Braun-Falco´s Dermatology (Springer Reference Medizin)

Preface
Contents
The Editors
Contributors
Part I: Basic Principles
	1 Introduction to the Skin and Dermatology
		1 The Skin: A Comprehensive Organ
		2 Structure of the Skin
			2.1 Embryonic Development of the Skin
			2.2 Epidermis and Skin Appendages (Adnexa)
			2.3 Dermo-epidermal Junction Zone
		3 Functions of the Skin
		4 Skin Barrier
		5 Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammation
		6 Skin Aging
		7 Wound Healing
		8 Skin Changes and Distribution Patterns
			8.1 Primary Efflorescences
				8.1.1 Macula (Spot)
				8.1.2 Urticaria (Wheals) and Angioedema
				8.1.3 Papula (Papule), Nodus (Node), Plaque
				8.1.4 Vesicle (Blister), Bulla (Bubble)
				8.1.5 Pustula (Pustule)
			8.2 Secondary Efflorescences
				8.2.1 Crusta (Crust, Bark), Necrosis (Scab)
				8.2.2 Squama (Scale)
				8.2.3 Erosio (Erosion), Ulcus (Ulcer)
				8.2.4 Excoriation, Rhagade, Fissure
				8.2.5 Cicatrix (Scar)
				8.2.6 Atrophy
			8.3 Further Skin Changes
				8.3.1 Purpura
				8.3.2 Pachydermia
				8.3.3 Lichenification
				8.3.4 Poikiloderma
				8.3.5 Erythrodermia
			8.4 Distribution and Arrangement of Efflorescences
				8.4.1 Distribution
				8.4.2 Arrangement
				8.4.3 Shape
		9 From Clinics to Diagnosis: Dermatological Diagnostics
		10 Dermatological Examination
			10.1 Anamnesis
				10.1.1 Family Anamnesis
				10.1.2 General Anamnesis
				10.1.3 Personal Anamnesis
				10.1.4 Current Anamnesis
				10.1.5 Physical Examination
		References
			Textbooks/Manuals
			Other Literature
			Web Pages
	2 Immunology
		1 Introduction
		2 Terms and Structures
		3 Innate Immunity
			3.1 Basic Principles
			3.2 Pattern-Recognition Receptors and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns with Particular Focus on Toll-Like Receptors
			3.3 Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern
			3.4 Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome
			3.5 Antimicrobial Peptides
			3.6 Natural Killer Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cells
			3.7 Antigen-Presenting Cells
				3.7.1 Dendritic Cells
			3.8 The Importance of the Skin Microbiota
		4 Adaptive Immunity
			4.1 Fundamentals
			4.2 Lymphocytes
				4.2.1 B Lymphocytes
				4.2.2 T Lymphocytes
					CD4+ T Lymphocytes
					CD8+ T Lymphocytes
			4.3 The Immunological Synapse
				4.3.1 Immune Checkpoints
					Co-Stimulatory Molecules
					Co-Inhibitory Molecules
		5 Immunological Memory
		6 Immunity, Allergy, and Autoimmunity
		7 Immune Tolerance and Termination of Immune Responses
		8 Therapeutic Approaches
		References
	3 Genetics
		1 Introduction
		2 Important Terms in Genetics
			2.1 Mutations
			2.2 Inheritance Typical
				2.2.1 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
				2.2.2 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
				2.2.3 Codominant Inheritance
				2.2.4 Pleiotropism
				2.2.5 X-Chromosomal Inheritance
					X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
					X-Chromosomal Dominant Inheritance
					X-Inactivation (Lyonization)
					Bypassing X-Inactivation
				2.2.6 Y-Chromosomal Inheritance
				2.2.7 Mitochondrial Inheritance
			2.3 Unusual Inheritance
				2.3.1 Sex Limitation
				2.3.2 Anticipation
				2.3.3 Uniparental Disomy
				2.3.4 Genomic Imprinting
				2.3.5 Combined Heterozygosity
				2.3.6 Pseudo Dominance
				2.3.7 Paradominance
				2.3.8 Twin Spots
				2.3.9 Point Mutation and Deletion
				2.3.10 Extended Gene Deletion (Contiguous Gene Syndrome)
				2.3.11 Genetic Heterogeneity
			2.4 Tumor-Associated Genes
				2.4.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes
				2.4.2 Oncogenes
				2.4.3 DNA Repair Genes
			2.5 Other Special Features
				2.5.1 Immortalization
				2.5.2 Cytogenetic Defects
				2.5.3 Multifactorial Inheritance
		3 Genetic Counseling, Prenatal Diagnostics, and Gene Therapy
			3.1 Genetic Counseling
			3.2 Prenatal Diagnostics
			3.3 Gene Therapy
		References
			Textbooks
			Databases
Part II: Diagnostic Tools
	4 Dermatopathology
		1 Introduction
		2 Indication for Dermatohistopathological Examination
		3 Selection of Biopsy Site and Biopsy Technique
			3.1 Biopsy Site
			3.2 Biopsy Technique
				3.2.1 Punch Biopsy
				3.2.2 Incision or Excision Biopsy
				3.2.3 Shave Biopsy
				3.2.4 Electrosurgery, Ablative Lasers
			3.3 Shipping and Preparation of the Tissue Sample
				3.3.1 Shipment
				3.3.2 Preparation of the Tissue Sample in the Laboratory
		4 Microscopic Examination and Findings
			4.1 Diagnostic Approach for Inflammatory Dermatoses
			4.2 Diagnostic Approach for Neoplasms, Cysts, or Hamartomas
			4.3 Interpretation of Histological Findings
			4.4 Glossary of Basic Dermatohistological Terms
		References
	5 Dermatoscopy
		1 Introduction
		2 Diagnostic Procedure for Pigmented Skin Lesions
		3 Diagnosis of Nonmelanocytic and Hypomelanotic or Amelanotic Melanocytic Lesions
		4 Dermatoscopy for Pathogen-Induced Skin Diseases (Entodermoscopy)
		5 Dermatoscopy for Inflammatory Skin Diseases (Inflammoscopy)
		6 Computer-Assisted Dermatoscopy and Artificial Intelligence
		References
			First Describer
	6 Ultrasonography of Skin and Lymph Nodes
		1 Introduction
		2 Ultrasound Phenomena, Mode Technologies, Image Documentation
		3 Medium-Frequency Ultrasound (7.5-18 MHz)
			3.1 Device Specification, Examination Procedure, Indications
				3.1.1 Lymph nodes
			3.2 Special Procedures
				3.2.1 Contrast-Enhanced Sonography
				3.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
		4 High Frequency Ultrasound (20-50 MHz)
			4.1 Device Specification, Examination Procedure, Indications
				4.1.1 Tumor Diagnostics
				4.1.2 Chronic Inflammatory and Fibrosing Diseases
		References
	7 Other Skin Imaging Technologies
		1 Introduction
		2 Imaging Methods
			2.1 Confocal Laser Microscopy
			2.2 Optical Coherence Tomography
			2.3 Multiphoton Tomography
			2.4 Profilometry
		3 Functional Procedures
			3.1 Barrier Function
			3.2 Hydration
			3.3 Skin Color
			3.4 pH Value
			3.5 Sebum Content
			3.6 Scaling
			3.7 Elasticity
			3.8 Oxygen Supply and Blood Circulation of the Skin
		References
Part III: Infectious Diseases: Viruses
	8 Human Papilloma Virus Infections
		1 Introduction
		2 Warts
			2.1 Verrucae Vulgares
			2.2 Verrucae Plantares
			2.3 Verrucae Planae Juveniles
			2.4 Genital Warts
				2.4.1 Condylomata Acuminata
				2.4.2 Condylomata Plana
				2.4.3 Bowenoid Papulosis
				2.4.4 Condylomata Gigantea
			2.5 Warts of the Oral Mucosa
				2.5.1 Tumors of the Head and Neck Region
					Laryngeal Papillomas
					Laryngeal Carcinomas
					Oropharyngeal Carcinomas (Oropharyngeal Carcinomas)
				2.5.2 Oral Warts
					Verrucae Vulgares
					Condylomata Acuminata
					Disseminated Oral Papillomatosis
					Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
			2.6 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
			2.7 Floride Oral Papillomatosis
			2.8 Warts in Immunosuppressed Patients
		References
			First Describer
	9 Human Herpes Viruses
		1 Introduction
		2 Diseases Caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus
			2.1 Primary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus
				2.1.1 Gingivostomatitis Herpetica
					Aphthoid of Pospischill-Feyrter
				2.1.2 Primary Genital Herpes
				2.1.3 Neonatal Herpes
				2.1.4 CNS Infections
			2.2 Secondary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus
				2.2.1 Recurrent Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Infections
				2.2.2 Eczema Herpeticum
			2.3 Complications of Herpes Simplex Infections
			2.4 Herpes Simplex Infections of the Eye
			2.5 Herpes Simplex Infections in Immunocompromised Individuals
		3 Varicella Zoster Virus Diseases
			3.1 Varicella
			3.2 Zoster
		4 Diseases Caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus
			4.1 Infectious Mononucleosis
		5 Diseases Caused by Cytomegalovirus
		6 Diseases Caused by Other Human Herpes Viruses
			6.1 Human Herpes Virus 6
			6.2 Human Herpes Virus 7
			6.3 Human Herpes Virus 8
		References
			First Describer
	10 Other Viral Infections of the Skin
		1 Smallpox Virus
			1.1 Orthopox Viruses
				1.1.1 Smallpox
				1.1.2 Vaccinia
				1.1.3 Catpox
				1.1.4 Human Monkeypox
			1.2 Parapoxviruses
				1.2.1 Milker´s Nodule
				1.2.2 Ecthyma Contagiosum
			1.3 Molluscum Contagiosum
		2 Picornaviruses
			2.1 Enteroviruses
				2.1.1 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Classic)
				2.1.2 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Atypical)
				2.1.3 Herpangina
			2.2 Parechoviruses
		3 The Six Classic Infectious Diseases
			3.1 Measles
			3.2 Scarlet Fever
			3.3 Rubella
			3.4 Rubeola Scarlatinosa
			3.5 Erythema Infectiosum
			3.6 Exanthema Subitum
		4 Paraviral Exanthems
			4.1 Papular-Purpuric Gloves-and-Socks Syndrome
			4.2 Asymmetric Periflexural and Unilateral Mediothoracic Exanthem
			4.3 Eruptive Pseudoangiomatosis
			4.4 Eruptive Hypomelanosis
			4.5 Additional Virus Infections
				4.5.1 Infectious Dermatitis
				4.5.2 Virus-Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa
				4.5.3 Flavovirus Infections
					Tick Encephalitis
					Dengue Fever
					Yellow Fever
					Chikungunya
				4.5.4 Infections by Hepatitis Viruses
					Hepatitis
		References
			Smallpox Viruses
			Picornaviruses
			The Six Classic Infectious Diseases/Paraviral Exanthema
			First Describer
	11 Coronaviruses
		1 HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1
		2 SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2
			2.1 Possible Origins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
		3 Coronavirus Genome Structure and Gene Expression
		4 Epidemiology and Transmission
		5 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
		6 Diagnosis and Therapy
		7 Prevention
			7.1 General Measures
			7.2 Vaccination
			7.3 Reporting Obligation
		References
Part IV: Infectious Diseases: Bacteria
	12 Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Diseases of the Skin
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Current Resistance Situation
				1.1.1 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
				1.1.2 Procedure for MRSA Elimination in Colonized Persons in the Outpatient Setting
		2 Pyoderma
			2.1 Impetigo Contagiosa
			2.2 Ecthyma
		3 Chronic Pyoderma
			3.1 Chancriform Pyoderma
			3.2 Pyoderma Vegetans
			3.3 Cutaneous Botryomycosis
		4 Erysipelas
		5 Phlegmon and Abscess
			5.1 Neck Phlegmon
			5.2 Necrotizing Fasciitis
				5.2.1 Fournier Gangrene as a Special Form of Necrotizing Fasciitis
		6 Streptogenic Perianal Dermatitis
		7 Folliculitis
			7.1 Folliculitis Simplex
			7.2 Special Clinical Forms
				7.2.1 Folliculitis Simplex Barbae
				7.2.2 Eczematous Nasal Vestibulitis
			7.3 Acne Necroticans
		8 Furuncles and Carbuncles
		9 Infections in Special Localizations
			9.1 Hordeolum
			9.2 Panaritium
			9.3 Felon
		10 Skin Diseases Mediated by Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxins
			10.1 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
			10.2 Staphylogenic Toxic Shock Syndrome
			10.3 Recalcitrant Erythematous Desquamating Disorder
			10.4 Recurrent Toxin-Mediated Perineal Erythema
			10.5 Staphylococcal Scarlet Fever
			10.6 Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
			10.7 Scarlet Fever
		11 Secondary Skin Changes Due to Streptococci
		References
			First Describer
			Further Literature
	13 Other Bacterial Infections of the Skin
		1 Gram-Positive Coryneform Rods
			1.1 Erythrasma
			1.2 Trichobacteriosis Palmellina
			1.3 Keratoma Sulcatum
			1.4 Diphtheria
			1.5 Other Coryneform Bacteria
