Brickwork Level 2

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. The Construction Industry (Community Buildings)
	Introduction
	The construction industry
	The construction process
	Types of building
		Community buildings
			Classification of communal buildings
	Classification of buildings by purpose or use
		List of use classes
			Part A
			Part B
			Part C
			Part D
		Sui generis
	Legislation
	Heritage
		Types of heritage
	Restoration, refurbishment, preservation and renovation
		Building restoration
		Building refurbishment
		Building preservation
		Building renovation
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	The construction industry
2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry
	Safety legislation
		Prevention of hazards in the workplace
			Health and safety at work ACT 1974
				Outline of the Act
				Safety procedures and documentation
	Workplace safety
		Accidents
		Types of hazard
		Personal protective equipment
		Safety signs
			Prohibition signs
			Mandatory signs
			Warning signs
			Information signs
			Signs with supplementary text
	Security arrangements
		Visual security
		Individual security
		Site security
		Site access
		Personal security
		Loss of goods and materials
	Emergency procedures
		Responding to emergencies
		Accidents
			Immediate action
		Risk assessments
	Site organisation
		Welfare facilities
	Health and hygiene
		Vulnerable parts of the body
			Personal hygiene
	Site control
	Office facilities
		Site accommodation
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Health and safety in the construction industry
3. Communication and Records
	Types of information
		Information sources
			Drawings
		Programmes of work
			Schedule
			Specification
			Policy
			Mission statement
			Manufacturer's technical information
		Organizational documentation
			Time sheets
			Daywork sheets
			Recording incoming materials
			Site diary
			Training and development records
		Storing information
			Interpreting information
				Selecting information from simple drawings, specifications andschedules
			Drawings
			Specifications
				Specification details
		Producing simple working drawings
			Scale
				Scale rules
				Use of scales
		Producing simple drawings
			Basic drawing methods
				Methods of projection
				Isometric projection
				Oblique projection
			Scaled drawings
				Elevations
				Plans
				Sections
	Quantities of materials
		Method A
		Method B
		Types of calculation
			Number
			Linear
			Superficial
			Cubic
			Time
			Cost
			Calculators
			Decimals
			The metric system
				Unit of length
				Unit of mass
				Unit of force
		Examples
			Bricks
				Brick calculations
				Mortar calculations
					Example 1
					Answer 1
					Example 2
					Answer 2
					Example 3
					Answer 3
					Example 4
					Answer 4
					Example 5
					Answer 5
					Example 6
					Answer 6
			Blocks
				Blockwork
					Example 7
					Answer 7
					Example 8
					Answer 8
				Mortar
					Example 9
					Answer 9
					Example 10
					Answer 10
					Example 11
					Answer 11
			Rounding off
			Openings
				Example 12
				Answer 12
				Example 13
				Answer 13
			Cavity walling
				Example 14
				Answer 14
			Perimeters
				Example 15
				Answer 15
				Example 16
				Answer 16
				Example 17
				Example 18
				Example 19
				Example 20
				Answer 20
				Method C: The centre line method
					Example 21
					Answer 21
					Example 22
					Answer 22 a: External dimensions
					Answer 22b: Internal dimensions
					Example 23
					Answer 23
					Example 24
					Answer 24
					Example 25
					Answer 25
					Example 26
					Answer 26
		Percentage for cutting and waste
			Example 27
			Answer 27
			Example 28
			Answer 28
			Additional applications of the centre line method
				Example 29
				Answer 29
		Circles and triangles
			Example 30
			Example 31
			Answer 31
			Example 32
			Example 33
			Answer 33
			Example 34
			Answer 34
	Estimating
		Variations
	Relaying information
		Methods of communication
			Orally - face to face
			Written
			Letter writing
				Report writing
				Site diary
			Telephone
	Making notes
	Positive and negative communications
	Barriers to communication
	Principles of customer service
		Firms
		Employee
			Behaviour
			Professional image and appearance
			Personal hygiene
			Use of appropriate language
			Good relations, establishing the needs of others
			Legal considerations
			Respect of the working environment
			Good timekeeping
	Produce a development plan
	Communications with those outside the building team
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Communication
4. Construction Technology
	Working drawings
	Setting out
		Preliminary setting out of a building
			Degree of accuracy
	Ground works
		Excavations
