Breast Cancer and Gynecologic Cancer Rehabilitation

Title-page_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitation
	Breast Cancer and Gynecologic Cancer Rehabilitation
Copyright_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitation
	Copyright
Contents_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitation
	Contents
Dedication_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitation
	Dedication
List-of-Contributors_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitatio
	List of Contributors
Preface_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitation
	Preface
Chapter-1---Cascade-of-Disability-in-Bre_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-
	1 Cascade of Disability in Breast and Gynecologic Cancer
		Introduction
		Assessment of Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Patient with a Focus on Physical Impairments and Loss of Function
		Cascade of Disability
		Return to Work in Breast and Gynecologic Cancers
		Rehabilitation of Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Patients—A Holistic Approach
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-2---Practice-Implementation--Clinica_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecolo
	2 Practice Implementation, Clinical Assessment, and Outcomes Measurement
		Introduction
		Prospective Surveillance Model
			Screening and Assessment Measures
		Breast
		Pelvic Floor
		Common Cancer Treatment–Related Impairments
		Practice Implementation
		Summary
		Key Research Questions
		References
Chapter-3---Exercise-While-Living-With-Br_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic
	3 Exercise While Living With Breast and Gynecological Cancers
		Introduction
		Types of Exercise
		Exercise Positively Influences Breast and Gynecological Cancer Prevention, Treatment, Survival and Recurrence
			Treatment
			Survival and Recurrence
		Exercise Guidelines
		General Safety Considerations
		Barriers to Exercise/Adherence
		Medical and Surgical Complications of Breast Cancer: Exercise Benefits, Safety Considerations, and Barriers
			Cancer-Related Fatigue
			Altered Body Composition: Obesity and Cachexia
		Bone Health
			Bone Metastases
		Osteopenia/Osteoporosis
			Cardiovascular Health
			Cytopenias
			Chemotherapy-Related Neurotoxicity
			Postsurgical Limitations
			Medical Devices
		Arm and Shoulder Dysfunction
			Lymphedema
		Axillary Web Syndrome
			Radiation Related
			Psychosocial
		Conclusion
		Patient Resources
		References
Chapter-4---Cancer-Related-Fatigue-in-Br_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-
	4 Cancer-Related Fatigue in Breast and Gynecologic Cancers
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Mechanisms
			Inflammatory
			Cellular
			Endocrine
			Additional Factors
		Risk Factors
			Psychosocial and Behavioral
			Medical and Treatment-Related Characteristics
			Other Risk Factors
		Screening
		Approach to Patient With Cancer-Related Fatigue
			Assessment
		Physical Exam
		Laboratory Studies
		Other Diagnostic Testing
		Treatment
		Nonpharmacologic
			Education and Counseling
		Exercise
		Nutrition
		Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		Pharmacologic
		Cancer-Related Fatigue and Prehabilitation
		Cancer-Related Fatigue and Hospice/End of Life
		Proposed Multidimensional Approach
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-5---Nutritional-Rehabilitation-of-B_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecolog
	5 Nutritional Rehabilitation of Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Patients
		Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
		Estimating Energy Needs for Cancer Patients
		Obesity and Cancer Risk
		Dietary Interventions for Overweight and Obese Cancer Patient and Survivors
		Diet Composition
		Counseling Strategies
		The Role of Bariatric Surgery in Weight Management for Breast and Gynecological Cancers
		Diet and Inflammation
		How Can We Fight Inflammation Through Food?