		2 Other Gram-Positive Bacteria
			2.1 Actinomycosis
			2.2 Whipple´s Disease
			2.3 Anthrax
			2.4 Listeriosis
			2.5 Nocardiosis
			2.6 Erysipeloid
			2.7 Pneumococcal Infection
			2.8 Meningococcal Infection
		3 Gram-Negative Bacteria
			3.1 Gram-Negative Folliculitis
				3.1.1 After Antibiotic Long-Term Therapy of Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea
				3.1.2 Gram-Negative Folliculitis as a Complication after Epilation
				3.1.3 Whirlpool Dermatitis
				3.1.4 Hot Foot Syndrome
			3.2 Bowel Bypass Syndrome
			3.3 Bartonellosis
				3.3.1 Cat Scratch Disease
				3.3.2 Verruga Peruana, Carrion Disease, Oroya Fever
			3.4 Rickettsiosis
			3.5 Infections by Enterobacteriaceae
				3.5.1 Escherichia coli Infections
				3.5.2 Rhinoscleroma
				3.5.3 Other Klebsiella Infections
				3.5.4 Proteus Infection
				3.5.5 Typhoid Fever
				3.5.6 Other Salmonella Infections
				3.5.7 Plague
				3.5.8 Yersiniosis
				3.5.9 Vibrio Infection
			3.6 Helicobacter Infections
			3.7 Malleus
			3.8 Melioidosis
			3.9 Other Pseudomonas Infections
			3.10 Haemophilus influenzae Infection
			3.11 Pasteurella multocida Infection
			3.12 Infections with Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Branhamella
			3.13 Clostridia Infections
			3.14 Tularemia
			3.15 Brucellosis
			3.16 Rat Bite Disease
		4 Mixed Infections
			4.1 Noma
			4.2 Ulcus Tropicum
			4.3 Animal Bites
		References
			Gram-Positive Coryneform Rods
			Other Gram-Positive Bacteria
			Gram-Negative Bacteria
			Mixed Infections
			First Describers
	14 Lyme Borreliosis and Other Nonvenereal Spirochetal Infections
		1 Lyme Borreliosis
			1.1 Dermatoborrelioses
				1.1.1 Erythema Migrans (Afzelius 1910; Lipschütz 1913)
				1.1.2 Borrelial Lymphocytoma (Burckhardt 1911; Bäfverstedt 1943)
				1.1.3 Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans (Buchwald 1883; Herxheimer and Hartmann 1902)
			1.2 Diagnosis and Therapy of Dermatoborrelioses
			1.3 Extracutaneous Manifestations
			1.4 Lyme Borreliosis in Children
			1.5 Lyme Borreliosis During Pregnancy
			1.6 Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome
		2 Leptospirosis (Weil 1886)
		3 Relapsing Fever (Rutty 1770; Craigie 1843; Obermeier 1873)
		References
			Lyme Borreliosis
			Leptospirosis
			Relapsing Fever
			First Describer
	15 Mycobacterial Infections of the Skin
		1 Introduction
		2 Skin Tuberculosis
			2.1 Multibacillary Forms of Skin Tuberculosis
				2.1.1 Tuberculous Primary Complex of the Skin
				2.1.2 Tuberculosis Cutis Colliquativa
				2.1.3 Tuberculosis Ulcerosa Mucosae et Cutis
				2.1.4 Tuberculosis Cutis Miliaris Disseminata
				2.1.5 Metastatic Tuberculous Abscesses
			2.2 Paucibacillary Forms of Skin Tuberculosis
				2.2.1 Tuberculosis Cutis Verrucosa (Riehl and Paltauf 1886)
				2.2.2 Lupus Vulgaris (Robert Willan, 1757-1812)
			2.3 Tuberculids (Darier 1896)
				2.3.1 Lichenoid Skin Tuberculid (Hebra 1860)
				2.3.2 Histopathology
				2.3.3 Papulonecrotic Tuberculid
				2.3.4 Erythema Induratum (Bazin 1861)
		3 Leprosy (Hansen 1874)
			3.1 Basic Principles and Clinical Forms
				3.1.1 Indeterminate Leprosy
				3.1.2 Multibacillary Leprosy (Lepromatous Leprosy)
				3.1.3 Paucibacillary Leprosy (Tuberculoid Leprosy)
				3.1.4 Intermediate Leprosy (Borderline Leprosy)
				3.1.5 Leprosy Reactions
			3.2 Diagnostics and Therapy
		4 Nontuberculous (Atypical) Mycobacterioses
			4.1 Infections with Mycobacterium marinum (Norden and Linell 1951)
			4.2 Infections with Mycobacterium ulcerans (MacCallum et al. 1948)
			4.3 Infections with Pathogens of the Mycobacterium fortuitum Complex
		References
			Tuberculosis of the Skin
			Leprosy
			Skin Infections by Other Mycobacteria
			First Describer
Part V: Infectious Diseases: Fungi
	16 Fungal Infections
		1 Introduction
		2 Superficial Mycoses - Dermatophytoses
			2.1 Tinea of the Glabrous Skin (Epidermomycosis)
				2.1.1 Tinea Faciei/Corporis
				2.1.2 Tinea Inguinalis
				2.1.3 Tinea Manus
				2.1.4 Tinea Pedis
				2.1.5 Onychomycosis
			2.2 Trichomycoses
				2.2.1 Tinea Capitis (Sensu Stricto)
				2.2.2 Small-Spored Ectothrix Tinea Capitis (Microsporosis)
				2.2.3 Favus
				2.2.4 Tinea Barbae
				2.2.5 Nodular Granulomatous Perifolliculitis (Granuloma Trichophyticum)
			2.3 Mycid
		3 Superficial Mycoses - Candidosis and Other Yeast Infections
			3.1 Candidosis
				3.1.1 Candida Intertrigo
				3.1.2 Interdigital Candidosis
				3.1.3 Candidosis in the Diaper Area (Napkin Dermatitis)
				3.1.4 Candida Paronychia and Candida Onychomycosis
				3.1.5 Candidosis of the Oral Mucosa
				3.1.6 Candida Folliculitis
				3.1.7 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidosis
				3.1.8 Vulvovaginal Candidosis
				3.1.9 Candida Balanitis
			3.2 Diseases Caused by Malassezia Yeasts
				3.2.1 Pityriasis Versicolor
				3.2.2 Seborrheic Dermatitis
				3.2.3 Malassezia Folliculitis
				3.2.4 Further Malassezia-Associated Diseases
		4 Rarer superficial dermatomycoses
			4.1 Piedra
				4.1.1 White Piedra
				4.1.2 Black Piedra
			4.2 Tinea nigra
		5 Subcutaneous Mycoses
			5.1 Sporotrichosis
			5.2 Chromoblastomycosis
			5.3 Phaeohyphomycosis
				5.3.1 Cutaneous Alternariosis
			5.4 Mycetoma
		6 Systemic Fungal Infections
			6.1 Cryptococcosis
			6.2 Blastomycosis
			6.3 Paracoccidioidomycosis
			6.4 Histoplasmosis
			6.5 Coccidioidomycosis
		References
			Dermatophytoses
			Yeast Infections
			Subcutaneous Mycoses
			Systemic Mycoses
			First Describer
			Further Literature
Part VI: Infectious Diseases: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
	17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Introduction
		1 Introduction
		References
			Internet Pages
			Further Literature
	18 Gonorrhea and Urethritis
		1 Introduction
		2 Gonorrhea
		3 Chlamydia trachomatis Infections
		4 Mycoplasma genitalium
		5 Other Pathogens of Urethritis
			5.1 Urethritis Caused by Other Bacteria
			5.2 Candida Urethritis
			5.3 Viral Urethritis
			5.4 Trichomonas Vaginalis
		6 Non-infectious Forms of Urethritis
		References
			Internet Pages (Accessed 19.-25.05.2019)
			Gonorrhea
			Chlamydia Trachomatis
			Mycoplasma Genitalium
			Trichomonas Vaginalis
			First Describer
	19 Syphilis
		1 Introduction
		2 Clinical Stages
			2.1 Early Syphilis
				2.1.1 Primary Stage
				2.1.2 Secondary Stage
			2.2 Late Syphilis
				2.2.1 Late Latency
				2.2.2 Tertiary Stage
			2.3 Neurosyphilis
				2.3.1 Meningovascular Neurosyphilis
				2.3.2 Parenchymatous Neurosyphilis
			2.4 Congenital Syphilis
			2.5 Syphilis in HIV Infection
		3 Nonvenereal Treponematosis
			3.1 Yaws
			3.2 Pinta
			3.3 Endemic Syphilis (``Bejel´´)
		References
			Introduction to Syphilis
			Nonvenereal Treponematosis
			First Describers
			Web Pages
	20 Other Venereal Infections
		1 Lymphogranuloma Venereum
		2 Chancroid
		3 Donovanosis
		4 Zika Virus Infection
		References
			Lymphogranuloma Venereum
			Chancroid
			Donovanosis
			Zika Virus
			First Describer
	21 HIV/AIDS
		1 Introduction
			1.1 HIV: History, Pathogens, and Etiopathogenesis
			1.2 HIV: Epidemiology
			1.3 HIV: Classification
			1.4 HIV: Test Indications, Methods
			1.5 HIV: Examinations After Diagnosis
				1.5.1 Patient History, Initial Examinations
				1.5.2 Clinical Examination
				1.5.3 Laboratory Investigations
		2 Antiretroviral Therapy
			2.1 Basics of Therapy
			2.2 Antiretroviral Drug Classes
			2.3 Time of Start of Therapy
			2.4 Undesirable Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs
			2.5 cART and Prognosis
		3 Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection
			3.1 Acute Retroviral Syndrome
			3.2 Frequently Associated Infectious Skin Diseases
				3.2.1 Viral Infections
					Herpes Simplex Virus
					Varicella Zoster Virus
					Cytomegalovirus
					Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
					Human Papillomaviruses
					Molluscum Contagiosum
				3.2.2 Fungal Infections
					Candidiasis
					Black Hairy Tongue
					Talaromycosis
					Malassezia furfur Folliculitis
					Dermatophytes
					Pneumocystis jirovecii
					Deep Fungal Infections
					Aspergillus fumigatus
				3.2.3 Bacterial Infections
					Pyoderma
					Deep Bacterial Infections
					Folliculitis
					Bacillary Angiomatosis
					Syphilis
					Laboratory Investigations
					Tuberculosis
					Tuberculosis of the Skin
					Other Mycobacteria
				3.2.4 Ectoparasites
					Scabies
					Protozoal Infections
			3.3 Frequently Associated Tumors
				3.3.1 Kaposi´s Sarcoma
				3.3.2 Lymphomas
				3.3.3 Carcinomas
			3.4 Miscellaneous Skin Diseases
				3.4.1 Seborrheic Eczema
				3.4.2 Psoriasis
				3.4.3 Balanitis Circinata
				3.4.4 Atopic Eczema
				3.4.5 Xerosis and Pruritus
				3.4.6 Papular Itchy Eruption
				3.4.7 Eosinophilic Folliculitis
				3.4.8 Photosensitivity
				3.4.9 Hair Diseases and Other Comorbidities
				3.4.10 Autoimmune Diseases
					Aphthae
					Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
			3.5 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
		4 HIV/AIDS in Children
		5 Prophylaxis and General Health Measures
			5.1 Mother-to-Child Transmission
			5.2 Prophylaxis of Opportunistic infections
			5.3 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
			5.4 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
		References
			First Describer
Part VII: Infectious Diseases: Parasitic Infections
	22 Protozoal Infections
		1 Introduction
		2 Leishmaniasis
			2.1 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
			2.2 Visceral Leishmaniasis
				2.2.1 Kala Azar
				2.2.2 Dermal Post-Kala-Azar Leishmaniasis
		3 Trichomoniasis
		4 Amebiasis
		5 Rhinosporidiosis
		6 Other Protozoan Infections
		References
			Leishmaniasis
			Trichomoniasis
			Amebiasis
			First Describer
	23 Diseases Caused by Arthropods
		1 Introduction
		2 Insects (Insecta)
			2.1 Permanent Ectoparasitic Insects
				2.1.1 Pediculosis
					Pediculosis Capitis
					Pediculosis Corporis
					Pediculosis pubis (Phthiriasis pubis)
			2.2 Temporary Ectoparasitic Insects
				2.2.1 Cimicosis
				2.2.2 Stings from Tropical Bugs
				2.2.3 Stings from Fleas (Siphonaptera)
					Puliculosis
					Tungiasis
			2.3 True Flies (Diptera)
				2.3.1 Stings from Nematocera
				2.3.2 Stings from Flies (Brachycera)
					Horse-Flies (Tabanidae)
					Real Flies (Muscidae)
					Stings from Louse Flies (Hippoboscidae)
				2.3.3 Myiasis
			2.4 Nonparasitic Insects
				2.4.1 Stings from Hymenoptera
				2.4.2 Dermatitis from Butterfly Caterpillars (Lepidoptera)
				2.4.3 Dermatitis from Beetles or Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera)
					Other Beetle Species
		3 Arachnids (Spiders)
			3.1 Permanent Parasitic Mites (Acari)
				3.1.1 Scabies
				3.1.2 Special Clinical Forms
					Nodular Scabies and Persistent Post-Scabietic Nodules
					Post-Scabietic Pruritus
					Scabies Crustosa
					Drug-Resistant Scabies
					Scabiophobia
				3.1.3 Demodicosis
			3.2 Temporary Accidental Parasitic Mites
				3.2.1 Mange Mite Infestation
				3.2.2 Cheyletiellosis
			3.3 Predatory Mites
				3.3.1 Gamasoidosis
				3.3.2 Trombidiosis
				3.3.3 Straw Mite Infestation
			3.4 Ticks
				3.4.1 Tick Bites by Ixodes ricinus
			3.5 Nonparasitic Mites
				3.5.1 Dermatitis from Food or Stock Mites (Tyroglyphoidea)
				3.5.2 Dermatitis from House Dust Mites (Pyroglyphidae)
			3.6 Nonparasitic Arachnids
				3.6.1 Bites from Spiders (Araneae)
					Bites from the Yellow Sac Spider (Cheiracanthium punctorium)
					Bites from the Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)
					Bites from Loxosceles Spiders (Loxosceles spp.)