		Work below ground level
		Timbering
		Laying concrete foundation
		Brickwork up to damp-proof-course
		Services
	Foundations
		Foundation types
			Strip foundations
				Atmospheric depth
				Narrow strip
				Wide strip foundations
			Pad foundations
			Raft foundations
			Short bored piled foundations
	Floors
		Ground floors
			Solid ground floors
			Hollow ground floors
				Underfloor ventilation against dry rot
			Precast beam and pots
			Floor finishes
				Screeds
				Floor boarding
			Floating floors
	Walls
		Timber frames
	External envelope
		External walls
			Strength and stability
			Weather exclusion
			Thermal insulation
			Sound insulation
			Durability
			Fire resistance
			Appearance
			Access and egress
		Internal walls
			Masonry partitions
			Timber-frame or stud partitions
			Demountable partitions
			Proprietary systems (Paramount)
	Roofs
		Basic roof forms
			Roof components
		Flat roofs
	Materials
		Properties of materials
		Aggregates
		Cement
		Concrete
		Lime
		Mortars
			Purpose
		Bricks
			Variety
				Facing bricks
				Commons
				Engineering bricks
				Refractories
			Quality
			Type
			Calcium silicate bricks
			Concrete bricks
			Refractories
			Purpose-made bricks
		Blocks
			Concrete blocks
			Special blocks
				Load-bearing
				Non-load-bearing
			Foundation blocks
			Clay blocks
			Specials
		Stone
		Insulation
			Fibreglass
			Polystyrene
			Rock fibre
			Vermiculite
		Characteristics of materials
			Compression
			Density
			Durability
			Flexibility
			Strength
			Porosity
			Conductivity
			Expansion
	Building defects
		Poor design
		External effects
			Dampness
			Moisture
			Chemical attack
			Fungal attack
				Wet rot
				Dry rot
			Insect attack
				Common furniture beetle
				Powder post beetle
				House longhorn beetle
				Death-watch beetle
			Protection
				Wood preservation and protection
	Material records
		Principles of materials handling and control
			Planning material deliveries
			Ordering the materials
				Contractor's orders
			Checking deliveries on site
			Storing materials on site
			Processing delivery tickets and invoices
				Material transfers
			Controlling the use of materials
				Storage control
					Deliveries
					Stock rotation
					Withdrawals
					Security
					Cleanliness
					Safety
					Minimizing waste
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Construction technology
5. Moving and Handling Resources
	Complying with product information
		Material characteristics
			Bulk material
			Hazardous materials
			Fragile or perishable materials
			Miscellaneous
		Material identification and limitations of use
			Aggregates
			Bagged materials
				Portland cement
				Lime
			Timber materials
			Softwoods
				Hardwoods
			Sheet materials
				Boards
				Plywood
				Particleboards
				Hardboard
				Insulation board
				Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
				Blockboard
				Laminboard
				Battenboard
				Plasterboard
			Steel reinforcement
			Containerized materials
				Paint
				Petrol, diesel and oil
			Rolled material
			Boxed materials
				Fixings
				Ironmongery
		Sources of information
		Interpreting technical information
			Manufacturers' technical information
			Oral information
			Written information
				Tables, graphs and charts
				Specification
				Schedule
				Textbooks
				Building regulations
				British standard specifications
				British standard codes of practice
				Agrüment certificate
				Drawings
	Component characteristics and limitations of use
		Identifying and selecting components
			Bricks
			Blocks
			Drainage pipes
			Concrete units
				Concrete kerbs
				Concrete paving slabs
				Concrete lintels
		Roofing tiles
			Flat packs
			Kitchen units
	Safe work practices
		Summary of regulations
		Common injuries
			To the back/muscles
			To the skin
			To limbs
			Strains and twists
		Handling materials safely
		Lifting gear
		Mechanical lifting and moving machinery
			Mechanical equipment
		Personnel protective equipment
	Storing, stacking and protecting materials and components
		Objectives of storage
		Purpose of storage
		Storage control
			Deliveries
			Stock rotation
			Withdrawals
			Security
			Cleanliness
			Safety
		Site storage
			Site compound
			Site stores
			Storage areas
			Workshop/yard storage
		Material storage
			Aggregates
			Bagged materials
			Bricks, blocks and stone
			Drainage materials
			Concrete goods
			Roofing tiles
			Ceramic tiles
			Sheet materials
				Plywood
				Plasterboard
			Timber lengths
			Paints and flammable liquids
			Containerized items
			Rolled materials
	Minimizing damage and waste
		Disposal of materials from heights
		Hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and debris
		Removal of waste
		How do I know what to do?