			Phytochemicals
			Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
			Vegetables and Fruits
		Mediterranean Diet As an Antiinflammatory Diet
		Dietary Recommendations for Cancer Patients and Survivors
		The Link Between Ethanol and Breast Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-6---A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Psychoso_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gyne
	6 A Comprehensive Approach to Psychosocial Distress and Anxiety in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
		Background
		Definition of Distress and Anxiety
		Distress and Anxiety in the Breast and Gynecological Cancer Populations
		The Importance of Psychosocial Screening and Intervention
		Psychosocial Needs in the Breast and Gynecological Cancer Populations
			Distress and Anxiety in Early-Stage Disease
			Impact on Progress and Treatment Adherence
			Fear of Recurrence
			Sexual Dysfunction and Altered Body Image
			Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Breast and Gynecological Cancers
			Metastatic Breast Cancer
			Men With Breast Cancer
			Caregiver Needs
		Screening for Distress and Anxiety
			Screening as Preventative Medicine
			Oncology Stakeholders and Standards for Distress Screening
				American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer
				The National Comprehensive Cancer Network
				American Society of Clinical Oncology’s Quality Oncology Practice Initiative
		Implementation of Psychosocial Screening of Distress and Anxiety
			Screening Tools
			Suicide Risk
		Interventions for Management of Distress and Anxiety
			Pharmacological Management
			Psychological/Psychiatric Interventions
				Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
				Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
				Psychoeducation
			Mind–Body Practices
				Meditation
				Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
				Yoga
			Other Considerations for Interventions
				Sexual Health Counseling
				Prehabilitation
				Telemedicine
				Caregiver Support and Education
				Timing of Intervention
		Overcoming Challenges
			Rescreening
			Resource Management
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-7---Prehabilitation-in-Breast-a_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-C
	7 Prehabilitation in Breast and Gynecologic Oncology
		Introduction
		Goals of Prehabilitation
		Breast Cancer Prehabilitation
			Neuropathy
			Lymphedema
			Axillary Web Syndrome
			Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome
			Mental and Physical Fatigue
			Prehabilitation Recommendations
		Gynecologic Cancer Prehabilitation
			Lower Limb Lymphedema
			Sexual Dysfunction
			Pelvic Floor, Urinary, and Fecal Dysfunction
			Pain
			Prehabilitation Recommendations
		Recommendations for Prehabilitation and Future Directions
		References
Chapter-8---Systemic-Therapy-for-the-Tr_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-C
	8 Systemic Therapy for the Treatment of Breast Cancer
		Introduction
		Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Workup
		Nonmetastatic Versus Metastatic Breast Cancer
		Systemic Treatment by Receptor Status
		Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
			Nonmetastatic
			Metastatic
			Toxicities
				Endocrine Therapy
				Targeted Therapy
		Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer
			Nonmetastatic
			Metastatic
			Toxicities
		Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
			Nonmetastatic
			Metastatic
			Toxicities
				Chemotherapy
				Atezolizumab
				PARP Inhibitors
		Conclusion
		Patient Resources
		References
Chapter-9---Principles-of-Radiation-Th_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Ca
	9 Principles of Radiation Therapy in Breast Cancer
		Introduction
		Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
		Types of Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer
		Partial Breast Irradiation
			Radiation Dose in Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation
		Whole Breast Irradiation
		Breast or Chest Wall Irradiation, Including Regional Lymph Nodes
		The Patient Experience in the Radiation Oncology Department
			Simulation
			Daily Treatment
		Radiation Therapy Adverse Effects
			Acute Effects
			Subacute Effects
			Late Effects
		Radiation Effects on the Skin and Breast
			Lymphedema
			Brachial Plexopathy
		Myositis and Shoulder Dysfunction
			Radiation Pneumonitis
			Cardiac-Related Complications
			Other Late Effects of Radiation Therapy
		Implications for Rehabilitation Medicine
		Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter-10---Breast-Cancer-S_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehab
	10 Breast Cancer Surgery
		Introduction
			Age and Gender
			Family History and Genetic Factors
			Personal History of Breast Cancer
			Benign Breast Disease
			Race and Ethnicity
			Reproductive and Hormonal Factors
		Lifestyle and Dietary Factors
			Socioeconomic Status
			Geographic Residence
			Weight
			Physical Activity
			Alcohol
			Fat Intake
			Caffeine
			Smoking
				Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
				Environmental Factors
		Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
			Surgical Management of Breast Cancer
				Breast Conservation
				Mastectomy
				Breast Reconstruction
				Axillary Lymph Node Assessment
		Description of How the Surgeries Are Performed
			Lumpectomy
			Mastectomy
			Lymph Node Surgery
				Implications of Rehabilitation
				Patient Education
				Areas of Future Research
		Conclusion
		Patient Resources
		References
Chapter-11---Reconstructive-Surgery-and-Po_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologi
	11 Reconstructive Surgery and Postoperative Care for Breast Cancer
		Introduction
		Anatomy