			3.7 Scorpions (Scorpiones)
				3.7.1 Bites from Scorpions
		4 Myriapoda
			4.1 Bites from Centipede (Chilopoda)
			4.2 Dermatitis from Millipede (Diplopoda)
		References
			First Describer
	24 Diseases Caused by Worms
		1 Introduction
		2 Roundworms (Nemathelminthes)
			2.1 Enterobiasis
			2.2 Askariasis
			2.3 Cutaneous Larva Migrans
			2.4 Other Nematode Infections
				2.4.1 Strongyloidiasis
				2.4.2 Trichuriasis
				2.4.3 Trichinosis
				2.4.4 Lymphatic Filariasis
				2.4.5 Loiasis
				2.4.6 Onchocerciasis
				2.4.7 Dracunculosis
				2.4.8 Gnathostomiasis
		3 Flatworms (Plathelminthes)
			3.1 Cestodes (Tapeworms)
				3.1.1 Cysticercosis
				3.1.2 Echinococcosis
				3.1.3 Other Cestus Infections
			3.2 Trematodes (Flukes)
				3.2.1 Bilharziosis
				3.2.2 Other Trematode Infections
		References
			First Describer
Part VIII: Allergy and Intolerance Reactions
	25 Basic Principles in Allergology and Hypersensitivity Reactions
		1 Introduction
		2 Principles of Immunity and Allergy
			2.1 Induction of Immunity
			2.2 Innate Immunity
			2.3 Acquired Immunity
		3 Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
			3.1 Acute Toxic and Cumulative Toxic Hypersensitivity Reactions
			3.2 Intolerance Reactions
			3.3 IgE-Mediated (Immediate-Type) Reaction (Type I Allergy According to Coombs and Gell)
			3.4 Humoral Cytotoxic Immune Response (Type II According to Coombs and Gell)
			3.5 Immune Complex-Mediated Immune Response (Type III According to Coombs and Gell)
			3.6 Delayed-Type Cellular Immune Reactions (Type IV According to Coombs and Gell)
			3.7 Diseases with Combined Immune Reaction Types According to Coombs and Gell
		References
	26 Immediate-Type Allergy: Rhinoconjunctivitis, Asthma, Anaphylaxis
		1 Introduction
		2 Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis
		3 Allergic Bronchial Asthma
		4 Anaphylaxis
		References
	27 Food Allergy
		1 Definition and Epidemiology
		2 Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Features
		3 Diagnostic Procedure
		4 Special Features in the Clarification of Suspected Food Allergy in Eczematous Diseases
		5 Therapy
		References
	28 Bee and Wasp Venom Allergy
		1 Introduction
		2 Diagnostics and Therapy of Sting Reactions
			2.1 Large Local Sting Reactions
			2.2 Immediate Generalized Allergic Reaction
			2.3 Other Systemic Reactions: Intoxication
			2.4 Unusual Sting Reactions
		References
	29 Urticaria and Angioedema
		1 Introduction
		2 Urticaria
			2.1 Spontaneous Urticaria
				2.1.1 Acute Spontaneous Urticaria
				2.1.2 Acute Spontaneous Urticaria in Childhood
				2.1.3 Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
				2.1.4 Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Childhood
			2.2 Chronic Inducible Urticaria
				2.2.1 Dermographism
					Asymptomatic Urticarial Dermographism
				2.2.2 Symptomatic Urticarial Dermographism
				2.2.3 Cold Urticaria
				2.2.4 Heat Urticaria
				2.2.5 Delayed-Pressure Urticaria
				2.2.6 Solar Urticaria
				2.2.7 X-Ray Urticaria
				2.2.8 Vibratory Angioedema
				2.2.9 Contact Urticaria
				2.2.10 Cholinergic Urticaria
				2.2.11 Exercise-Induced Urticaria
				2.2.12 Adrenergic Urticaria
				2.2.13 Aquagenic Urticaria
		3 Angioedema
			3.1 Mast Cell- (Histamine-)Mediated Angioedema without C1-INH Deficiency
			3.2 Acquired Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema without C1-INH Deficiency
			3.3 Hereditary Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with C1-INH Deficiency
				3.3.1 Hereditary Angioedema, Type I and II
			3.4 Hereditary Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with Normal C1-INH
				3.4.1 Hereditary Angioedema with FXII Mutation (Dewald and Bork 2006)
				3.4.2 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Angiopoietin (ANGPT1) Gene
				3.4.3 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Plasminogen (PLG) Gene
				3.4.4 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Kininogen-1 Gene
				3.4.5 Hereditary Angioedema with Unknown Mutation (HAE-UKN)
			3.5 Acquired Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with C1-INH Deficiency
		References
			First Describer
	30 Contact Dermatitis
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Pathophysiology and Symptomatic
			1.2 Special Aspects of Therapy
				1.2.1 Skin Cleansing and Hair Washing
				1.2.2 Indifferent Topical (Vehicle) Therapy
				1.2.3 Acute Skin Changes
					Acute Contact Dermatitis
					Chronic Contact Eczema
				1.2.4 Localization of Skin Changes
					Intertriginous Skin Areas
					Palmae and Plantae
					Scalp
					Genitals
				1.2.5 Skin Type
				1.2.6 Specific Topical Therapy
					Glucocorticoids
					Tar or Tar-like Active Substances
					Salicylic Acid
					Urea
					Phototherapy
					Antimicrobial
					Bath Therapy
					Further Therapeutics
				1.2.7 Systemic Therapy
					Glucocorticoids
					Retinoids
					Antihistamines (H1 Blockers)
					Antibiotics
					Immunosuppressants
				1.2.8 Further Recommendations
					Aftercare
					Diet
					Psychological Care
					Hyposensitization (Specific Immunotherapy)
		2 Irritant Contact Dermatitis
			2.1 Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
			2.2 Chronic Irritant Contact Eczema
			2.3 Hyperkeratotic Rhagadiform Hand and Foot Eczema
			2.4 Pityriasis Simplex
				2.4.1 Pityriasis Simplex Capillitii
				2.4.2 Pityriasis Simplex of Face or Body
			2.5 Exsiccation Eczema
			2.6 Intertrigo
			2.7 Diaper Dermatitis
			2.8 Granuloma Gluteale Infantum
			2.9 Peristomal Eczema
			2.10 Pomade Crust
		3 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
			3.1 Definition and Epidemiology
			3.2 Pathophysiology
				3.2.1 Contact Sensitization
					Induction Phase
					Trigger Phase
				3.2.2 Resistance and Immunotolerance
				3.2.3 Other Pathophysiologically Important Factors
					Sensitization Potential of Contact Allergens
					Genetics
					Local Factors
					Other Individual Protective and Risk-Increasing Factors
				3.2.4 Contact Allergens
					Plants
					Local Therapeutics
					Garments
					Jewelry and Tattoos
					Cosmetics
					Professional Contact Allergens
			3.3 Clinical Signs and Course
			3.4 Acute Allergic Contact Dermatitis
			3.5 Chronic Allergic Contact Eczema
			3.6 Special Forms of Allergic Contact Eczema
				3.6.1 Palmae and Plantae
				3.6.2 Allergic Contact Reactions on Mucous Membranes
				3.6.3 Hematogenous Allergic Contact Dermatitis
				3.6.4 Non-Allergic Hematogenous Contact Dermatitis
					Differential Diagnoses
			3.7 Diagnostics
				3.7.1 Epicutaneous Patch Test
					Indication
					Contraindications
					Side Effects
					Prerequisites, Patient Education
					Test Site
					Test Substances
					Test Procedure
					Reading the Test Reactions
					Interpretation of Test Results, Clinical Relevance
				3.7.2 In Vitro Methods
				3.7.3 Provocation Tests
				3.7.4 Advising the Patient
		References
			First Describer
	31 Occupational Dermatoses
		1 Occupational Dermatoses and Statutory Accident Insurance
		2 Occupational Skin Diseases: OD No. 5101
			2.1 Clinical Presentation and Triggers of Occupational Skin Diseases
			2.2 Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases
			2.3 Dermatological Procedures
		3 Occupational Skin Cancer Diseases (Especially OD No. 5103)
			3.1 OD No. 5103
			3.2 Prevention of Occupational Skin Cancers
		4 Assessment
			4.1 Basic Terms for the Assessment of Skin Diseases Relating to OD No. 5101
				4.1.1 Causality
				4.1.2 Severity
				4.1.3 Repeated Recidivism
				4.1.4 Omission of the Hazardous Activity
				4.1.5 Reduction of Earning Capacity (MdE)
			4.2 Basic Terms for the Assessment of Skin Cancer Diseases as Defined in OD Nos. 1108, 2402, 5102, and 5103
				4.2.1 MdE Estimation for OD Nos. 5102, 1108, and 2402
				4.2.2 MdE Estimation for OD No. 5103
		Further Reading
	32 Atopic Dermatitis
		1 Introduction
		2 Atopic Eczema
		3 Associated Diseases
			3.1 Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis, Bronchial Asthma, Immediate-Type Allergic Reactions, Allergic Contact Eczema
			3.2 Other Associated Diseases
		References
			First Describer
	33 Other Types of Dermatitis
		1 Dyshidrosis (Fox 1873)
		2 Seborrheic Eczema (Unna 1887)
			2.1 Seborrheic Eczema of the Infant
		3 Nummular Eczema (Devergie 1857)
		4 Exudative Discoid Lichenoid Dermatosis (Sulzberger and Garbe 1937)
		References
			First Describer
	34 Pruritus and Prurigo
		1 Pruritus
		2 Diseases Associated with Pruritus
			2.1 Dermatoses
				2.1.1 ``Invisible Dermatoses´´
			2.2 Systemic Diseases
				2.2.1 Nephrogenic Pruritus (Uremic Pruritus)
				2.2.2 Cholestatic Pruritus
				2.2.3 Hematological and Lymphoproliferative Diseases
				2.2.4 Neoplasms
				2.2.5 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
				2.2.6 HIV-Associated Pruritus
				2.2.7 Neurological Diseases
				2.2.8 Somatoform Pruritus
				2.2.9 Drug-Induced Pruritus
				2.2.10 Exogenous Pruritus
		3 Prurigo
			3.1 Prurigo Simplex Acuta
			3.2 Prurito Simplex Subacuta
			3.3 Acne Urticata
			3.4 Chronic Prurigo
			3.5 Lichen Simplex Chronicus
		References
			First Describer
Part IX: Drug Hypersensitivity
	35 Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions
		1 Introduction
			1.1 History and Epidemiology
			1.2 Pathophysiological Basics
				1.2.1 Classification
				1.2.2 Adaptive Immune Mechanisms
				1.2.3 Innate Immune Mechanisms/Others
				1.2.4 Risk Factors and Provocation of (Latent) Dermatoses
			1.3 Diagnostics
			1.4 Information and Allergy Passport
		2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions
			2.1 Urticaria and Angioedema
			2.2 Drug Rashes (Exanthemas)
				2.2.1 Maculopapular Exanthema
				2.2.2 Symmetrical Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema (SDRIFE)
				2.2.3 Lichenoid Drug Rash
				2.2.4 Fixed Drug Reaction
				2.2.5 Acute Generalized Exanthematic Pustulosis
				2.2.6 Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms
				2.2.7 Serum Sickness
				2.2.8 Other Drug Rashes
		3 Specific Skin and Adnexal Changes
			3.1 Purpura
			3.2 Bullae
			3.3 Pustules
			3.4 Nodes
			3.5 Telangiectasia
			3.6 Necroses
			3.7 Ulcers
			3.8 Hair Growth Changes
			3.9 Nail Changes
			3.10 Discolorations
		4 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Cytostatics and Biological Response Modifiers
			4.1 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Cytostatic Drugs
				4.1.1 Extravasate Reactions
				4.1.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions
				4.1.3 Stomatitis
				4.1.4 Hand-Foot Syndrome
				4.1.5 Eccrine Neutrophilic Hidradenitis
				4.1.6 Radiation-Associated Drug Reactions
				4.1.7 Irritated Actinic Keratoses
				4.1.8 Pseudoscleroderma
			4.2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Biological Response Modifiers
				4.2.1 Type A Reactions by Biological Response Modifiers
				4.2.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type B Reactions)
		References
			Articles
			Web Pages
			First Describer
	36 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions
		References
			First Describer
	37 Skin Changes Induced by Alcohol, Drug-Dependency, and Smoking
		1 Drug Dependency
			1.1 Cutaneous Stigmata
				1.1.1 Scarring
				1.1.2 Swelling of the Hands (Puffy Hands)
				1.1.3 Tattoos
				1.1.4 Emaciation and Cachexia
			1.2 Infections
			1.3 Drug Typical Changes
				1.3.1 Heroin
				1.3.2 Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
				1.3.3 Cocaine and Crack Cocaine
				1.3.4 Cannabis
				1.3.5 Ecstasy
				1.3.6 Desmorphine
			1.4 Therapeutic Features
		2 Smoking
			2.1 Effects of Smoking on the Skin
				2.1.1 Epidermis
				2.1.2 Dermis
			2.2 Effect on Skin Diseases
				2.2.1 Acne and Hidradenitis Suppurativa
				2.2.2 Malignancies
				2.2.3 Infections
				2.2.4 Psoriasis
				2.2.5 Atopic Eczema
				2.2.6 Allergies
				2.2.7 Autoimmune Diseases
				2.2.8 Hand and Foot Eczema
				2.2.9 Rosacea
				2.2.10 Androgenetic Hair Loss
				2.2.11 Wound Healing
				2.2.12 Leukoedema
			2.3 Positive Effects of Smoking
		3 Alcohol
			3.1 Effect of Alcohol Consumption on the Skin
				3.1.1 Pathophysiology
				3.1.2 Stigmata of Excessive Chronic Alcohol Consumption
			3.2 Impact on Skin Diseases
				3.2.1 Rosacea/Acne
				3.2.2 Psoriasis
				3.2.3 Alopecia
				3.2.4 Eczemas
				3.2.5 Malignancies
				3.2.6 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
				3.2.7 Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
				3.2.8 Panniculitis in Pancreatitis
				3.2.9 Allergies to Alcohol
				3.2.10 Acroosteopathia Ulceromutilans Non-Familiaris (Bureau Barrière Syndrome) (Bureau and Barrière 1955)
				3.2.11 Infections
				3.2.12 Eruptive Xanthomas
				3.2.13 Zieve Syndrome
		References
			First Describer
Part X: Inflammatory Diseases
	38 Papulosquamous Disorders
		1 Introduction
		2 Erythemas
			2.1 Figurate Erythemas
				2.1.1 Erythema Annulare Centrifugum
				2.1.2 Erythema Gyratum Perstans
				2.1.3 Annular Erythema of Infancy
				2.1.4 Erythema Annulare Rheumaticum
				2.1.5 Erythema Scarlatiniforme Desquamativum Recidivans
			2.2 Paraneoplastic Erythema
				2.2.1 Erythema Gyratum Repens
				2.2.2 Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
				2.2.3 Flushing in Carcinoid Syndrome
			2.3 Erythema Multiforme
			2.4 Nodular and Plaque-Type Erythemas
				2.4.1 Sweet´s Syndrome
				2.4.2 Granuloma Faciale
				2.4.3 Erythema Elevatum Diutinum
			2.5 2.4. Necrolytic Acral Erythema
		3 Papulosquamous/Erythematosquamous Diseases
			3.1 Pityriasis Rosea
			3.2 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
			3.3 Pityriasis Lichenoides
			3.4 Pityriasis Rotunda
		4 Erythroderma
			4.1 Types of Erythroderma
				4.1.1 Erythroderma in Children
				4.1.2 Drug-Induced Erythroderma
				4.1.3 Erythroderma Associated with Hematological Malignancies
				4.1.4 Erythroderma Caused by Underlying Dermatoses
		References
			First Describer
			Further Literature
