Brazilian Coral Reefs: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Brazilian Marine Biodiversity)

Preface
	Reference
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Morphology and Distribution of Reefs and Carbonate Buildups in the Southwestern South Atlantic
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Environmental Settings
		1.2.1 The Continental Shelf Morphology and Sedimentary Facies
		1.2.2 The Climatic and Oceanographic Settings
	1.3 Reef Morphology
		1.3.1 Cemented Terraces
		1.3.2 Fringing Reefs and Bank Reefs Attached to the Coast
		1.3.3 Patch Reefs and Coral Knolls
		1.3.4 Bank Reefs
		1.3.5 Pinnacle Reefs (“Chapeirão”)
		1.3.6 Shelf Edge Reefs
		1.3.7 Atoll
	1.4 Reefs in the Brazilian Ecoregions
		1.4.1 The North Brazil Shelf Province
		1.4.2 The Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Province
		1.4.3 The Warm Temperate South America Province
	1.5 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 2: History of Research About the Tropical Brazilian Coral Reef Systems
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Time Span of Reviewed Articles
		2.2.1 The New World of the Foreign Visitors
		2.2.2 The Presence of the Brazilian Researchers—The Evolution of Publications
	2.3 Spatial Distribution of Studied Reefs
	2.4 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Origins, Biogeography and Macroecology of the Southwestern Atlantic Reef Biodiversity
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Historical Biogeography of the Reef Biodiversity in the Atlantic Ocean
	3.3 Biogeographic Barriers and the Origin of Southwestern Atlantic Endemics
	3.4 Composition and Distribution of Fishes and Corals
	3.5 Macroecological Patterns of Reef Fish Biodiversity
	3.6 Final Remarks: Conservation of Brazilian Reef Biodiversity
	References
Chapter 4: Biology of Brazilian Benthic Reef Builders and Dwellers
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Scleractinian Corals and Milleporids
		4.2.1 General Biology, Morphology and Functional Role
		4.2.2 The Symbiotic Relationship
		4.2.3 Reproduction
		4.2.4 Adaptations to Local Environmental Conditions
		4.2.5 Physiological Responses to Stressors
		4.2.6 General Aspects of Other Reef Cnidarians
	4.3 Other Reef-Building Organisms
		4.3.1 Crustose Coralline Algae
		4.3.2 Bryozoans
		4.3.3 Vermetids
	4.4 Echinoderms
		4.4.1 General Biology, Morphology and Reproduction
		4.4.2 Functional Role
	4.5 Sponges
		4.5.1 General Biology, Morphology and Reproduction
		4.5.2 Functional Role
	4.6 Other Invertebrates
		4.6.1 Polychaetes
		4.6.2 Mollusks
		4.6.3 Crustaceans
		4.6.4 Ascidians
	4.7 Final Remaks: Perspective and Knowledge Gaps
	References
Chapter 5: Herbivory and Competition for Space
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Herbivory in Brazilian Coral Reefs
		5.2.1 Brazilian Algae-Eaters: A Diversity-Poor but Endemic-Rich System
		5.2.2 Herbivores Functional Roles in Brazil
	5.3 Competition for Space
		5.3.1 Brazilian Corals and Their Struggle for Space
		5.3.2 Who Competes for Space in Brazilian Coral Reefs?
		5.3.3 Competition Between Native Species
		5.3.4 The Interaction with Invasive Species
	5.4 Final Remarks: Impacts and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6: The Big Dwellers and Their Interactions
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Sharks and Rays
	6.3 Actinopterygian Fish
	6.4 Sea Turtles
	6.5 Marine Mammals
	6.6 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 7: Genetic and Demographic Connectivity in Brazilian Reef Environments
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Gene Flow Between Reefs—Connectivity in the Evolutionary Timescale
	7.3 Biophysical Context of Demographic Connectivity in the Tropical South Atlantic
	7.4 Reefs and Their Neighbors—Connectivity at the Scale of Individuals
		7.4.1 Ecological Connectivity
		7.4.2 Main Coastal Habitats
		7.4.3 Types of Migrations in Brazilian Seascapes
			7.4.3.1 Within-Habitat Movements
			7.4.3.2 Between-Habitat Movements: Fishes and Other Animals
	7.5 Connectivity in the Conservation Context: The Missing Parts in the Puzzle
	7.6 Final Remarks: The Way Forward
	References
Chapter 8: Food for Us
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Reefs and Connected Ecosystems: Most Caught Species’ Life Cycles
		8.2.1 Fisheries in Brazilian Coastal Reefs
	8.3 Contemporary Humans’ Impacts: Food security and Consumption
		8.3.1 (Un)Sustainable Fishing
	8.4 Reef Fishes: Social Stratification and Food Consumption
		8.4.1 Nutritional Value of Reef Fishing Resources
	8.5 Fishing Management
		8.5.1 Territoriality
	8.6 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 9: Biotechnology and Reef Environment
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Milestones in Marine Biotechnology Development in Brazil
	9.3 Biotechnological Innovation from Coral Reefs
		9.3.1 Marine Pharmaceuticals
		9.3.2 Cosmetics and Personal Care
		9.3.3 Antifouling Compounds
	9.4 Bioprospecting Using an Eco-Evolutionary Framework
	9.5 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 10: Climate Change and Local Impacts Threaten Brazilian Coral Reefs
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Climate Change Impacts
		10.2.1 Global Warming and Heatwaves
		10.2.2 Ocean Acidification
		10.2.3 Sea Level Rise (SLR)
	10.3 Local and Regional Impacts on the Brazilian Coast
		10.3.1 Urban, Touristic, and Industrial Development
		10.3.2 Nutrient Inputs
		10.3.3 Disasters Caused by Human Action
		10.3.4 Marine Debris
		10.3.5 Fisheries
		10.3.6 Invasive Species
	10.4 Conclusions and Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 11: Tourism, Environmental Education, and Aquarium Trade
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Tourism
		11.2.1 Impacts of Tourist Activities on Brazilian Reefs
	11.3 Environmental Education
		11.3.1 Coral Vivo Project
		11.3.2 Environmental Education Projects in Brazilian Reef Areas
	11.4 Aquarium Trade
	11.5 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 12: Conservation and Management of Reef Ecosystems
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Establishment of Marine Protected Areas
	12.3 Conservation Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas
	12.4 Conservation Priorities for Future MPAs
	12.5 The Role of Monitoring Programs
	12.6 Technological Strategies for Coral Reef Restoration
	12.7 Final Remaks: Future Challenges
	References
Index