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ویرایش: سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9789264416468, 9264416463 ناشر: سال نشر: 2021 تعداد صفحات: 174 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 6 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Brick by brick : building better housing policies به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب آجر به آجر: ایجاد سیاست های مسکن بهتر نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Acknowledgments Executive Summary 1 Designing Policies for Efficient, Inclusive and Sustainable Housing Housing has become less affordable Housing costs have risen faster than other consumption expenditures Rising housing costs put a disproportionate burden on low-income households Why have housing costs risen so much in so many countries? Supply has not kept up with demand Governments are investing less in housing development Housing affects economic performance in many ways Housing markets play a paramount role in the economy Greater access to housing finance creates opportunities and risks Residential mobility yields important benefits but may be hindered by poorly functioning housing markets Housing affects inequalities Lack of access to quality housing can have lasting distributional effects Housing is an integral part of household wealth Housing has sizeable environmental consequences Housing accounts for a substantial share of global CO2 emissions Complex links tie housing and environmental quality What can governments do? Building on complementarities among policy objectives Well-designed social housing can improve affordability along with other policy objectives. Tax reforms can bring economic, social and environmental benefits Reforming land-use regulations can yield multiple benefits Urban renovation policies are important for environmental and social objectives Managing trade-offs and unintended policy effects Some trade-offs involve balancing short- against long-term affordability Some macro-prudential measures raise challenges for particular groups Efforts to improve the environmental sustainability of housing can entail costs Improve housing policy governance to facilitate integrated responses to trade-offs Annex 1.A1. Definitions and sources of indicators References Notes 2 Promoting Housing Affordability Assess housing affordability across different tenure and household types Housing is the biggest spending item in household budgets Housing costs have steadily increased, especially for renters Quality gaps exacerbate the housing affordability challenge, especially among low-income households Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, homelessness was on the rise in a third of OECD countries National averages mask differences in affordability gaps across people and regions Address the barriers to affordable housing Governments are investing less in housing development Building homes is increasingly expensive Demand for affordable housing is growing and changing Make housing more affordable Reinvigorate investment in affordable and social housing Improve targeting of public support towards low-income households, with attention to potential trade-offs Make the private rental market more affordable 3 Enhancing Resilience Recognise the role of housing for economic stability Address housing threats to macroeconomic resilience Deploy macroprudential tools Align structural housing-related policies with the goal of economic resilience Rental market regulation influences housing cycles Property taxation can also have an effect on housing market dynamics Supply responsiveness also has implications for economic resilience References Notes 4 Boosting Housing Market Efficiency Make housing affordable Rising house prices create socio-economic challenges Policies affect both demand for and supply of housing Housing policies differ markedly across countries Demand for housing will continue to increase substantially in most countries Learn from other countries’ housing policies Foster societal, technological and environmental transformations Reduce structural disruptions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic Favour the transition towards greener and smarter cities References Notes 5 Measuring the Role of Housing in the Distribution of Wealth Quantify the importance of housing wealth in household balance sheets Housing represents the largest asset in household portfolios Housing debt is the largest liability in household portfolios Analyse the link between housing and wealth inequality Housing tenure varies largely across countries Housing features prominently in household balance sheets Weigh opportunities and risks of housing debt Access to mortgage debt is a key driver of homeownership High housing debt exposes households to financial vulnerabilities References Notes 6 Lifting Obstacles to Residential Mobility Do not hinder residential mobility Housing matters for mobility and homeowners are much less mobile than renters Embrace policies that favour residential mobility Reduce housing transaction costs Remove bottlenecks to responsive housing supply Reform excessively rigid rental market regulations Invest in social housing References Notes 7 Reconciling Housing and the Environment Recognise the strong environmental impact of housing Identify policies that lead to improvements in environmental quality and housing affordability Environmentally related construction practices and energy efficiency measures affect construction and maintenance costs Environmentally related transport policies affect both demand and supply of housing Anticipate the impact of housing policies on the environment Property taxes can induce urban sprawl with negative consequences on the environment, but also be leveraged to reduce the environmental impact of development Coordination between the different levels of government is necessary to reconcile the objectives of housing affordability and environment preservation Environmental policies also affect other dimensions Use cost-benefit analysis Re-evaluate the stringency of land-use policies Invest in public transport and soft mobility Consider tailored compensation mechanisms in case of hard trade-offs References Notes 8 Improving the Governance of Housing Streamline governance across and within government levels The shared governance of social housing between central and local government should be used to combine local adequacy with portability Effective alignment of objectives across levels of government is essential in the area of land-use Strategic spatial plans spanning functional territories are needed to introduce mechanisms for better inter-municipal collaboration National governments have a role to play in land-use governance National housing governance needs to overcome sectoral silos Promote flexible land-use planning Land-use planning contributes to shaping cities and driving housing affordability Avoid restrictive zoning regulation and single-use zoning Regularly re-evaluate urban boundaries as needed Increasing the flexibility of land-use allows housing construction to adapt to changing socio-economic and demographic trends Use of recurrent taxes on immovable property can promote efficient land-use, yet interactions with land-use regulation may limit their ability to increase density Annex 8.A1. Definitions 9 Upgrading the Evidence Base Collect more data on house price trends and levels across countries House price indices measure developments over time taking account of quality changes Coverage is extensive at the national level Coverage has expanded but remains more limited at the regional level House price levels are a key area for future work A measurement agenda for house price statistics is emerging Better assess housing vulnerability among households Develop more robust data on evictions Homelessness is challenging to measure and compare across countries A measurement agenda is called for to improve the evidence base on eviction and homelessness Measure local land-use regulations Measuring land-use regulations poses significant challenges Towards internationally comparable data on local land-use planning policies References Notes