			Steps to be taken if the duty of care affects you
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Moving and handling resources
6. Solid Walls and Piers
	Interpretation of information
		Sources of information
		Information
	Safe work practices
		Abrasive wheels/stone saws
		Cutting with power tools
		Portable power tools
		Electricity
			Electricity supply
			Site distribution
			Plugs, sockets and outlets and couplers
			Cables and wires
			Wiring for plugs
			Electric circuit breakers
	Selection of resources
		Setting out materials
	Minimizing risks
		Transporting bricks
	Meeting the contract specification
		Bonding solid walls - recap on basic rules
			Bonding of brickwork
			Principles of bonding
			Dimensions
			Setting out facework in a wall without openings
			Setting out bonds
			Dry bonding
			Quoins
			Damp-proof course
			Tingles
			Collar joint
			Stretcher course
			Header course
			Perpends
			Solid brick walls
			Basic skills for one-brick walls
			English bond
			Flemish bond
			General bonds for one-brick walls
				Header bond
				English bond
				Straight walls: Flemish bond
				Straight walls: Dutch bond
				Garden wall bonds
				English garden wall bond
				Flemish garden wall bond
			Setting out bonds
				Broken bond
				Stretcher bond
				English bond
				Flemish bond
				Garden wall bonds
				English garden wall bond
				Flemish garden wall bond
				Reverse bond
				English bond
				Flemish bond
			Boundary walls
			Detached piers
				Possible problems with piers
				Hollow piers
				Construction
				Overcoming problems
				Solid English bond piers
				Flemish bond piers
				Construction of English bond piers
				Attached piers
			Construction of boundary walls
				Stretcher bond
				Solid brick walls
				Ramps
				Cutting to rake
				Deadman
				Procedure for marking and cutting bricks to rake
			Gate pillars
				Hollow piers
				Fixing for gates
				Fixing as the work proceeds
			Copings
				Materials
				Bricks
				Precast concrete copings
				Lime staining
				Positioning copings
				Brick capping
				Construction
			Decorative features
				String courses
				Construction
				Oversailing courses
			Reinforcement
			Vertical movement joints
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Solid walls
7. Constructing Cavity Walls with Openings
	Building information
		Definition of cavity walls
	Purpose of cavity walls
		Building Regulations
		Function of cavity walls
		Constructional requirements
		Advantages of cavity wall construction
		Disadvantages of cavity wall construction
	Adopting safe and healthy working practices
		Personal protective equipment
		Manual handling of materials
			Movement of materials
		Working at heights
			General safety
			Access
			Guardrails and toeboards
	Selecting materials, components and equipment
		Bricks and blocks
		Wall ties
		Air bricks
		Thermal insulation
		Door and window frames
	Construction of cavity walls
		Setting out bonds in cavity walls
			Dry bonding
			Reveals
			Broken bond
			Reverse bond
		Erecting quoins in cavity walls
		Thermal insulation
		Coring holes
		Openings
		Jambs
		Reveals
		Sills
		Thresholds
		Damp-proof course cavity trays
		Weep holes
		Cavity details at eaves level
		Openings
			Purpose
		Frames
			Frames built in as the work proceeds
				Fixing frames
			Fixing frames after the wall is completed
				Temporary frames
			Pinch Rod
			Protection of frames
		Junction walls
		Bonding to brick walls
		Extensions to cavity walling
		Vertical movement joints
		Brick corbels
		Cutting to rake
		Deadman
		Procedure for raking cutting
			Alternative method, if sliding bevel is not available
		Procedure for marking and cutting bricks to rake
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Cavity walls
8. Cladding to Timber, Steel and Concrete Frames
	Building information
		Definition of cladded walls
		Functions of cladded structures
		Design qualities
		Constructional requirements
	Adopting safe and healthy working practices
	Resources
		Bricks
		Blocks
		Lintels
		Barriers to damp
		Cavity trays
		Components
			Window and door frames
			Cavity wall insulation slabs
			Expansion joints
			Fixings
			Reinforcement
			Air bricks and cavity liners
			Mortar
	Cladding brickwork
		Framed structures
			Timber frames
				Brick cladding
			Concrete frames
				Support for brick cladding
				Pistol bricks
				Brick panels