		Preoperative Evaluation and Patient Assessment
		Procedures
		Postoperative Care and Patient Education
		Conclusion
		Patient Resources
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter-12---Rehabilitation-of-the-Cancer-_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologi
	12 Rehabilitation of the Cancer Patient With Skeletal Metastasis
		Introduction
		Background
			Pathophysiology
			Pharmaceuticals and Other Therapies
		Orthopedic Oncology Procedures
			Pathologic Fracture Management
			Limitations and Risks
		Recommendations for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
			Noninvasive Predictors of Pathologic Fracture
			Prevention of Pathologic Fracture Through Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
			Pain Management
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-13---Shoulder-Dysfunction-i_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cance
	13 Shoulder Dysfunction in Breast Cancer
		Introduction
		Anatomy and Biomechanics
		Patient Assessment
			History and Self-Reported Function
			Physical Examination
				Inspection
				Palpation
				Range of Motion
				Motor Exam
			Sensory
		Tumor-Related Impairments
		Surgical-Related Impairments
			Conserving Surgery
			Mastectomy
			Lymph Node Dissection
			Breast Reconstructive Surgery
		Radiation Impairments
		Imaging
			Radiography
			Ultrasound
			MRI
			Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography Scan
		Shoulder Rehabilitation
			Medications
			Injections
			Therapy
			Other Treatments
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-14---Role-of-Interventional-Pain_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-
	14 Role of Interventional Pain Management in Breast Cancer
		Introduction
		Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome
		Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome
		Postreconstruction Pain
		Interventional Pain Techniques
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-15---Aromatase-Inhibitor-Musc_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Can
	15 Aromatase Inhibitor Musculoskeletal Syndrome
		Introduction
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aromatase Inhibitor Musculoskeletal Syndrome
			Estrogen Deprivation
			Tenosynovial Pathology
			Autoimmunity
				Clinical Characteristics
				Noncompliance
				Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Medications
				Role of Rehabilitation Medicine
				Exercise
				Prophylaxis
			Risk Factors
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-16---Systemic-Therapy-for-Gyne_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Ca
	16 Systemic Therapy for Gynecologic Malignancies
		Introduction
		Ovarian Cancer
		Relapsed Disease
		Platinum Resistance
		BRCA Mutation
		Uterine Cancer
		Cervical Cancer
		Vaginal and Vulvar Cancer
		Uterine Sarcomas
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-17---Principles-of-Radiation-The_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-
	17 Principles of Radiation Therapy in Gynecologic Cancer
		General Overview of Radiation Therapy
			Vaginal Side Effects
			Ovarian Dysfunction
			Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
			Lymphedema
			Bone
		Cancer Surveillance
		References
Chapter-18---Surgical-Gynecologi_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-R
	18 Surgical Gynecologic Oncology
		Introduction
		Anatomy
		Endometrial Carcinoma
			Introduction and Epidemiology
			Diagnosis and Staging
			Surgery
			Lymphadenectomy
			Sentinel Lymph Node Staging
			Fertility preservation
			Minimally Invasive Surgery
			Cervical Carcinoma
				Introduction and Epidemiology
				Staging
				Surgery—Radical Hysterectomy
				Ovarian Preservation
				Stage IA, Cervix Cancer and Fertility
				Stage IA2
				Stages IB1, IB2, and IIA1
				Complications and side effects associated with surgery and/or pelvic radiation
				Total Pelvic Exenteration
			Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma
				Epidemiology
				Diagnosis and Staging
					Surgery for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
				Staging Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
				Surgery—Debulking and Cytoreduction
				Chemotherapy
			Surgery for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Ovarian Stromal Tumors
			Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Paget’s Disease of Vulva and Vulvar Carcinoma
				Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia
				Paget’s Disease of Vulva
				Vulvar Carcinoma
			Types of Vulvectomy
				Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection
				Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
			Complications and Side Effects of Vulvar Surgery
			Pelvic Exenteration
			Vulvar Reconstruction
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-19---Pelvic-Floor-Dysfunction-_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Ca
	19 Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Gynecologic Cancer
		Introduction
		Pelvic Floor Evaluation: Assessing Systems
			Pelvic Floor Musculoskeletal System
				Anatomy and Physiology
				Assessing Muscle Function of the Pelvic Floor
			Bladder/Urinary System
				Anatomy and Physiology
				Assessing Bladder Function
			Anorectal/Bowel Function
				Anatomy and Physiology
				Assessing Bowel Function
			Genitalia and Sexual Health
				Anatomy and Physiology
				Assessing Sexual Function
		Rehabilitation: Treating Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
			Education
				Behavioral Modifications
				Diet and Fluid Intake
				Self-Care
			Exercise
				Strength, Endurance, and Power
				Core Stabilization and Postural Control Strategies
				Stretching and Down Training
				Pelvic Floor Precautions and Prolapse
			Biofeedback
				Strengthening With Biofeedback