	39 Psoriasis
		1 Introduction
		2 Psoriasis Vulgaris with Subforms
		3 Pustular Psoriasis
			3.1 Generalized Forms
				3.1.1 Generalized Pustular Psoriasis, Psoriasis Pustulosa Generalisata
				3.1.2 Erythema Annulare Centrifugum-Type Psoriasis
				3.1.3 Impetigo Herpetiformis
			3.2 Localized Forms
				3.2.1 Palmoplantar Pustulosis
				3.2.2 Acrodermatitis Continua Suppurativa
		4 Reiter´s Disease and Psoriatic Arthritis
			4.1 Reiter´s Disease (Reactive Arthritis)
			4.2 Psoriatic Arthritis
		References
			Psoriasis Vulgaris with Subforms
			Pustular Psoriasis
			Reiter´s Disease and Psoriatic Arthritis
			First Describer
	40 Papular and Lichenoid Diseases
		1 Introduction
		2 Lichen Planus
		3 Graft-Versus-Host Disease
			3.1 Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
			3.2 Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
		4 Other Lichenoid Diseases
			4.1 Lichen Nitidus
			4.2 Annular Lichenoid Dermatitis of the Adolescent
			4.3 Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome
			4.4 Keratosis Lichenoides Chronica
		References
			Lichen Planus
			Graft-Versus-Host Disease
			Other Lichenoid Diseases
			First Describer
	41 Pustular Diseases
		1 Introduction
		2 Localized Pustulosis
			2.1 In Childhood
				2.1.1 Transient Cephalic Neonatal Pustulosis
				2.1.2 Acropustulosis of Infancy
				2.1.3 Parakeratosis Pustulosa
			2.2 In Adulthood
				2.2.1 Erosive Pustular Dermatosis of the Scalp
				2.2.2 Amicrobial Pustulosis of the Folds
		3 Generalized Pustulosis
			3.1 In Childhood
				3.1.1 Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum
				3.1.2 Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
				3.1.3 Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis in Childhood
			3.2 In Adulthood
				3.2.1 Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis
		References
			Localized Pustulosis
			Generalized Pustulosis
			First Describer
	42 Granulomatous Diseases
		1 Introduction
		2 Granulomatous Diseases with Sarcoid Granulomas
			2.1 Sarcoidosis (Hutchinson 1877; Besnier 1889; Boeck 1899; Schaumann 1916-1917)
			2.2 Blau Syndrome (Blau 1985; Jabs et al. 1985)
		3 Granulomatous Diseases with Collagenolysis (Necrobiosis)
			3.1 Granuloma Annulare (Fox 1895; Radcliff-Crocker 1902)
			3.2 Annular Elastolytic Giant Cell Granuloma (O´Brien 1975; Hanke et al. 1979)
			3.3 Necrobiosis Lipoidica (Oppenheim 1929; Urbach 1932)
			3.4 Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma (Kossard and Winkelmann 1980)
			3.5 Idiopathic Aseptic Facial Granuloma (Roul et al. 2001)
			3.6 Crohn´s Disease of the Skin (Crohn et al. 1932)
			3.7 Foreign Body Granulomas
				3.7.1 Silicone Granuloma
				3.7.2 Collagen Implants
				3.7.3 Foreign Body Granulomas Caused by Other Filler Materials
				3.7.4 Hairdresser Granulomas and Milking Granulomas
				3.7.5 Reactions to Tattoos
			3.8 Kikuchi Disease (Kikuchi 1972; Fujimoto et al. 1972)
			3.9 Malacoplakia (Michaelis and Gutmann 1902)
		References
			Reviews
			Sarcoidosis
			Granuloma Annulare
			Other Collagenolytic (Necrobiotic) Granulomas
			Further Granulomas of the Skin
			First Describer
	43 Diseases with Eosinophilia
		1 Introduction
		2 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)
		3 Eosinophilic Cellulitis
		4 Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis
		5 Polymorphic and Pruritic Eosinophilic Eruption in Radiation Therapy
		References
			Basics
			Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
			Eosinophilic Cellulitis (Wells Syndrome)
			Ofuji Syndrome
			Polymorphic and Pruritic Eosinophilic Eruption during Radiotherapy
			First Describer
Part XI: Environmental Diseases
	44 Photodermatoses
		1 Introduction
		2 Physical Basics
			2.1 Invisible UV Radiation
				2.1.1 UVC
				2.1.2 UVB
				2.1.3 UVA
			2.2 Visible Light and Infrared Radiation
			2.3 Dosimetry
				2.3.1 Dosimeters
		3 Skin Types (Fitzpatrick 1975)
		4 Pigmentation
			4.1 Immediate Pigmentation (Meirowsky 1909; Haußer 1938)
			4.2 Late Pigmentation
			4.3 ``Lichtschwiele´´ (Miescher 1930)
		5 Photodiagnostics
			5.1 Radiation Sources
			5.2 Photodiagnostic Test Procedures
				5.2.1 Lichttreppe (Wucherpfennig 1931)
					UVA Lichttreppe
					Diagnostic Significance of UVB and UVA Lichttreppen
				5.2.2 Photoprovocation Tests
		6 Light Provoked Skin Reactions
			6.1 Light-Provoked Reactions on Normal Skin
				6.1.1 Acute Light-Provoked Reactions on Normal Skin
					UV-Induced Immunosuppression
					Dermatitis Solaris
					Keratoconjunctivitis Photoelectrica
				6.1.2 Chronic Light-Provoked Reactions on Normal Skin
					Elastosis Actinica
					Cutis Rhomboidalis Nuchae (Jadassohn 1925)
					Elastoma Diffusum (Dubreuilh 1913)
					Nodular Elastosis with Cysts and Comedones (Favre and Racouchot 1951)
					Lemon Skin (Milian 1921)
					Elastotic Bands (Raimer et al. 1986)
					Erythrosis Interfollicularis Colli (Leder 1944)
				6.1.3 Other Forms of Light Damage
					Light Reactions of Diseased Skin
		7 Primary Photodermatoses
			7.1 Idiopathic Photodermatoses
				7.1.1 Solar Urticaria (Merklen 1904)
				7.1.2 Polymorphic Light Eruption (Rasch 1900; Hausmann and Haxthausen 1929)
				7.1.3 Hydroa Vacciniforme (Bazin 1860)
				7.1.4 Actinic Prurigo (Lopez-Gonzles 1961)
			7.2 Photodermatoses Caused by Exogenous Photosensitization
				7.2.1 Phototoxic Reactions
					Berloque-Dermatitis (Freund 1916; Rosenthal 1925)
					Dermatitis Bullosa Pratensis (Oppenheim and Fessler 1928)
				7.2.2 Photoallergic Reactions
			7.3 Chronic Actinic Dermatitis (Hawk and Magnus 1979)
			7.4 Persistent Light Reaction (Wilkinson 1962)
			7.5 Actinic Reticuloid (Ive et al. 1969)
			7.6 Photosensitive Eczema (Ramsay and Kobza-Black 1973)
			7.7 Chronic Photosensitive Dermatitis (Frain-Bell et al. 1974)
		8 Light Protection
			8.1 Avoidance of Excessive Solar Radiation
			8.2 Clothing
			8.3 Sunscreen Products
				8.3.1 Basic Principles
				8.3.2 Ingredients
			8.4 Artificial Tanning Agents
			8.5 Tanning Studios
		References
			Photodermatoses in General
			Photodiagnostic Test Methods
			Light Provoked Skin Reactions
			Idiopathic Photodermatoses
			Photodermatoses by Exogenous Photosensitization
			Light Protection
			First Describer
	45 Disorders Caused by Physical and Chemical Damage
		1 Mechanical Skin Damage
			1.1 Hyperpigmentation
			1.2 Blisters
			1.3 Hyperkeratosis
				1.3.1 Callus
				1.3.2 Clavus
				1.3.3 Black Heel
				1.3.4 Acanthoma Fissuratum
				1.3.5 Knuckle Pads and Chewing Pads
				1.3.6 Pachydermodactyly
			1.4 Pressure Sores
			1.5 Atypical Decubitus Fibroplasia
			1.6 Amputation-Related Skin Diseases
			1.7 Subcutaneous Emphysema
		2 Thermal Skin Diseases
			2.1 Erythema Ab Igne
			2.2 Burns and Scalding
		3 Cold Skin Damage
			3.1 Frostbite
			3.2 Perniones
			3.3 Pernio Follicularis
			3.4 Cold Urticaria
			3.5 Cold Panniculitis
			3.6 Cryoglobulinemia
			3.7 Cryofibrinogenemia
			3.8 Cold Agglutinin Disease
			3.9 Immersion Foot
		4 Skin Damage from Electricity
			4.1 Electrical Burns
			4.2 Lightning Strike Accidents
		5 Chemical Damage
			5.1 Coma Blisters
			5.2 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
			5.3 Biogas Poisoning
			5.4 Acid and Alkali Burns
			5.5 Chemical Warfare Agents
		6 Water Damage to the Skin
			6.1 Aquadynia
			6.2 Aquagenic Acrokeratoderma
			6.3 Aquagenic Wrinkling
		References
			Mechanical Skin Damage
			Heat-Related Skin Diseases
			Cold Skin Diseases
			Skin Damage from Electricity
			Chemical Skin Damage
			Water Damage to the Skin
			First Describer
	46 Diseases Caused by Ionizing Radiation
		1 Introduction
		References
			First Describer
	47 Aquatic Dermatology: Venomous Animals
		1 Introduction
		2 Fish
			2.1 Cartilaginous Fish
			2.2 Bony Fish
				2.2.1 Weever Fish
				2.2.2 Lionfish and Scorpionfish
				2.2.3 Stonefish
		3 Echinoderms
			3.1 Crown-of-Thorns Starfish
			3.2 Sea Urchins
		4 Cnidarians
			4.1 Portuguese Man-of-War
			4.2 Box Jellyfish
			4.3 Other Jellyfish
			4.4 Other Cnidarians
		5 Sponges
		6 Mechanical/Physical Injuries
		7 Passive Toxic Marine Animals
		8 Freshwater-Associated Dermatoses
			8.1 Water Germs
			8.2 Cyanobacteria
			8.3 Bryozoans
			8.4 Other Freshwater-Associated Dermatoses
		9 Aquatic Diseases Caused by Larvae
			9.1 Bath Dermatitis
			9.2 Cnidarian Larval Dermatitis
			9.3 Other Larvae-Related Dermatoses
		References
Part XII: Bullous Disorders
	48 Epidermolysis Bullosa
		1 Epidermolysis Bullosa: Overview
		2 Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
			2.1 Dominant Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
			2.2 Recessive Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
			2.3 Recessive Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex with Muscular Dystrophy and Pyloric Atresia
		3 Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
			3.1 Severe Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
			3.2 Intermediate Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
			3.3 Localized Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
			3.4 Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa with Pyloric Atresia
			3.5 Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa with Lung and Kidney Involvement
		4 Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
		5 Kindler Syndrome
		6 Other Disorders with Skin Fragility
			6.1 Acral Peeling Skin Syndrome
			6.2 Ectodermal Dysplasia: Skin Fragility Syndrome
			6.3 Skin Fragility Syndromes with Woolly Hair and Palmoplantar Keratoses
			6.4 Acantholytic Epidermolysis Bullosa
			6.5 Syndromic Connective Tissue Disorder with Skin Blistering
		References
			First Describer
	49 Autoimmune Bullous Diseases
		1 Introduction
		2 Pemphigus Diseases
			2.1 Pemphigus Vulgaris
			2.2 Neonatal Pemphigus
			2.3 Pemphigus Vegetans
			2.4 Pemphigus Herpetiformis
			2.5 Pemphigus Foliaceus
			2.6 Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus
			2.7 Pemphigus Erythematosus
			2.8 Drug-Induced Pemphigus
			2.9 Paraneoplastic Pemphigus / Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Multiorgan Syndrome (PAMS)
			2.10 IgA Pemphigus
		3 Pemphigoid Diseases
			3.1 Bullous Pemphigoid
			3.2 Pemphigoid Gestationis
			3.3 Lichen Planus Pemphigoides
			3.4 Linear IgA Dermatosis
			3.5 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
			3.6 Anti-p200 Pemphigoid
			3.7 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
			3.8 Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rarer Pemphigoid Disorders
		4 Dermatitis Herpetiformis
		References
			Pemphigus Diseases
			Pemphigoid Diseases
			Dermatitis Herpetiformis
			First Describer
Part XIII: Connective Tissue Diseases
	50 Connective Tissue Diseases: Introduction
		1 Introduction
		2 Fibroblasts
		3 Extracellular Matrix of the Dermal Connective Tissue
			3.1 Collagens
			3.2 Elastic Fibers
			3.3 Proteoglycans
			3.4 Adhesive Glycoproteins
		References
	51 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen and Elastic Fibers
		1 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
		2 Lethal Restrictive Dermatopathy
		3 Stiff Skin Syndrome
		4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
		5 Cutis Laxa
		6 Ascher Syndrome
		7 Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
		8 Acquired Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
		9 Marfan Syndrome
		References
			First Describer
	52 Acquired Disorders of Collagen and Elastin
		1 Acquired Skin Atrophy
			1.1 Intrinsic Skin Aging
			1.2 Inanition Atrophy
			1.3 Tension and Compression Atrophy
			1.4 Neurogenic Skin Atrophies
			1.5 Atrophoderma
		2 Acquired Diseases of the Elastic Connective Tissue
			2.1 Anetoderma
			2.2 Striae Distensae
			2.3 Mid-Dermal Elastolysis
			2.4 Piezogenic Papules
			2.5 White Fibrous Papulosis
			2.6 Acrokeratoelastoidosis
				2.6.1 Costa Acrokeratoelastoidosis
				2.6.2 Focal Acral Hyperkeratosis
		3 Colloid Milium
			3.1 Juvenile Colloid Milium
		4 Perforating Dermatoses
			4.1 Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa
			4.2 Reactive Perforating Collagenosis
			4.3 Perforating Folliculitis
			4.4 Hyperkeratosis Follicularis et Parafollicularis in Cutem Penetrans
		5 Fibrosing Connective Tissue Diseases
			5.1 Dupuytren´s Disease
			5.2 Plantar Fibromatosis
			5.3 Peyronie´s Disease
		6 Köhlmeier-Degos Disease
		7 Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars
		References
			Acquired Skin Atrophies
			Acquired Diseases of the Elastic Connective Tissue
			Acrokeratoelastoidoses
			Perforating Dermatoses
			Köhlmeier-Degos Disease
			Fibrosating Connective Tissue Diseases
			First Describer
	53 Scleroderma
		1 Introduction
		2 Localized Scleroderma
			2.1 Clinical Variants of Localized Scleroderma
				2.1.1 Morphea, Plaque Type
				2.1.2 Morphea Guttata
				2.1.3 Atrophodermia Pasini-Pierini
				2.1.4 Generalized Form of Circumscribed Scleroderma
				2.1.5 Disabling Pansclerotic Morphea
				2.1.6 Linear Circumscribed Scleroderma
				2.1.7 Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy
				2.1.8 Nodular Localized Scleroderma
				2.1.9 Deep Form of Localized Scleroderma (Morphea Profunda) Bielsa and Ariza (2007)
				2.1.10 Localized Scleroderma of the Fascia
			2.2 Diagnosis and Therapy of Localized Scleroderma
		3 Eosinophilic Fasciitis
		4 Systemic Scleroderma
		5 Pseudoscleroderma
			5.1 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
			5.2 Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome
			5.3 Toxic Oil Syndrome
		6 Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
		References
			First Describer
	54 Lupus Erythematosus
		1 Basics
		2 Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (ACLE)
		3 Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE)
		4 Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
			4.1 Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
			4.2 Lupus Erythematosus Profundus (LEP)
