BRINGING HOUSEHOLD SERVICES OUT OF THE SHADOWS FORMALISING NON-CARE WORK IN AND AROUND THE HOUSE.

Foreword
Table of contents
Executive summary
1 Introduction and main findings
2 Non-care household services in the OECD
	2.1. Formal employment
	2.2. Informal work
	2.3. Platform work
3 Unpaid housework
	3.1. The distribution of unpaid housework
	3.2. The economic value of unpaid housework
4 International approaches to household service formalisation
	4.1. Policy objectives
	4.2. Policy instruments
		4.2.1. Tax credits
			Refundability of tax credits
			Operational issues
		4.2.2. Social vouchers
		4.2.3. Declarative systems
		4.2.4. Other instruments
	4.3. Services covered
	4.4. Size of the programmes
		4.4.1. Public spending
		4.4.2. Employment
	4.5. Work arrangements and working conditions
		4.5.1. Tripartite set-ups
			Direct employment by households and its drawbacks
			Other work arrangements
	4.6. Professionalization and training
	4.7. Effects of the policies
		4.7.1. Consumption patterns
		4.7.2. Consumption groups
		4.7.3. Household service employment
		4.7.4. Undeclared work
		4.7.5. Female employment
		4.7.6. Earn-back effects
References
Notes
Annex A. Other international systems