				Coordination and Sequencing
				Down Training With Biofeedback
			Electrical Stimulation
			Manual Therapy
			Vaginal Dilators
		Communicating Therapy Goals
		Summary
		References
Chapter-20---Cancer-Related-Cognitive-Impairm_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecol
	20 Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Management
		Introduction
			Pertinent Definitions and Terms
			Prevalence and Course of Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Breast and Gynecological Cancers
			Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Quality of Life and Function in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
		Structural and Functional Neuroanatomical Correlates of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment
		Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Breast or Gynecological Cancer
		Assessment of the Cancer Patient With Cognitive Impairment
		Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in Breast and Gynecological Cancer Patients
		Areas of Future Research
		Conclusion
		Patient Resources
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter-21---Lymphedema-in-Breast-and-_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Ca
	21 Lymphedema in Breast and Gynecologic Oncology
		Introduction
		Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
		Pathophysiology of Lymphedema
		Risk Factors
			Breast Cancer
			Other Risk Factors
			Gynecologic Cancer
			Obesity
		The Assessment of the Patient With Lymphedema
			Medical Chart Review
			Lymphedema History
			Physical Examination
		Staging and Diagnosis
			Staging
			Diagnosis
			Water Displacement
			Circumferential Measurements
			Perometry
			Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
			Near-Infrared Fluorescent Lymphography
			Self-Report/Subjective Symptoms
			Additional Diagnostic Measures
			Screening and Prevention
		Treatment
			Complete Decongestive Therapy
			Manual Lymphatic Drainage
			Compression
			Compression Garments
			Intermittent Pneumatic Compression
			Exercise
			Low-Level Laser Therapy
			Kinesiology Taping
		Surgical Treatment for Lymphedema
		Education
		Risk Reduction Behaviors
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-22---Peripheral-Nervous-System-Invol_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecolo
	22 Peripheral Nervous System Involvement in Breast and Gynecologic Cancers
		Introduction
		Direct Neuromuscular Effects
			Mononeuropathy
			Plexopathy
			Radiculopathy
			Leptomeningeal Disease
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes
			Peripheral Neuropathy
			Stiff-Person Syndrome
		Treatment Related
			Chemotherapy
				Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
			Radiation
				Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexopathy
				Radiation-Induced Lumbosacral Plexopathy
			Surgery
				Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome
				Debulking Surgery
		Indirect Nerve Injuries
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-23---Inpatient-Rehabilitation-for-B_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecolog
	23 Inpatient Rehabilitation for Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Patients
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Reason for Admission to Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation
		Inpatient Rehabilitation Management
			Localized Surgical Resection
			Intracranial Metastatic Disease
			Spinal Metastatic Disease
			Bony Metastatic Disease/Pathologic Fractures
		Other Common Impairments
			Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
			Lymphedema
			Additional Symptoms/Conditions
		Therapeutic Interventions
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-24---Palliative-Care-and-Symptom-Mana_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecol
	24 Palliative Care and Symptom Management in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
		Comprehensive Patient Assessment
		Pain Management
		General Guidelines for Pharmacological Pain Management
		Nausea
		Constipation
		Malignant Bowel Obstruction
		Anorexia Cachexia Syndrome
		Depression and Anxiety
		Medical Cannabis
		Spiritual Issues and Existential Distress
		Advance Care Planning and End-of-Life
		The Role of Rehabilitation in the Palliative Care Setting
		Conclusion
		Patient Resources
		References
Chapter-25---Fertility-Preservation-in-the-Setti_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gyne
	25 Fertility Preservation in the Setting of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers and Cancer Treatment
		Introduction
		How Does Cancer Therapy Affect Fertility?
		Systemic Treatments: Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy, Antihormonal Therapy
			Chemotherapy
			Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
			Antihormonal Therapy
			Radiation Therapy
		Options for Fertility Preservation
			Fertility-Sparing Surgery
		Endometrial Cancer
		Cervical Cancer
		Ovarian Cancer
			Oocyte or Embryo Cryopreservation
				Ovarian Stimulation
				Oocyte Retrieval
			Ovarian Tissue Freezing
			Ovarian Suppression
			Assessment of Ovarian Function After Therapy
		Sexual Education During and Postcancer Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-26---Oncology-Massage-Therapy-in-_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic
	26 Oncology Massage Therapy in Breast and Gynecologic Cancers
		Introduction
		History
		Complementary Versus Alternative Therapy
		Benefits of Oncology Massage Therapy
		Contraindications to Massage Therapy
		Massage Techniques
		Patient Assessment
		Precautions in Oncology Massage Therapy
		Massage Treatment Session
		Conclusion
		References
Index_2021_Breast-Cancer-and-Gynecologic-Cancer-Rehabilitation
	Index