			4.3 Chilblain Lupus Erythematosus (CHLE)
		5 Intermittent Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
		6 Special CLE Subtypes
			6.1 Bullous Lupus Erythematosus
			6.2 Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
		References
			First Describer
	55 Dermatomyositis and Other Autoimmune Disorders
		1 Dermatomyositis
		2 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
		3 Rheumatoid Arthritis
			3.1 Rheumatic Nodules
			3.2 Rheumatoid Nodulosis
			3.3 Palisaded Neutrophilic Granulomatous Dermatitis: Interstitial Granulomatous Dermatitis
			3.4 Rheumatoid Vasculitis
			3.5 Ulcerations
			3.6 Rheumatoid Neutrophilic Dermatitis
			3.7 Intralymphatic Histiocytosis
			3.8 Variants of Rheumatoid Arthritis
				3.8.1 Still´s Disease
				3.8.2 Felty Syndrome
		4 Sjögren´s Syndrome
		5 Chronic Ulcerating Stomatitis
		References
			Dermatomyositis
			Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Sjögren´s Syndrome
			Chronic Ulcerating Stomatitis
			First Describers
Part XIV: Hereditary Disorders
	56 Malformations and Genodermatoses
		1 Aplasia Cutis Congenita
		2 Cutis Verticis Gyrata
		3 Beare-Stevenson Syndrome
		4 Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
		5 Fistulae and Cysts Due to Developmental Disorders
		6 Auricular Appendix
		7 Transverse Nasal Line
		8 Dimples
		9 Supernumerary Nipple
		10 Infantile Perineal Protrusion
		11 Rudimentary Polydactyly
		12 Amniotic Band Syndrome
		13 Skin Signs in Occult Cranial Dysraphism
		14 Nasal Glioma
		15 Skin Signs of Occult Spinal Dysraphism
		References
			Overviews
			Apleasia Cutis Congenita
			Cutis Verticis Gyrata and Beare-Stevenson Syndrome
			Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
			Auricular Appendix
			Transverse Nasal Line
			Dimples
			Accessory Nipple
			Infantile Perineal Protrusion
			Rudimentary Polydactyly
			Amniotic Band Syndrome
			Skin Signs of Dysraphism and Nasal Glioma
			First Describer
	57 Genodermatoses II
		1 Phacomatoses
		2 Neurofibromatoses
			2.1 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
			2.2 Neurofibromatosis Type 2
			2.3 Segmental Neurofibromatosis (NF-5)
			2.4 Familial Café-Au-Lait Spots
			2.5 Tuberous Sclerosis
			2.6 Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
			2.7 Chromosomal Aberrations
				2.7.1 Turner Syndrome
				2.7.2 Klinefelter Syndrome
				2.7.3 Down Syndrome
		3 Diseases with Genetic Instability
			3.1 Basic Principles
			3.2 DNA Repair Defects and Genetic Instability
				3.2.1 Xeroderma Pigmentosum
				3.2.2 Cockayne Syndrome
				3.2.3 Trichothiodystrophy
				3.2.4 Ataxia Telangiectasia
		4 Progeroid Diseases
			4.1 Werner Syndrome
			4.2 Bloom Syndrome
			4.3 Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
			4.4 Acrogeria
		5 Congenital Poikiloderma
			5.1 Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome
			5.2 Dyskeratosis Congenita
			5.3 Fanconi Anemia
			5.4 Kindler Syndrome
			5.5 Hereditary Acrokeratotic Poikiloderma
			5.6 Hereditary Sclerosing Poikiloderma
			5.7 Poikiloderma with Neutropenia
		6 Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes
			6.1 Christ-Siemens-Touraine Syndrome
			6.2 Clouston Syndrome
			6.3 Tooth and Nail Syndrome
			6.4 Ectrodactyly Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndrome with Cleft Formation
			6.5 Hay-Wells Syndrome
			6.6 Rapp-Hodgkin Syndrome
			6.7 Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome
		7 Other Genodermatoses with Dermatological Symptoms
			7.1 Cystic Fibrosis
			7.2 H Syndrome
		References
			Phacomatoses
			Chromosomal Aberrations
			DNA Repair Defects and Chromosome Instabilities
			Progeroid Syndromes
			Hereditary Poikiloderma
			Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes
			Other Genodermatoses with Dermatological Symptoms
			First Describer
	58 Mosaicism and Epidermal Nevi
		1 Introduction
		2 Categories of Cutaneous Mosaicism
			2.1 Non-Segmental Mosaics
			2.2 Segmental Mosaics
		3 Epigenetic Mosaicism
			3.1 Epigenetic X-Chromosome Mosaicism
				3.1.1 Incontinentia Pigmenti
				3.1.2 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia
				3.1.3 MIDAS Syndrome
				3.1.4 Orofaciodigital Syndrome Type I
				3.1.5 Terminal Osseous Dysplasia with Pigmentary Defects
				3.1.6 X-Linked Non-Lethal Mutations
				3.1.7 X-Linked Genes Escaping Inactivation
			3.2 Epigenetic Autosomal Mosaics
		4 Genomic Mosaicism
			4.1 Genomic Mosaicism of Autosomal Lethal Mutations
				4.1.1 Linear Hypomelanosis
					Vabres Syndrome
				4.1.2 Linear Hypermelanosis
				4.1.3 Phylloid Hypomelanosis
				4.1.4 Phylloid Hypermelanosis
				4.1.5 McCune-Albright Syndrome
				4.1.6 Papular Nevus Spilus Syndrome
				4.1.7 Delleman Syndrome
				4.1.8 Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis
			4.2 Genomic Mosaic of Autosomal Nonlethal Mutations
				4.2.1 Simple Segmental Mosaicism in Autosomal Dominant Skin Disorders
				4.2.2 Superimposed Mosaicism in Autosomal Dominant Skin Disorders
			4.3 An Example of Non-Classifiable Genomic Mosaicism
				4.3.1 Linear Lentiginous Nevus
		5 Superimposed Segmental Manifestation of Polygenic Skin Diseases
		6 Other Acquired Dermatoses Following Blaschko´s Lines
			6.1 Lichen Striatus
			6.2 A Note on ``Blaschkitis´´
			6.3 Linear Atrophoderma of Moulin
		7 Didymosis
			7.1 Forms of Allelic Didymosis
				7.1.1 Capillary Twin Spots
				7.1.2 Cutis Tricolor
				7.1.3 Didymosis in Keratinopathic Ichthyosis of Brocq
				7.1.4 Didymosis in Darier Disease
			7.2 Other Binary Genodermatoses
				7.2.1 Phacomatosis Cesioflammea
				7.2.2 Phacomatosis Spilorosea
				7.2.3 Phacomatosis Melanorosea
				7.2.4 Phacomatosis Cesiomarmorata
				7.2.5 Phacomatosis Pigmentokeratotica
				7.2.6 Binary Occurrence of Aplasia Cutis Congenita and Nevus Sebaceus
		8 Autosomal Recessive Mosaicism
		9 Revertant Mosaicism
		10 Epidermal Nevi
			10.1 Keratinocytic Nevi
				10.1.1 Common Linear Keratinocytic Nevus of the Soft Type
				10.1.2 Common Linear Keratinocytic Nevus of the Hard Type
				10.1.3 Keratinopathic Epidermal Nevus
				10.1.4 Linear Proteus Nevus
				10.1.5 Linear PTEN Nevus
				10.1.6 Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus (ILVEN)
				10.1.7 CHILD Nevus
				10.1.8 Nevus Corniculatus
				10.1.9 Nevus Kerinokeratoticus (Segmental Kerinokeratosis Papulosa)
				10.1.10 Linear Darier Disease
				10.1.11 Linear Hailey-Hailey Disease
				10.1.12 Linear Porokeratosis as Mosaic Manifestation of Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis
				10.1.13 Linear Porokeratosis as Mosaic Manifestation of Plaque-Type Porokeratosis Mibelli
			10.2 Organoid Epidermal Nevi
				10.2.1 Nevus Sebaceus
				10.2.2 Nevus Comedonicus
				10.2.3 Becker Nevus
				10.2.4 Eccrine Nevus
				10.2.5 Porokeratotic Eccrine Nevus
				10.2.6 Hair Follicle Nevus
				10.2.7 Angora Hair Nevus
				10.2.8 Apocrine Nevus
				10.2.9 Nevus Trichilemmocysticus
				10.2.10 Acne Nevus of Munro
		11 Epidermal Nevus Syndromes
			11.1 Proteus Syndrome
			11.2 Superimposed mosaic PTEN Hamartoma Syndrome
			11.3 CHILD Syndrome
			11.4 Other Epidermal Nevus Syndromes
		References
			Patterns and Mechanisms of Cutaneous Mosaicism
			Epigenetic X-Linked Mosaicism
			Epigenetic Autosomal Mosaicism
			Genomic Mosaicism
			Superimposed mosaicism in Autosomal Dominant Skin Diseases
			Superimposed Segmental Manifestation of Polygenic Skin Disorders
			Other Acquired Dermatoses Following Blaschko´s Lines
			Didymosis
			Revertant Mosaicism
			Epidermal Nevi
			Therapy of Epidermal Nevi
			Epidermal Nevus Syndromes
			First Describer
	59 Malformations of Vessels, Fat, and Connective Tissue
		1 Introduction
		2 Infantile Hemangiomas
			2.1 Congenital Hemangiomas
		3 Malformations of Blood Vessels
			3.1 Predominantly Capillary Malformations
				3.1.1 Nevi Flammei
					Asymmetric Nevus Flammeus
					Symmetrical Nevus Flammeus
					Nevus Roseus
				3.1.2 Nevus Anemicus
				3.1.3 Nevus Vascularis Mixtus
				3.1.4 Telangiectatic Nevus and Unilateral Nevoid Telangiectasia Syndrome
				3.1.5 Angiokeratotic Nevi
					Verrucous Venous Malformation
					Angiokeratoma Circumscriptum
					Angiokeratoma of Mibelli
					Angiokeratoma Scroti Sive Vulvae
					Multiple Angiokeratomas
				3.1.6 Telangiectasia Hereditaria Haemorrhagica
			3.2 Predominantly Venous Malformations
				3.2.1 Blue Rubber Vesicle Nevus Syndrome/Familiary Venous Malformation Syndrome
				3.2.2 ``Nevoid´´ Venous Malformation, Venous Angioma
		4 Malformations of the Lymphatic Vessels
			4.1 Lymphangioma Circumscriptum
			4.2 Lymphangioma Cavernosum Subcutaneum
			4.3 Gorham Syndrome
			4.4 (OMIM 123880)
		5 Combined Vascular Malformations
			5.1 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
			5.2 Cobb Syndrome
			5.3 Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome
			5.4 Parkes Weber Syndrome
			5.5 Capillary Malformation - Arteriovenous Malformation
			5.6 Angioma Racemosum
			5.7 Maffucci Syndrome
			5.8 Servelle-Martorell Syndrome
			5.9 Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
		6 Vascular Ectasias
			6.1 Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita
			6.2 Angioma Serpiginosum
			6.3 Nevus Araneus
			6.4 Telangiectasia
				6.4.1 Primary Telangiectasias
					Essential Telangiectasias
					Bloom Syndrome
					Ataxia Telangiectatica
				6.4.2 Secondary Telangiectasias
					Exogenous Telangiectasias
					Erythrosis Interfollicularis Colli
					Telangiectasia as a Symptom of Disease
			6.5 Venectasia
				6.5.1 Lip Margin Angioma
		7 Malformations of the Connective Tissue
			7.1 Connective Tissue Nevi
				7.1.1 Collagen-Rich Connective Tissue Nevus, Collagen Nevus
				7.1.2 Nevus Anelasticus
				7.1.3 Connective Tissue Nevus Rich in Elastin
			7.2 Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome
		8 Malformations of the Fatty Tissue
			8.1 Nevus Lipomatosus Superficialis
			8.2 Nevus Psiloliparus
			8.3 Congenital Symmetrical Circumferential Skin Creases
		9 Addendum
		References
			Overviews
			Infantile Hemangiomas
			Vascular and Lymphatic Malformations, Angiodysplasia Syndromes, Angiectasias
			Malformations of the Connective Tissue
			Fatty Tissue Deformities
			First Describer
	60 Ichthyoses
		1 History
		2 Classification
		3 Morphological Basics
			3.1 Stratum Basale (Basal Cell Layer)
			3.2 Stratum Spinosum (Spinous Cell Layer)
			3.3 Stratum Granulosum (Granular Cell Layer)
			3.4 Stratum Lucidum
			3.5 Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)
		4 General Pathophysiology of Ichthyoses
		5 Common Ichthyoses
			5.1 Ichthyosis Vulgaris
			5.2 X-linked Ichthyosis
		6 Autosomal-Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis
			6.1 Harlequin Ichthyosis
			6.2 Lamellar Ichthyosis and Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythrodermia
		7 Keratinopathic Ichthyoses
			7.1 Epidermolytic Ichthyosis
			7.2 Superficial Epidermolytic Ichthyosis
			7.3 Annular Epidermolytic Ichthyosis
			7.4 Ichthyosis Curth-Macklin
			7.5 Congenital Reticular Ichthyosiform Reticular Erythrodermia
		8 Other Nonsyndromic Forms of Ichthyoses
			8.1 Loricrin Keratoderma
			8.2 Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis
			8.3 Peeling Skin Syndromes
				8.3.1 Peeling Skin Syndrome Type A
				8.3.2 Peeling Skin Syndrome Type B
			8.4 Exfoliative Ichthyoses
			8.5 Keratosis Linearis-Ichthyosis Congenita-Keratoderma
			8.6 Autosomal-Dominant Lamellar Ichthyosis
		9 Syndromic Forms of Ichthyosis
			9.1 Associated Steroid Sulfatase Deficiency
			9.2 Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 2
			9.3 Ichthyosis Follicularis with Atrichia and Photophobia
			9.4 Comèl-Netherton Syndrome
			9.5 Ichthyosis-Hypotrichosis Syndrome
			9.6 Ichthyosis-Hypotrichosis-Sclerosing Cholangitis Syndrome
			9.7 Trichothiodystrophy Syndromes
			9.8 Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome
			9.9 Refsum Syndrome
			9.10 Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome
			9.11 Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness Syndrome
			9.12 Ichthyosis-Prematurity Syndrome
		10 Further Ultra-Rare Syndromic Types of Ichthyosis
		11 Unclear Forms of Ichthyosis
		12 Acquired Ichthyosiform Skin Lesions
		13 Conclusion and Support for Practice
		References
			First Describer
	61 Disorders of Keratinization
		1 Introduction
		2 Palmoplantar Keratodermas
			2.1 Palmoplantar Keratodermas with Mutations in Keratins
				2.1.1 Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma with KRT9 Mutation
				2.1.2 Progressive Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Keratin 1
			2.2 Palmoplantar Keratoses with Mutations in Loricrin
				2.2.1 Loricrin Keratoderma
			2.3 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Desmosomal Proteins
				2.3.1 Striated Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Desmoglein 1
				2.3.2 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Plakoglobin
				2.3.3 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Desmoplakin
				2.3.4 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Plakophilin 1
			2.4 Palmoplantar Keratoses with Mutations in Connexins
				2.4.1 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Connexin 26
				2.4.2 Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia/Clouston Syndrome with Mutations in Connexin 30
				2.4.3 Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis with Mutations in Connexin 30.3 or 31
			2.5 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Cathepsin C
				2.5.1 Diffuse Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in Cathepsin C
			2.6 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Different Gene Mutations
				2.6.1 Diffuse Progressing Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutations in SLURP1
				2.6.2 Punctate Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Mutation in AAGAB
				2.6.3 KLICK Keratoderma with Mutation in POMP