				Vertical movement joints
			Steel frames
				Panel walls to steel frames
			Brick piers and columns
				Hollow piers
	Modern methods of construction
		New developments
			Structural insulated panels (SIPs)
			Modular
			Prefabricated buildings
			Timber frame
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Cladding
9. Thin Joint Masonry
	Thin joint masonry information
		Manufacturers' information
	Adopting safe and healthy working conditions
	Resources
		Blocks
		Mortar
			Thin joint mortar
		Tools and equipment
	Thin joint blockwork
		Benefits of the thin joint system
			Speed
			Quality
			Flexibility
		Applications of thin joint systems
			Cavity walls
			Solid external walls
			Partitions
			Separating walls
				Building thin joint systems
			Plumbing blockwork
			Laying to line
			Bonding
				Broken bond
				Reverse bond
			Junction walls
			Cavity walls
			Wall ties
			Insulation
			Movement joints
			Reinforcement
			Openings
			Lintels
			Damp-proof courses
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Thin joint masonry
10. Bridging Openings with Lintels and Arches
	Building information
		Description and brief history
	Lintels
		Definition
		Reinforced concrete lintels
			Precast lintels
			Factory-made reinforced concrete lintels
			Prestressed concrete plank lintels
			Cast in situ lintels
			Bedding lintels
		Steel lintels
			Internal steel lintels
			External steel lintels
			Lintel bearings
		Reinforced brick lintel
	Brick arches
		Terminology
		Arch types
			Rough ringed arch
			Axed arches
			Gauged arches
			Semi-circular arches
				Geometry of semi-circular arches
				Constructing a semi-circular arch
			Segmental arches
				Geometry of segmental arches
				Cutting skewbacks
				Constructing a segmental arch
			Relieving or discharging arch
	Types of support
		Turning piece
		Arch centres
		Modern methods
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Bridging openings
11. Domestic Drainage
	Interpreting technical information
		Information sources
			Written
				Manufacturers' technical information
			Oral
			Drawings
				Understanding drawings
		Production drawings
			Location drawings
				Block plans
				Site plans
				Location plans
			Component drawings
				Range drawings
			Assembly drawings
		Schedules
		Taking off quantities
		Quantities of materials
			Examples
				Bricks
					Example 1
					Answer 1
				Concrete
					Example 2
					Answer 2
				Drainage
					Example 3
					Answer 3
				Gradients
					Example 4
					Answer 4
					Example 5
					Answer 5
	Safe working practices
	Material and component suitability
		Drainage pipes
		Inspection chamber covers
		Inspection chambers (manholes)
			Mortar for constructing inspection chambers
				Cement and sand
				Plasticizers
				Accelerators
			Selection of mortar
	Drainage systems
		Definitions
			Drain
			Private sewer
			Public sewers
			Sewage
		Types of water
			Surface water
			Foul water
		Systems
			Combined system
			Separate system
			Partially separate system
		Pipes
			Clay pipes
				Joints
			Rigid joints
			Flexible joints
		Bedding
			Flexible bedding
			UPVC (plastic) pipes
		Fittings
		Laying drains
			Gradients
				Method 1
				Method 2: Boning rods
				Method 3: Sight rails
			Access points
			Brick inspection chambers
			Construction of inspection chambers
			Rodding eye
			Plastic inspection chambers
				Precast concrete inspection chambers
			Plastic inspection chambers
			Precast concrete manholes
		Drain testing
			Equipment and procedure for carrying out the air test
			Procedure for carrying out the smoke test
			Procedure for carrying out the water test
				Example 6
		Testing inspection chambers
		Backfilling
	Disposal of sewage in rural areas
		Cesspools
		Cesspit
		Septic tanks
		Soakaways
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Domestic drainage
12. Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
	Chapter 1. The Construction Industry (Community Buildings)
	Chapter 2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry
	Chapter 3. Communication and Records
	Chapter 4. Construction Technology
	Chapter 5. Moving and Handling Resources
	Chapter 6. Solid Walls and Piers
	Chapter 7. Constructing Cavity Walls with Openings
	Chapter 8. Cladding to Timber, Steel and Concrete Frames
	Chapter 9. Thin Joint Masonry
	Chapter 10. Bridging Openings with Lintels and Arches
	Chapter 11. Domestic Drainage
Index