IEEE Standard 802.16......Page 433
6.5.5.1 MAC Layer......Page 434
6.5.5.1.1 MAC Layer Details......Page 436
6.5.5.2.2 2-11 GHz......Page 442
6.5.5.2.3 Physical Layer Details......Page 443
6.5.7 Various Standards......Page 446
6.6.1 Wireless Home Networking Application Requirements......Page 448
6.6.2 IEEE Standard 802.11 for WLANs......Page 450
6.6.2.1 Network Architecture......Page 451
6.6.2.2 MAC Layer......Page 452
6.6.2.3 Physical Layer......Page 455
6.6.2.3.1 802.11b Details......Page 457
6.6.2.3.2 802.11a Details......Page 458
6.6.2.3.3 Pros and Cons of 802.11a and 802.11b......Page 460
6.6.2.5 IEEE 802.11i......Page 461
6.6.3 HIPERLAN/2 Standard for WLANs......Page 462
6.6.3.1 MAC Layer......Page 463
6.6.3.2 Physical Layer......Page 464
6.7.1 Bluetooth and WPANs......Page 466
6.7.1.1 Brief History and Applications of Bluetooth......Page 468
6.7.1.2 Bluetooth Details......Page 470
6.7.2 Infrared Data Association’s (IrDA) Serial Infrared (SIR) Data and Advanced Infrared (AIR) Specifications......Page 473
6.7.2.1 IrDA Data and IrDA AIR Details......Page 474
6.7.3.1 SWAP-CA Details......Page 476
6.7.4.1.1 802.15.3 MAC and PHY Layer Details......Page 479
6.7.4.2 802.15.4......Page 482
6.7.4.2.1 802.15.4 Data Link Layer Details......Page 484
6.7.4.2.2 802.15.4 PHY Layer Details......Page 487
6.7.5 Comparison of WPAN Systems......Page 489
6.7.5.1 Range......Page 490
6.7.5.2 Data Rate......Page 492
6.7.5.3 Support for Voice......Page 493
6.7.5.4 Support for LAN Integration......Page 494
6.7.5.5 Power Management......Page 495
6.7.6 WLAN vs. WPAN......Page 497
6.8 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 499
Glossary......Page 500
References......Page 503
7.1 The Role of Satellites for Broadband Access......Page 509
7.2.1 Selection of Orbits......Page 510
7.2.2 Link Budgets and Carrier-to-Noise Ratios......Page 513
7.2.3 Band Selection......Page 514
7.3.1 Types of Transponders......Page 517
7.3.2 Switched-Beam and Spot-Beam Antennas......Page 518
7.3.3 Spacecraft/Ground Station Performance Trade-Off......Page 519
7.4 Earth Station Design......Page 520
7.4.1 Antenna......Page 521
7.4.2 Transceiver......Page 522
7.4.3 Modem......Page 524
7.5.1 Modulation and Coding......Page 525
7.5.2 Multiaccess Protocols......Page 526
7.5.3.1 DVB-RCS......Page 527
7.5.3.2 DOCSIS-S......Page 528
7.5.3.3 DVB-RCS vs. DOCSIS-S......Page 529
7.6.1 Historical Perspective......Page 530
7.6.3 DirecWay......Page 533
References......Page 534
8.1 Broadband Network Management Issues......Page 537
8.1.3 Tiered Service......Page 541
8.1.5 Security Management......Page 542
8.1.8 SNMP Management......Page 544
8.1.9 Operations Support Systems (OSSs)......Page 546
8.2 Broadband Cable Access Network (BCAN)......Page 547
8.2.1 DOCSIS and IETF Standards......Page 549
8.2.2 DOCSIS 1.0......Page 550
8.2.3 BCAN MIBs......Page 552
8.2.4 OSS Framework and Interface Specifications......Page 555
8.2.5 DOCSIS 1.1......Page 557
8.2.5.2 OSS-Related Enhancements......Page 558
8.2.6 DOCSIS 2.0......Page 559
8.3 Broadband DSL Access Network (BDAN)......Page 560
8.3.1 DSL Forum-Related Standards......Page 561
8.3.2 ADSL Network Element Management System......Page 563
8.3.2.1 Configuration Management......Page 565
8.3.2.2 Fault Management......Page 568
8.3.3 SNMP Management......Page 569
8.3.4 ADSL EMS-NMS Management......Page 572
8.4 Broadband Mobile and Wireless Access Networks......Page 573
8.5 Fixed Wireless Networks......Page 574
8.5.1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services......Page 575
8.5.2 Local Multipoint Distribution Services......Page 576
8.5.4 IEEE 802.16d WirelessMAN/WiMax......Page 577
8.6.1 Mobile IP......Page 578
8.6.2 Mobility Management......Page 581
8.6.4 Quality of Service Management......Page 582
8.6.5 Security Management......Page 583
8.7 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN......Page 585
8.7.2 Quality of Service Management......Page 586
8.7.3 Security Management......Page 587
8.8.1 OAM in EFM......Page 590
8.8.2 EPON MIB......Page 591
8.9 Heterogeneous Last/First Mile/Meter Network Management......Page 592
8.10 Summary......Page 593
References......Page 594
9.1 Introduction......Page 597
9.2 Broadband Service Perspectives......Page 600
9.2.1.1 Voice over IP......Page 601
9.2.1.1.1 Signaling Protocols......Page 602
9.2.1.1.2 Data Transport Protocol......Page 604
9.2.1.1.4 Unified Messaging......Page 606
9.2.1.1.6 Call Centers......Page 607
9.2.1.1.7 VoIP over Cellular Network......Page 608
9.2.1.2.1 Technology Enablers......Page 609
9.2.1.2.2 Video Conferencing......Page 610
9.2.2.1 Home Entertainment......Page 612
9.2.2.2 Residential Data Applications......Page 613
9.3 Subscribers’ Needs......Page 614
9.3.2 Broadband Data Traffic......Page 615
9.3.3 Quality of Service......Page 617
9.4.2 Heterogeneous Service Offerings......Page 619
9.5.3 On-Demand Services......Page 620
9.6 Next-Generation Broadband Last Mile Networks......Page 621
9.6.1 Cable......Page 623
9.6.3 Fixed Wireless......Page 624
9.6.5 Wireless LAN......Page 625
9.6.6 Passive Optical Networks......Page 627
9.6.8 Hybrid Technologies......Page 628
9.6.10 Home Networking......Page 630
9.7 OAMP......Page 633
References......Page 635
Index......Page 639