				2.6.4 Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge Syndrome
				2.6.5 Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Esophageal Carcinoma
				2.6.6 Olmsted Syndrome
				2.6.7 Huriez Syndrome
				2.6.8 Keratolytic Winter Erythema
			2.7 Palmoplantar Keratoderma without Previously Detected Mutation
				2.7.1 Spiny Palmoplantar Keratoderma
				2.7.2 Keratotic Pits on Palmar Folds
				2.7.3 Focal Palmoplantar and Gingival Keratosis
				2.7.4 Acrokeratoelastoidosis
				2.7.5 Palmoplantar Keratoderma-Congenital Alopecia Syndrome
		3 Follicular Keratoses
			3.1 Keratosis Pilaris
			3.2 Lichen Spinulosus
			3.3 Follicular Hyperkeratotic Spiculae
			3.4 Ulerythema Ophryogenes
			3.5 Atrophoderma Vermiculata
			3.6 Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans
		4 Dyskeratotic-Acantholytic Keratoses
			4.1 Darier Disease
			4.2 Grover´s Disease
			4.3 Hailey-Hailey Disease
			4.4 Focal and Disseminated Acantholytic Acanthomas
				4.4.1 Warty Dyskeratoma
				4.4.2 Familial Dyskeratotic Comedones
		5 Porokeratoses
			5.1 Porokeratosis of Mibelli
			5.2 Porokeratosis Superficialis Disseminata Actinica
			5.3 Disseminated Punctate Palmoplantar Porokeratosis
			5.4 Porokeratosis Ptychotropica
		6 Other Cornification Disorders
			6.1 Palmoplantar Hypokeratosis
			6.2 Hyperkeratosis Lenticularis Perstans
			6.3 Nipple Hyperkeratosis
		References
			Palmoplantar Keratodermas
			Follicular Keratoses
			Dyskeratotic-Acantholytic Keratoses
			Porokeratoses
			Other Keratoses
			First Describer: Palmoplantar Keratoderma
			Follicular Keratoses
			Dyskeratotic-Acantholytic Keratoses
			Porokeratoses
			Other Cornification Disorders
	62 Hereditary Immunodeficiency Diseases: Skin Signs
		1 Introduction
		2 Selected Primary Immunodeficiencies with Skin Signs
			2.1 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Cellular and Humoral Immunity
			2.2 Combined Immunodeficiencies with Associated or Syndromic Features
			2.3 Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
			2.4 Diseases of Immune Dysregulation
			2.5 Congenital Defects of Phagocyte Number, Function or Both
			2.6 Autoinflammatory Disorders
		Further Literature
Part XV: Vascular Diseases
	63 Functional Angiopathies
		1 Introduction
		2 Acrocyanosis
			2.1 Erythrocyanosis Crurum Puellarum
		3 Cutis Marmorata
			3.1 Pseudoleukoderma Angiospasticum
			3.2 Erythema Ab Igne
			3.3 Cutis Marmorata Teleangiectatica Congenita
		4 Erythromelalgia
		5 Raynaud´s Syndrome and Raynaud´s Disease
		6 Erythema
			6.1 Flushing
			6.2 Erythema e Pudore
			6.3 Persistent Facial Erythema
			6.4 Familial Palmoplantar Erythema
			6.5 Acquired Palmoplantar Erythema
		References
			First Describer
	64 Vasculitis and Vasculopathies
		1 Vasculitis
			1.1 Vasculitis of the Large Vessels
				1.1.1 Giant Cell Arteritis
				1.1.2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica
				1.1.3 Takayasu Arteritis
			1.2 Vasculitis of Medium-Sized Vessels
				1.2.1 Polyarteritis Nodosa
				1.2.2 Cutaneous Polyarteritis
				1.2.3 Kawasaki Syndrome
			1.3 Vasculitis of the Small Vessels
				1.3.1 ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
					Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
					Microscopic Polyangiitis
					Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
					Drug-Induced ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
				1.3.2 Immune Complex Vasculitides
					IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
					IgG-/IgM-Positive (IgA-Negative) Immune Complex Vasculitis
					Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
					Urticarial Vasculitis
					Serum Sickness
			1.4 Vasculitis in Behçet´s Disease and Cogan´s Syndrome
			1.5 Vasculitis in Connection with Systemic Diseases (Collagenosis)
			1.6 Vasculitis with Probable Etiology
				1.6.1 Vasculitis and Coagulopathy in Bacteremia or Sepsis
					Septic Vasculitis (With and Without Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)
					Purpura Fulminans (Congenital Protein C Deficiency, in Sepsis and Post-Infection)
					Hemorrhagic Papules or Maculae in Bacteremia (Osler´s Node, Janeway Lesions)
			1.7 Vasculitis Due to Infection of the Endothelial Cell or Vascular Wall
			1.8 Primary Cutaneous Vasculitis
				1.8.1 Nodular Vasculitis
				1.8.2 Erythema Elevatum et Diutinum
				1.8.3 Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Childhood
				1.8.4 Recurrent Macular Vasculitis in Hypergammaglobulinemia
			1.9 Vasculitides Which Are Not Generally Accepted as Entities
				1.9.1 Golfers´ Vasculitis (Exercise-Induced Vasculitis)
				1.9.2 Lymphocytic Vasculitis
				1.9.3 Vasculitis in Monoclonal Gammopathy
				1.9.4 Eosinophilic Vasculitis
				1.9.5 Granulomatous Vasculitis
				1.9.6 Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
			1.10 Pyoderma Gangrenosum
				1.10.1 PAPA Syndrome and Hyperzincemia and Hypercalprotectinemia Syndrome
		2 Vasculopathies
			2.1 Livedo
				2.1.1 Livedo and Retiform Purpura
				2.1.2 Cutis Marmorata (Livedo Reticularis in Vegetative Dysregulation)
				2.1.3 Livedo Reticularis by Medication and Neurological Disorders
				2.1.4 Livedo Reticularis Due to Alteration of Blood Components and Slowed Flow Velocity
			2.2 Occlusive Vasculopathies
				2.2.1 Nonvasculitic Vascular Stenoses Due to Changes in the Vessel Wall
					Livedo Vasculopathy
					Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis
					Cutaneous Collagenous Vasculopathy
					Hypertonic Ulcer (Martorell)
					Calciphylaxis
					Sneddon´s Syndrome
					Malignant and Benign Atrophic Papulosis
				2.2.2 Occlusive Vasculopathy Due to Embolism
					Cholesterol Embolism
					Oxalate Embolism
					Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
					Bacterial Endocarditis
					Atrial Fibroids
					Cardiac Angiosarcoma
					Emboli from Foreign Body Materials
					Cutaneous Metastases
					Embolia Cutis Medicamentosa
				2.2.3 Occlusive Vasculopathy by Thrombocyte Aggregates
					Heparin-Induced Skin Necrosis
					Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
					Myeloproliferative Syndromes Such as Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocytosis
					Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
				2.2.4 Occlusive Vasculopathy Caused by Erythrocytes
					Reticulocyte Crisis in Sickle Cell Anemia
				2.2.5 Occlusive Vasculopathy Caused by Cold-Related Gelation or Agglutination
					Monoclonal Cryoglobulinemia Type I
					Cryofibrinogenemia
					Cold Agglutinins
				2.2.6 Occlusive Vasculopathy by Other Serum Factors
					Monoclonal Gammopathy
				2.2.7 Medication-Induced Occlusive Vasculopathy
				2.2.8 Occlusive Vasculopathy in Systemic Coagulopathies
					Purpura Fulminans
					Coumarin- or Marcumar-Induced Necrosis
					Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
		References
			First Describer
			Further Literature
	65 Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease
		1 Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
		2 Diabetic Angiopathy
		3 Thromboangiitis Obliterans
		4 Arterial Embolism
		5 Hypertensive Ischemic Leg Ulcer
		6 Blue-Toe Syndrome
		References
			First Describer
	66 Capillary Nevi and Other Vascular Malformations
		1 Introduction
		2 Capillary Nevi
			2.1 Nevus Flammeus
			2.2 Port-Wine Stain of the Proteus Type
			2.3 Port-Wine Stain of the CLOVES Type
			2.4 Nevus Roseus
			2.5 Rhodoid Nevus
			2.6 Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita
			2.7 Reticular Capillary Nevus
			2.8 Segmental Angioma Serpiginosum
			2.9 Nevus Anemicus
			2.10 Nevus Syringocapillaris (aka ``Eccrine-Angiomatous Hamartoma´´)
			2.11 Nevus Vascularis Mixtus
			2.12 Angiokeratoma Circumscriptum
		3 Other, Less Well Established Capillary Nevi
			3.1 Midfacial Port-Wine Patch
			3.2 Carter-Mirzaa Macules
			3.3 Unilateral Punctate Telangiectasia
			3.4 Unilateral Nevoid Telangiectasia of the Patchy Type
		4 Capillary Malformations That Are Not Nevi
			4.1 Autosomal-Dominant Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum
			4.2 Hereditary Angioma Serpiginosum
			4.3 Salmon Patch
		5 Venous Malformations
			5.1 Segmental Venous Nevus
			5.2 Hereditary Venous Nevi
			5.3 Venous Nevus of the Servelle-Martorell Type
			5.4 Maffucci Syndrome
			5.5 A Note on the Term ``Glomuvenous Malformations´´
		6 Arteriovenous Malformations
		7 Lymphatic Malformations
			7.1 Reticular Lymphatic Nevus
			7.2 Targetoid Lymphatic Malformation
			7.3 A Note on Lymphangioma and Lymphatic Malformation
		8 Addendum of the Editors
		References
			Overviews
			First Describer
	67 Diseases of the Veins
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Anatomy
			1.2 Physiology
			1.3 Clinical Examination
				1.3.1 Anamnesis
				1.3.2 Inspection
			1.4 Instrument-Based Examinations
				1.4.1 Digital Photoplethysmography/Light Reflection Rheography
				1.4.2 Doppler Sonography
				1.4.3 Color-Coded Duplex Sonography
				1.4.4 Laboratory
		2 Chronic Venous Diseases
			2.1 Introduction
			2.2 Classification
				2.2.1 Clinic (C = Clinical Manifestations)
				2.2.2 Etiology (E = Etiologic Factors)
				2.2.3 Anatomy (A = Anatomic Distribution of Disease)
				2.2.4 Pathophysiology (P = Pathophysiological Findings)
		3 Complications and Associated Disorders
			3.1 Acute Varicose Bleeding
			3.2 Post-thrombotic Syndrome
			3.3 Arthrogenic Congestive Syndrome
			3.4 Acroangiodermatitis (Mali et al. 1965)
			3.5 Venous Leg Ulcer
		4 Treatment
			4.1 Conservative Treatment
				4.1.1 Compression Treatment
				4.1.2 Physical Decongestion Measures
				4.1.3 Drug Treatment
			4.2 Invasive Treatment
				4.2.1 Sclerotherapy
				4.2.2 Endoluminal Thermal Processes
				4.2.3 Surgical Procedures
			4.3 Local Treatment
				4.3.1 T (Tissue) = Tissue = Wound Debridement
				4.3.2 I (Infection) = Infection = Bacterial Balance
				4.3.3 M (Moisture) = Moisture = Exudate Management
				4.3.4 E (Edge) = Edge = Wound Edge Check
		5 Acute Venous Diseases
			5.1 Thrombophlebitis
			5.2 Special Shapes
				5.2.1 Thrombophlebitis Saltans (Thrombophlebitis Migrans)
				5.2.2 Mondor Phlebitis
			5.3 Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis
		References
			First Describer
	68 Diseases of Lymphatics
		1 Introduction
		2 Primary Lymphedema
			2.1 Genetically Conditioned Forms
				2.1.1 Hereditary Congenital Lymphedema Type I
				2.1.2 Hereditary Congenital Lymphedema Type II
				2.1.3 Lymphedema in the Context of Syndromes
			2.2 Non-Genetically Caused Sporadic Primary Lymphedema
				2.2.1 Essential Congenital Lymphedema
				2.2.2 Idiopathic Lymphedema
		3 Secondary Lymphedema
		4 Elephantiasis
		5 Cutaneous Chylous Reflux
		6 Acute Lymphangitis
		7 Artificial Lymphedema
		References
			First Describer
	69 Disorders of Hemostasis
		1 Introduction
		2 Thrombocytic Hemostatic Disorders
			2.1 Thrombocytopenia
				2.1.1 Immune Thrombocytopenia
				2.1.2 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
				2.1.3 HIV-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia
			2.2 Thrombocytoses
				2.2.1 Thrombocythemia
				2.2.2 Thrombocytopathies (Platelet Dysfunction)
		3 Hemostasis Disorders Due to Coagulopathies
			3.1 Hereditary Coagulopathies
				3.1.1 Hemophilia A and B
				3.1.2 Von Willebrand Syndrome
				3.1.3 Lack of Anticoagulant Factors
				3.1.4 APC Resistance to Factor V Leiden Mutation
			3.2 Acquired Coagulopathies
				3.2.1 Purpura Fulminans
				3.2.2 Antiphospholipid Syndrome
				3.2.3 Calciphylaxis
				3.2.4 Anticoagulant Necroses
				3.2.5 Diseases with Deficiencies of Anticoagulatory Proteins or Disturbed Fibrinolysis
				3.2.6 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
		4 Vascular Hemorrhagic Diatheses
			4.1 Hemangioma Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
			4.2 Acquired Vascular Hemorrhagic Diathesis
				4.2.1 Purpura Senilis
				4.2.2 Purpura Orthostatica
				4.2.3 Mechanical Purpura
				4.2.4 Paroxysmal Finger Hematoma
				4.2.5 Purpura Factitia
				4.2.6 Purpura in Metabolic Disorders
				4.2.7 Purpura in Infectious Diseases
				4.2.8 Purpura Caused by Allergic Vasculopathies
			4.3 Hemorrhagic Pigmentary Dermatoses
				4.3.1 Purpura Pigmentosa Progressiva
					Lichen Aureus
				4.3.2 Painful Ecchymosis Syndrome
		5 Purpura and Hematomas: Potpourri of the Rare and the Important
		References
			Overviews
			Thrombocytic Hemostasis Disorders
			Hemostasis Disorders Due to Coagulopathies
			Vascular Hemorrhagic Diathesis
			First Describer
Part XVI: Pigmentary Diseases
	70 Disorders of Melanin Pigmentation
		1 Basics
			1.1 Ontogenesis of the Cutaneous Pigment System
			1.2 Morphology of the Epidermal Melanin Unit
			1.3 Biochemistry of Melanin Biosynthesis
			1.4 Regulation of Cutaneous Melanin Pigmentation
			1.5 Terminology of Cutaneous Melanin Pigmentation Disorders
		2 Circumscribed Hyperpigmentation
			2.1 Chloasma
			2.2 Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
				2.2.1 Hyperpigmentation of the Neck and Facial Region
				2.2.2 Periocular Hyperpigmentation
				2.2.3 Mechanical Hyperpigmentation
				2.2.4 Thermal Hyperpigmentation
				2.2.5 Actinic Hyperpigmentation
				2.2.6 Chemical Hyperpigmentation
			2.3 Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans
			2.4 Incontinentia Pigmenti
			2.5 Linear and Whorled Nevoid Hypermelanosis
		3 Reticular Hyperpigmentation
			3.1 Dowling-Degos Disease
			3.2 Dyschromatosis Symmetrica Hereditaria
			3.3 Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria
			3.4 Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome
			3.5 Prurigo Pigmentosa
		4 Universal Hyperpigmentation
			4.1 Familial Progressive Hyperpigmentation
			4.2 Arsenic-Induced Hyperpigmentation
		5 Amelanoses and Hypomelanoses
			5.1 Albinism
				5.1.1 Tyrosinase-Negative Oculocutaneous Albinism
				5.1.2 Tyrosinase-Positive Oculocutaneous Albinism
				5.1.3 Red Albinism
				5.1.4 Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4
