Brazilian Sandy Beaches (Brazilian Marine Biodiversity)

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Physical Characteristics of Brazilian Sandy Beaches
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Coastal Processes
	1.3 Beach Types and States
	1.4 Brazilian Coastal Regions
		1.4.1 Region 1: Tide-Dominated Amazon Delta Coast
		1.4.2 Region 2: Tide-Dominated Beaches, Barriers, and Estuaries of Pará-Maranhão
		1.4.3 Region 3: Northeastern Tide-Modified Beach and Barrier-Dune Coast
		1.4.4 Region 4: Eastern Beachrock Coast
		1.4.5 Region 5: Eastern Wave-Dominated Deltaic Coast
		1.4.6 Region 6: Southeast Wave-Dominated Rocky-Embayed Coast
		1.4.7 Region 7: Wave-Dominated Beaches and Barrier Coast of Rio Grande do Sul
	1.5 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 2: Primary Producers
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Microalgae Studies in Brazilian Sandy Beaches
	2.3 Microalgae Biomass and Distribution
		2.3.1 Inorganic Nutrients, Chlorophyll a, and Primary Production
		2.3.2 Biodiversity
	2.4 Harmful Algae
	2.5 Macroalgae
	2.6 Beach Eutrophication: The Case of Camboriú Beach
	2.7 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Meiofauna Biodiversity
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Spatial Patterns
	3.3 Temporal Patterns
	3.4 Biodiversity
		3.4.1 Copepoda
		3.4.2 Nematoda
		3.4.3 Annelida
		3.4.4 Tardigrada
		3.4.5 Gastrotricha
		3.4.6 Kinorhyncha
		3.4.7 Other Groups
	3.5 Meiofauna and Environmental Impacts
	3.6 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Benthic Invertebrate Macrofauna
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Diversity and Ecology of Brazilian Sandy Beach Macrofauna
		4.2.1 Annelida (Polychaetes)
		4.2.2 Mollusca
			4.2.2.1 Gastropoda
			4.2.2.2 Bivalvia
		4.2.3 Crustacea
		4.2.4 Insecta
		4.2.5 Echinodermata
	4.3 Adaptations of Sandy Beach Macrofauna
		4.3.1 Locomotion
		4.3.2 Excavation
		4.3.3 Rhythmic Behavior
		4.3.4 Orientation
		4.3.5 Feeding, Breathing, and Reproduction
	4.4 Spatial Patterns of Sandy Beach Macrofauna
		4.4.1 Macroscale Patterns
		4.4.2 Mesoscale Patterns
		4.4.3 Microscale Patterns
	4.5 Ecological and Economic Importance
	4.6 Brazilian Sandy Beach Macrofauna: Current Knowledge and Scientific Gaps
	4.7 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Vertebrate Biodiversity
	5.1 Sandy Beach as a Habitat for Vertebrates
	5.2 Sandy Beach Biodiversity
		5.2.1 Fishes
		5.2.2 Birds
		5.2.3 Sea Turtles
		5.2.4 Cetaceans
	5.3 Main Threats
		5.3.1 Urban Development
		5.3.2 Light and Sound Pollution
		5.3.3 Chemical Pollution
		5.3.4 Solid Wastes Pollution
		5.3.5 Harvest and Fishing
		5.3.6 Bycatch and Ghost Fishing
		5.3.7 Prey Depletion
	5.4 Conservation Challenges and Initiatives
	5.5 Research Gaps and Avenues for Future Studies
	5.6 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 6: Population Biology
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Population Parameters of Sandy Beach Species
		6.2.1 Abundance
		6.2.2 Recruitment
		6.2.3 Growth
		6.2.4 Biomass
		6.2.5 Secondary Production
		6.2.6 Turnover Rate (P/B Ratio)
		6.2.7 Longevity (Life Expectancy)
		6.2.8 Mortality
		6.2.9 Reproductive Cycle
		6.2.10 Fecundity and Mean Length at Sexual Maturity (L50)
	6.3 Studies on Brazilian Sandy Beaches
		6.3.1 Ocypode quadrata
		6.3.2 Emerita brasiliensis
		6.3.3 Anomalocardia Brasiliana (flexuosa)
		6.3.4 Callichirus major
		6.3.5 Olivella minuta
	6.4 Research Gaps and Avenues for Future Studies
	6.5 Final Remarks
	References
Untitled
Chapter 7: Biological Interactions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Biological Interactions
		7.2.1 Competition
		7.2.2 Predation
		7.2.3 Parasitism
		7.2.4 Positive Interactions
	7.3 Trophic Interactions
		7.3.1 Trophic Guilds
		7.3.2 Scavengers
		7.3.3 Detritivory
		7.3.4 Trophic Webs
	7.4 Interactions Between Macrofauna and Meiofauna
	7.5 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: Ecosystem Services
	8.1 Ecosystem Services
	8.2 Sandy Beaches Ecosystem Services
	8.3 Provisioning Services
	8.4 Supporting Services
	8.5 Regulating Services
	8.6 Cultural Services
	8.7 Identification and Valuation of Beach Services
	8.8 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 9: Threats and Impacts
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Direct Human Impacts
		9.2.1 Human Traffic
		9.2.2 Harvesting
		9.2.3 Fishing
		9.2.4 Urbanization
		9.2.5 Marine Litter
		9.2.6 Microplastics
		9.2.7 Beach Cleaning and Grooming
		9.2.8 Organic Pollution
		9.2.9 Trace Elements and Persistent Organic Pollutants
		9.2.10 Oil Spillage
	9.3 Climate Change Impacts
		9.3.1 Rising Temperatures
		9.3.2 Changes in Water Salinity and pH
		9.3.3 Extreme Weather Events
	9.4 Coastal Erosion, Armoring, and Beach Nourishment
	9.5 Indicator Species
	9.6 Mitigating Actions
	9.7 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 10: Beach Management and Conservation in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities
	10.1 The Importance of Sandy Beaches
	10.2 Conservation Status and Threats to Brazilian Sandy Beaches
	10.3 Beach Management in Brazil
		10.3.1 Brazilian Public Policies Directly Related to Beach Management
			10.3.1.1 The National Coastal Management Plan
			10.3.1.2 The Project for the Integrated Management of the Coastline
			10.3.1.3 The Second Wave of the Beach Management Municipalization Process
			10.3.1.4 The National Program for Coastline Conservation
			10.3.1.5 The Plan to Combat Marine Litter
		10.3.2 Sectoral Public Policies That Impact Beach Management
		10.3.3 Other Management Initiatives
	10.4 Challenges for Beach Management
		10.4.1 Promote Multilevel Governance
		10.4.2 Foster Policy Integration
		10.4.3 Implementation of Existing Policies and Instruments
		10.4.4 Promote Social Participation
		10.4.5 Guarantee the Necessary Resources
		10.4.6 Overcome Processes Discontinuity
	10.5 Moving Forward: A New Beach Management Approach
		10.5.1 Develop a New Approach to Science and Policy
		10.5.2 Find a Shared Working Language
		10.5.3 Apply a Holistic Approach to Identify Threats
		10.5.4 Apply Spatial Management Tools
		10.5.5 Promote Interplay Management
		10.5.6 Promote Learning and Adaptation
	10.6 Final Remarks
	References
Index