				5.1.5 Ocular Albinism
			5.2 Albinoidism
				5.2.1 Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome
				5.2.2 Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
				5.2.3 Griscelli Syndrome
			5.3 Other Congenital Hypomelanoses
				5.3.1 Phenylketonuria
				5.3.2 Piebaldism
				5.3.3 Waardenburg Syndrome
				5.3.4 Tietz Syndrome
				5.3.5 Pigmentary Mosaicism of the Ito Type
				5.3.6 Nevus Depigmentosus
				5.3.7 Tuberous Sclerosis
			5.4 Vitiligo and Vitiligo Syndromes
				5.4.1 Vitiligo
				5.4.2 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
				5.4.3 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
			5.5 Other Acquired Forms of Depigmentation
				5.5.1 Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis
				5.5.2 Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
				5.5.3 Depigmentation by Chemical Substances
				5.5.4 Drug-Induced Depigmentation
				5.5.5 Depigmentation in Other Skin Diseases
				5.5.6 Leukomelanoderma
				5.5.7 Pseudoleukoderma
		References
			Basics
			Hypermelanoses
			Hypomelanoses
			First Describer
	71 Dyschromias, Piercings, and Tattoos
		1 Introduction
		2 Endogenous Dyschromias
			2.1 Ochronosis
			2.2 Hemosiderosis
			2.3 Bronze Baby Syndrome
			2.4 Icterus
		3 Exogenous Dyschromias
			3.1 Carotinosis
			3.2 Metal Salts
				3.2.1 Argyrosis
				3.2.2 Chrysiasis
				3.2.3 Arsenic
				3.2.4 Iron Salts
				3.2.5 Bismuth
				3.2.6 Hydrargyrosis
				3.2.7 Black Dermographism
			3.3 Drugs
				3.3.1 Minocycline
				3.3.2 Amiodarone
				3.3.3 Imipramine
				3.3.4 Clofazimine
				3.3.5 Hydroxychloroquine
			3.4 Tattoos
				3.4.1 Temporary Tattoos
				3.4.2 Decorative Tattoos
				3.4.3 Dirt Tattoos
		4 Piercings
		References
			Endogenous Dyschromias
			Exogenous Dyschromias
			Piercings
			First Describer
Part XVII: Diseases of Adnexal Structures
	72 Acne and Rosacea
		1 Acne
			1.1 Fundamentals
				1.1.1 Definition
				1.1.2 Epidemiology
				1.1.3 Etiopathogenesis
				1.1.4 Clinical Features
					Primary Non-Inflammatory Acne
					Secondary Inflammatory Acne
				1.1.5 Kinetics of Acne Lesions
					Post-Inflammatory Acne
				1.1.6 Acne Variants
					Acne Comedonica
					Acne Papulopustulosa
					Acne Conglobata
				1.1.7 Histopathology
				1.1.8 Laboratory Tests
				1.1.9 Treatment
					General Information
					Topical
					Systemic
					Adjuvant Measures
					Necessity of Maintenance Therapy
			1.2 Acne-Associated Syndromes
				1.2.1 PCO Syndrome
					Treatment
				1.2.2 HAIR-AN Syndrome
					Treatment
				1.2.3 Adrenogenital Syndrome
				1.2.4 SAPHO Syndrome
					Treatment
				1.2.5 Acne Fulminans
					Treatment
				1.2.6 PAPA Syndrome
					Treatment
				1.2.7 PASH Syndrome
				1.2.8 Apert Syndrome
				1.2.9 Acneiform Nevus
			1.3 Acne in Infancy and Childhood
				1.3.1 Acne Neonatorum
				1.3.2 Acne Infantum
			1.4 Acne in Adulthood
				1.4.1 Adult Acne/Postadolescent Acne/Acne Tarda
					Treatment
			1.5 Special Forms of Acne
				1.5.1 Doping Acne
					Synonym
					Treatment
				1.5.2 Acne Tropicalis
					Treatment
				1.5.3 Acne Excoriée
					Synonym
					Treatment
			1.6 Contact Acne
				1.6.1 Cosmetic Acne (Acne Cosmetica)
				1.6.2 Pomade Acne
				1.6.3 Oil and Tar Acne
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Features
					Treatment
			1.7 Smoker Acne
			1.8 Physical Acne
				1.8.1 Acne Mechanica
					Treatment
				1.8.2 Irradiation Acne
					Treatment
			1.9 Solid Facial Edema in Acne
			1.10 Acne-Like Diseases
				1.10.1 Medication-Induced Acne-Like Eruptions
					Differential Diagnosis
					Treatment
				1.10.2 Iodine and Bromide Acne
				1.10.3 Mallorca Acne
					Synonym
					Treatment
				1.10.4 Gram-Negative Folliculitis
				1.10.5 Chloracne
					Synonym
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Features
					Treatment
		2 Acne Inversa/Dissecting Terminal Hair Folliculitis
			2.1 Synonyms
			2.2 Epidemiology
			2.3 Etiopathogenesis
			2.4 Clinical Features
			2.5 Histopathology
			2.6 Laboratory
			2.7 Differential Diagnosis
			2.8 Treatment
		3 Pilonidal Sinus
			3.1 Synonyms
			3.2 Epidemiology
			3.3 Etiopathogenesis
			3.4 Clinical Features
			3.5 Differential Diagnosis
			3.6 Histopathology
			3.7 Treatment
		4 Rosacea
			4.1 Definition
			4.2 Epidemiology
			4.3 Etiopathogenesis
			4.4 Clinical Features
				4.4.1 Erythema
				4.4.2 Rosacea I (Rosacea Erythematotelangiectatica)
				4.4.3 Rosacea II (Rosacea Papulopustulosa)
				4.4.4 Rosacea III (Rosacea Hypertrophica)
			4.5 Histopathology
			4.6 Treatment
				4.6.1 Topical
				4.6.2 Systemic
				4.6.3 Adrenergic Receptor Regulators
				4.6.4 Physical
				4.6.5 Cosmetics
			4.7 Special Forms of Rosacea
				4.7.1 Lupoid Rosacea
					Synonyms
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Histopathology
					Treatment
				4.7.2 Steroid-Induced Rosacea
					Treatment
				4.7.3 Rosacea Conglobata
					Treatment
				4.7.4 Rosacea Fulminans
					Synonym
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
					Histopathology
					Course
					Treatment
				4.7.5 Phymas
					Differential Diagnosis
					Treatment
				4.7.6 Ophthalmic Rosacea
					Differential Diagnosis
					Treatment
			4.8 Solid Facial Edema in Rosacea
				4.8.1 Synonyms
				4.8.2 Etiopathogenesis
				4.8.3 Clinical Features
				4.8.4 Differential Diagnosis
				4.8.5 Histopathology
				4.8.6 Treatment
			4.9 Rosacea-Like Diseases
				4.9.1 Demodicosis
					Synonyms
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Diagnostic Procedure
					Histopathology
					Course
					Treatment
						Topical
						Systemic
				4.9.2 Perioral Dermatitis
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Histopathology
					Course
					Treatment
						Topical
						Systemic
				4.9.3 Haber Syndrome
					Synonym
					Clinical Features
					Histopathology
					Treatment
		5 Neutrophilic Sebaceous Adenitis
			5.1 Concurrence of Several Sebaceous Gland Diseases
		References
	73 Diseases of Sweat Glands
		1 Anatomy and Physiology
			1.1 Eccrine Sweat Glands
			1.2 Apocrine Sweat Glands
			1.3 Apoeccrine Sweat Glands
		2 Hyperhidrosis
			2.1 Primary Hyperhidrosis
			2.2 Secondary Hyperhidrosis
			2.3 Special Types of Hyperhidrosis
				2.3.1 Compensatory Hyperhidrosis
				2.3.2 Gustatory Hyperhidrosis
				2.3.3 Frey Syndrome
				2.3.4 Eccrine Nevus
				2.3.5 Granulosis Rubra Nasi
				2.3.6 Ross Syndrome
				2.3.7 Harlequin Syndrome
				2.3.8 Riley-Day Syndrome
		3 Hypohidrosis and Anhidrosis
		4 Bromhidrosis
			4.1 Pseudobromhidrosis
			4.2 Trimethylaminuria
		5 Chromhidrosis
		6 Inflammatory Diseases of the Sweat Glands
			6.1 Miliaria
				6.1.1 Miliaria Crystallina
				6.1.2 Miliaria Rubra and Miliaria Profunda
				6.1.3 Apocrine Miliaria
			6.2 Acne Inversa (Hidradenitis Suppurativa)
			6.3 Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis
			6.4 Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia
			6.5 Recurrent Palmoplantar Hidradenitis in Childhood
			6.6 Palmar PlayStation Hidradenitis
		7 Sweat Allergy (Intolerance to Sweating)
		8 Sweat Gland Tumors
		References
			Anatomy and Physiology
			Hyperhidrosis and Hypohidrosis
			Bromhidrosis and Chromhidrosis
			Inflammatory Diseases of the Sweat Glands
			First Describer
	74 Diseases of Hair
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Development and Structure of Hair
				1.1.1 Developmental Biology of the Hair Follicle
				1.1.2 Structure of the Hair Follicle
			1.2 Hair Growth Cycle
			1.3 Hair Types
			1.4 Hair Color
			1.5 Diagnostic Procedure for Hair Loss
				1.5.1 History
				1.5.2 Clinical Examination
				1.5.3 Trichodermatoscopy
				1.5.4 Trichogram
				1.5.5 Scalp Histology
				1.5.6 Chemical Hair-Shaft Analyses
		2 Hair-Shaft Anomalies
			2.1 Hair-Shaft Anomalies with Increased Hair Fragility
				2.1.1 Monilethrix
				2.1.2 Trichorrhexis Nodosa
				2.1.3 Pili Torti
				2.1.4 Menkes Syndrome
				2.1.5 Trichothiodystrophy
				2.1.6 Trichorrhexis Invaginata
			2.2 Hair-Shaft Anomalies without Increased Brittleness
				2.2.1 Pili Anulati
				2.2.2 Woolly Hair
				2.2.3 Acquired Progressive Hair Curvature
				2.2.4 Unstylable Hair
				2.2.5 Trichostasis Spinulosa
				2.2.6 Pili Multigemini
				2.2.7 Pili Bifurcati
				2.2.8 Air Bubble Hair
				2.2.9 Rolled Hairs
				2.2.10 Pseudofolliculitis Barbae
			2.3 Trichonodosis
			2.4 Trichoptilosis
		3 Changes in Hair Color
			3.1 Endogenous and Exogenous Noxae
				3.1.1 Metabolic Diseases
				3.1.2 Nutritive Deficiencies
				3.1.3 Exogenous Factors
			3.2 Albinism
			3.3 Poliosis
			3.4 Canities
		4 Hypertrichosis
			4.1 Generalized Hypertrichosis
				4.1.1 Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa
				4.1.2 Hypertrichosis in Genodermatoses
				4.1.3 Generalized Constitutional Hypertrichosis
			4.2 Circumscribed Hypertrichoses
				4.2.1 Congenital Melanocytic Hairy Nevus Cell Nevus
				4.2.2 Melanosis Naeviformis (Becker Nevus and Becker Nevus Syndrome)
				4.2.3 Nevoid Hypertrichosis
				4.2.4 Sacral Hypertrichosis
			4.3 Acquired Hypertrichoses
		5 Hirsutism
		6 Hypotrichosis and Atrichia
			6.1 Hypotrichosis Congenita Hereditaria Marie Unna
			6.2 Atrichia Congenita with Horn Cysts
			6.3 Short Anagen Hairs
			6.4 Alopecia Triangularis Congenita
			6.5 Aplasia Cutis Congenita
			6.6 Association with Malformation Syndromes
		7 Alopecia
			7.1 Androgenetic Alopecia
				7.1.1 Androgenetic Alopecia in Men
			7.2 Androgenetic Alopecia in Women
			7.3 Diffuse Effluvium and Non-Scarring Alopecia
				7.3.1 Telogenic Effluvium
				7.3.2 Postpartum Effluvium
				7.3.3 Chronic Telogenic Effluvium
				7.3.4 Effluvium in Chemotherapy
				7.3.5 Trichotillomania
				7.3.6 Occipital Alopecia of the Infant
				7.3.7 Traction Alopecia and Pressure Alopecia
				7.3.8 Loose Anagen Hair
				7.3.9 Alopecia due to Inflammation of the Scalp
			7.4 Alopecia Areata
			7.5 Scarring and Atrophic Alopecia
				7.5.1 Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus of the Scalp
				7.5.2 Lichen Planopilaris
				7.5.3 Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
				7.5.4 Pseudopélade of Brocq
				7.5.5 Central Centrifugal Scarring Alopecia
		8 Folliculitides
			8.1 Folliculitis Decalvans
			8.2 Folliculitis and Perifolliculitis Capitis Abscedens et Suffodiens
			8.3 Acne Keloidalis Nuchae
			8.4 Chronic Erosive Pustulosis of the Scalp
		References
			Overviews
			Development and Structure of the Hair
			Diagnostics for Hair Loss
			Hair Shaft Abnormalities
			Changes in Hair Color
			Hypertrichosis and Hirsutism
			Hypotrichosis and Atrichia
			Alopecia
			Folliculitis of the Scalp
			First Describer
	75 Diseases of Nails
		1 Anatomy and Physiology
		2 Alterations of the Nail Plate
			2.1 Onychoschizia
			2.2 Onychorrhexis
			2.3 Onycholysis
			2.4 Onychomadesis
			2.5 Beau´s Lines
			2.6 Washboard Nails
			2.7 Retronychia
			2.8 Nail Degloving
			2.9 Nail Pits
			2.10 Trachyonychia
			2.11 Koilonychia
			2.12 Clubbed Nails
			2.13 Onychogryphosis
			2.14 Pincer Nails
			2.15 Onychodystrophia Mediana Canaliformis
			2.16 Further Changes to the Nail Plate
		3 Changes in Nail Color
			3.1 Leukonychia
			3.2 Dark Staining of the Nail
			3.3 Subungual Hematoma
			3.4 Splinter Hemorrhage
			3.5 Erythronychia Longitudinalis
				3.5.1 Solitary Erythronychia Longitudinalis
				3.5.2 Polydactylous Erythronychia Longitudinalis
			3.6 Melanonychia Longitudinalis
			3.7 Yellow Nail Syndrome
		4 Other Acquired/Secondary Nail Changes
			4.1 Nail Changes in Dermatological and Systemic Diseases
			4.2 Onychomycosis
			4.3 Nail Changes as a Side Effect of Drugs
			4.4 Unguis Incarnatus
			4.5 Paronychia
			4.6 Pterygium Unguis
				4.6.1 Dorsal Pterygium
				4.6.2 Ventral Pterygium
			4.7 Onychophagy
			4.8 Onychotillomania
			4.9 Complications of Nail Cosmetics
		5 Genetic Nail Changes
			5.1 Genetically Caused Isolated Nail Abnormalities
			5.2 Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails
			5.3 Nail Anomalies in Genodermatoses and Genetic Syndromes
			5.4 Pachyonychia Congenita
			5.5 Nail-Patella Syndrome
			5.6 Congenital Onychodysplasia
			5.7 Racket Nails
		6 Tumors of the Nail Region
			6.1 Viral Warts
			6.2 Onycholemmal Horn
			6.3 Onychomatricoma
			6.4 Onychocytic Matricoma
			6.5 Fibrokeratoma
			6.6 Subungual Exostosis
			6.7 Subungual Enchondroma
			6.8 Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
			6.9 Other Benign Digital Tumors with Nail Involvement
			6.10 Onychocytic Carcinoma
			6.11 Keratoacanthoma
			6.12 Bowen´s Disease and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			6.13 Ungual Melanoma
			6.14 Metastases
		References
			Overviews
			Acquired Changes of the Nail Plate
			Changes in Nail Color
			Other Acquired Nail Changes
			Genetically Caused Nail Changes
			Tumors of the Nail Region
			First Describer
Part XVIII: Regional and Special Disorders
	76 Diseases of Lips and Mouth
		1 Introduction
		2 Diseases of the Lips
			2.1 Ectopic Sebaceous Glands
			2.2 Congenital Lower Lip Fistulas
			2.3 Mucocele
			2.4 Caliber-Persistent Lip Artery
			2.5 Cheilitis
				2.5.1 Angular Cheilitis
				2.5.2 Exfoliative Cheilitis
				2.5.3 Acute Actinic Cheilitis
				2.5.4 Chronic Actinic Cheilitis
				2.5.5 Plasma Cell Cheilitis
				2.5.6 Glandular Cheilitis
			2.6 Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
			2.7 Macrocheilia
		3 Diseases of the Tongue
			3.1 Lingual Tonsils
			3.2 Sublingual Varicosities
			3.3 Fissured Tongue
			3.4 Geographic Tongue
			3.5 Median Rhomboid Glossitis
			3.6 Hairy Tongue
			3.7 Pigmented Fungiform Papillae
			3.8 Transient Lingual Papillitis
			3.9 Eosinophilic Ulcer
			3.10 Möller-Hunter Glossitis
			3.11 Macroglossia
			3.12 Burning Tongue and Burning Mouth
			3.13 Oral Hair Leukoplakia
		4 Diseases of the Gingiva
			4.1 Gingivitis
				4.1.1 Gingivitis Simplex
				4.1.2 Hyperplastic Gingivitis
				4.1.3 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
				4.1.4 Allergic Gingivitis and Gingivostomatitis
			4.2 Rare Syndromes with Gingival Involvement
				4.2.1 Acatalasia
				4.2.2 Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
				4.2.3 Tuberous Sclerosis
			4.3 Tumors
				4.3.1 Granuloma Pyogenicum
				4.3.2 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
				4.3.3 Peripheral Fibroma (Fibroid Epulis, Fibroblastic Granuloma)
				4.3.4 Parulis
				4.3.5 Congenital Epulis
		5 Tori and Exostoses
		6 Diseases of the Cheek and Palate Mucosa
			6.1 Leukokeratosis Nicotina Palati
			6.2 Morsicatio Buccarum (Chronic Cheek Chewing)
			6.3 Neurotic Cheek Ulcer
			6.4 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
			6.5 Verruciform Xanthoma
			6.6 Intraoral Viral Papillomas
			6.7 Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
			6.8 Leukoplakia
			6.9 Lip and Oral Mucosa Carcinoma
			6.10 Hereditary Diseases
				6.10.1 White Sponge Nevus
				6.10.2 Dyskeratosis Congenita
				6.10.3 Pachyonychia Congenita
				6.10.4 Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis
				6.10.5 Hereditary Mucoepithelial Dysplasia
			6.11 Hyperpigmentations
				6.11.1 Physiological Oral Mucosa Pigmentation
				6.11.2 Labial or Intraoral Melanotic Spots
				6.11.3 Discoloration by Amalgam Tattooing
			6.12 Stomatitis and Gingivostomatitis
				6.12.1 Stomatitis in Erythema Exsudativum Multiforme
				6.12.2 Stomatitis as an Adverse Drug Reaction
				6.12.3 Allergic Contact Stomatitis
				6.12.4 ``Amalgam Allergy´´
				6.12.5 Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
				6.12.6 Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis
				6.12.7 Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis
				6.12.8 Pyostomatitis Vegetans
			6.13 Aphthous Ulcers
				6.13.1 Solitary Aphthous Ulcers
				6.13.2 Bednar´s Aphthous Ulcer
				6.13.3 Chronic Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers
			6.14 Behcet´s Disease
			6.15 Traumatic Injuries
			6.16 Leukoedema
			6.17 Oral Submucous Fibrosis
			6.18 Odontogenic Tooth Fistula
			6.19 Xerostomia
			6.20 Foetor ex ore
			6.21 Halitosis
		References
			Diseases of the Lips
			Diseases of the Tongue
			Diseases of the Gingiva
			Diseases of the Entire Oral Mucosa
			First Describer
			Further Literature
	77 Inflammatory Diseases of Cartilage
		1 Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronica Helicis
		2 Relapsing Polychondritis
		3 Cauliflower Ear
		4 Auricular Pseudocyst
		5 Post-Piercing Chondritis
		References
			Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronica Helicis
			Relapsing Polychondritis
			Cauliflower Ear
			Auricular Pseudocyst
			Post-Piercing Chondritis
			First Describer
	78 Diseases of Fat
		1 Introduction
		2 Panniculitis
			2.1 Erythema Nodosum
			2.2 Nodular Vasculitis
			2.3 Lipodermatosclerosis
			2.4 Physical Forms of Panniculitis
				2.4.1 Cold Panniculitis
				2.4.2 Mechanical Panniculitis
			2.5 Silicone and Paraffin Panniculitis
			2.6 Factitial Panniculitis
			2.7 Metabolic Panniculitis
				2.7.1 Pancreatogenic Panniculitis
				2.7.2 α-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Panniculitis
				2.7.3 Gouty Panniculitis
			2.8 Infectious Panniculitis
			2.9 Panniculitis in Children
				2.9.1 Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn
				2.9.2 Scleredema Neonatorum
				2.9.3 Lipophagic Panniculitis of Childhood
			2.10 Post-Steroid Panniculitis
			2.11 Panniculitis in Systemic Diseases
				2.11.1 Lupus Panniculitis
				2.11.2 Panniculitis in Scleroderma
				2.11.3 Panniculitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
				2.11.4 Panniculitis in Granulomatous Diseases
				2.11.5 Panniculitis in Vascular Diseases
				2.11.6 Panniculitis in Lymphoma and Leukemia
			2.12 Further Types of Panniculitis
				2.12.1 Eosinophilic Panniculitis
				2.12.2 Neutrophilic Panniculitis
				2.12.3 Panniculitis as a Drug-Related Side Effect
				2.12.4 Pfeiffer-Weber-Christian Syndrome
				2.12.5 Lipogranulomatosis Subcutanea Rothmann-Makai
		3 Lipoatrophy and Lipodystrophy
			3.1 Localized Lipoatrophies
				3.1.1 Glucocorticoid Lipoatrophy
				3.1.2 Insulin Lipodystrophy
				3.1.3 Annular Lipoatrophy and Semicircular Lipoatrophy
				3.1.4 Centrifugal Abdominal Lipodystrophy
			3.2 Systematized Partial or Generalized Lipodystrophy
				3.2.1 Acquired Generalized Lipoatrophy
				3.2.2 Congenital Generalized Lipoatrophy
				3.2.3 Progressive Partial Lipodystrophy
				3.2.4 Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Syndromes
					Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Type 1
					Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Type 2
					Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Type 3
				3.2.5 Lipodystrophy with Mandibulo-Acral Dysplasia
		4 Other Fatty Tissue Diseases
			4.1 Benign Symmetrical Lipomatosis
			4.2 Facial Lipomatosis
			4.3 Adiposis Dolorosa
			4.4 Lipedema
			4.5 Cellulite
		References
			Overviews
			Panniculitis
			Lipoatrophy, Lipodystrophy, Lipomatosis, and Other Fatty Tissue Diseases
			First Describer
	79 Diseases of the Female Genitalia
		1 Introduction
		2 Physiological Standard Variants
			2.1 Heterotopic Sebaceous Glands
			2.2 Vestibular Papillae
		3 Vulvovaginitis
		4 Other Vulvar Diseases
			4.1 Acute Genital Ulcers
			4.2 Bullous Diseases
			4.3 Edema of the Vulva
			4.4 Senile Vulvar Atrophy
			4.5 Lichen Sclerosus
			4.6 Lichen Planus
			4.7 Vulvar Eczema
			4.8 Infections with Human Papillomaviruses
			4.9 Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia
			4.10 Extramammary Paget´s Disease
			4.11 Vulvitis Circumscripta Chronica Benigna Plasmacellularis
			4.12 Melanotic Spots
		5 Pruritus Vulvae and Vulvodynia
			5.1 Pruritus Vulvae
			5.2 Vulvodynia
		6 Endometriosis
		References
			Overviews
			Congenital Formations
			Vulvovaginitis
			Other Vulval Diseases
			Pruritus Vulvae and Vulvodynia
			Endometriosis
			Web Pages
			First Describer
	80 Diseases of the Male Genitalia
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Classification of penile diseases
			1.2 Special Features of Glans Penis and Prepuce
				1.2.1 Foreskin
				1.2.2 Preputial Space
				1.2.3 Smegma
		2 Physiological Standard Variants
			2.1 Ectopic Sebaceous Glands
				2.1.1 Synonyms
				2.1.2 Clinical Features
				2.1.3 Therapy
			2.2 Papillae Coronae Glandis
				2.2.1 Synonyms
				2.2.2 Clinical Features
				2.2.3 Therapy
		3 Diseases of the Penis
			3.1 Melanotic Lesions
				3.1.1 Synonym
				3.1.2 Clinical Features
				3.1.3 Differential Diagnosis
				3.1.4 Histopathology
				3.1.5 Therapy
			3.2 Nonvenereal Coronary Lymphangitis or Coronary Phlebitis
				3.2.1 Synonyms
				3.2.2 Clinical Features
				3.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
				3.2.4 Histopathology
				3.2.5 Course
				3.2.6 Therapy
			3.3 Injuries to the Penis
			3.4 Phimosis
				3.4.1 Physiological Phimosis
				3.4.2 Congenital (Primary) Phimosis
					Clinical Features
					Therapy
				3.4.3 Acute Phimosis
				3.4.4 Chronic Phimosis
					Etiopathogenesis
					Therapy
				3.4.5 Paraphimosis
					Clinical Features
					Therapy
			3.5 Balanitis and Balanoposthitis
				3.5.1 Balanoposthitis Acuta
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
				3.5.2 Balanoposthitis Chronica
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
					Laboratory Findings
					Therapy
				3.5.3 Balanitis Erosiva Circinata
					Therapy
				3.5.4 Balanoposthitis Chronica Circumscripta Benigna Plasmacellularis
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Histopathology
					Course
					Therapy
				3.5.5 Balanitis Keratotica et Pseudoepitheliomatosa
					Etiopathogenesis
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Histopathology
					Course
					Therapy
				3.5.6 Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans/Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicans
					Clinical Features
					Course
			3.6 Bowenoid Papulosis
				3.6.1 Synonyms
				3.6.2 Etiopathogenesis
				3.6.3 Clinical Features
				3.6.4 Therapy
			3.7 Acute Gangrene of the Male Genitals
				3.7.1 Synonym
				3.7.2 Etiopathogenesis
				3.7.3 Clinical Features
				3.7.4 Differential Diagnosis
				3.7.5 Therapy
			3.8 Induratio Penis Plastica
				3.8.1 Synonyms
				3.8.2 Etiopathogenesis
				3.8.3 Clinical Features
				3.8.4 Therapy
			3.9 Myointimoma
		4 Diseases of the Scrotum
			4.1 Pruritus Scroti
				4.1.1 Etiopathogenesis
				4.1.2 Clinical Features
				4.1.3 Therapy
			4.2 Scrotal Cysts
			4.3 Angiokeratomas
			4.4 Acute Idiopathic Edema
			4.5 Granulomatous Lymphangitis of the Scrotum and Penis
			4.6 Scrotal Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
		References
			Diseases of the Penis
			Diseases of the Scrotum
			First Describer
	81 Proctology
		1 Introduction
		2 Inflammatory Diseases of the Perianal/Anal Region
			2.1 Perianal and Anal Eczema
		3 Classical Proctological Diseases
			3.1 Hemorrhoidal Diseases
			3.2 Anal Venous Thrombosis
			3.3 Mariscae
			3.4 Anal Fissure
			3.5 Anal Fistula and Anal Abscess
			3.6 Anal Prolapse
			3.7 Proctalgia Fugax
		4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Perianal/Anal Region
			4.1 Condylomata Lata, Syphilis II
			4.2 Gonorrhea
			4.3 Chlamydia Infection (Serovars D-K)
			4.4 Lymphogranuloma Venereum (Serovars L1-L3)
			4.5 Genital Herpes
			4.6 Condyloma Acuminata
		5 Tumor Diseases of the Perianal/Anal Region
			5.1 Perianal-/Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PAIN/AIN)
			5.2 Anal Carcinoma
			5.3 Rare Tumor Diseases of the Perianal/Anal Region
				5.3.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma
				5.3.2 Melanoma
		References
			First Describer
	82 Disorders of Pregnancy
		1 Physiological Changes
		2 The Specific Dermatoses of Pregnancy
			2.1 Pemphigoid Gestationis
			2.2 Polymorphic Eruption of Pregnancy
			2.3 Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
			2.4 Atopic Eruption of Pregnancy
		3 Other Skin Diseases During Pregnancy
			3.1 Dermatoses Influenced by Pregnancy
				3.1.1 Psoriasis
				3.1.2 Autoimmune Diseases
				3.1.3 Facial Dermatoses
				3.1.4 Erythema Nodosum
				3.1.5 Melanocytic Tumors
			3.2 Infections During Pregnancy
				3.2.1 Herpes Simplex Virus
				3.2.2 Varicella Zoster Virus
				3.2.3 Human Papillomaviruses
				3.2.4 Parvovirus B19
				3.2.5 Syphilis
				3.2.6 Lyme Disease
				3.2.7 Scabies
		References
			Overviews
			Specific Dermatoses of Pregnancy
			Dermatoses Influenced by Pregnancy
			Infections During Pregnancy
			First Describer
	83 Neonatal Dermatology
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Examination of Newborns and Young Infants with Skin Diseases
		2 Physiology of the Skin of Newborns and Young Infants
			2.1 Epidermal Barrier Function
			2.2 Dermo-Epidermal Junction
			2.3 Dermis, Sebaceous Glands, and Sweat Glands
			2.4 Subcutis
			2.5 Transcutaneous Absorption
		3 Transient Benign Skin Lesions of the Neonate
			3.1 Milia
			3.2 Miliaria
			3.3 Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia
			3.4 Harlequin Color Change
			3.5 Other Transient Skin Changes in the Newborn
		4 Vesicles and Pustules in Newborn Infants
			4.1 Transitory Pustuloses
			4.2 Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum
			4.3 Transitory Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
			4.4 Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis
			4.5 Non-Transitory Pustuloses
				4.5.1 Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis of Childhood
				4.5.2 Infantile Acropustulosis
				4.5.3 Acute Neonatal Pustulosis in Down Syndrome
				4.5.4 Congenital Erosive and Vesicular Dermatosis
		5 Blisters in Newborns and Young Infants
		6 Erythema in Newborns and Young Infants
			6.1 Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
		References
			Physiology of the Skin of Newborns and Young Infants
			Transitory Skin Changes
			Vesicles, Pustules, Blisters
			First Describer
	84 Andrology
		1 Introduction
		2 Male Infertility
			2.1 Epidemiology
			2.2 Causes
				2.2.1 Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
				2.2.2 Primary Testicular Failure and Disorders of Spermatogenesis
					Maldescensus Testis
					Deletions of the Y Chromosome
					Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome
					Spermatogenic Arrest
					Systematic Defects of Sperm Morphology
				2.2.3 Varicocele
				2.2.4 Infections and Inflammation of the Genital Tract
					Epididymitis, Epididymo-Orchitis, Orchitis
					Prostatitis
					Urethritis
				2.2.5 Immunological Infertility
				2.2.6 Obstruction of the Excurrent Ducts
				2.2.7 Disorders of Semen Deposition
				2.2.8 Reproductive Toxicants and Lifestyle Factors
			2.3 Diagnosis
			2.4 Therapy
			2.5 Fertility Protection: Cryopreservation of Spermatozoa
		3 Hypogonadism
			3.1 Basic Principles and Classification
			3.2 Causes
				3.2.1 Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
					Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
					Constitutional Delay of Development
					Hypopituitarism
					Hyperprolactinemia
				3.2.2 Testicular Disorders
					Klinefelter Syndrome
					XX Male Syndrome
					Anorchia
				3.2.3 Hypogonadism Associated with Systemic Diseases and Senescence
			3.3 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Androgen Deficiency
			3.4 Therapy
		4 Disorders of Sexual Function
			4.1 Erectile Dysfunction
			4.2 Ejaculatio Praecox
			4.3 Anorgasmia
		5 Male Contraception
		6 Gynecomastia
		References
			First Describer
	85 Psychodermatological Diseases
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Psychotherapy, General Aspects
			1.2 Psychotropic Drugs
		2 Dermatoses Primarily of Psychological Origin
			2.1 Self-induced Skin Lesions: Classification and Therapy
			2.2 Description of the Individual Clinical Pictures
				2.2.1 Factitious Disorder
				2.2.2 Skin-Picking Syndromes (Impulsive Disorder as Nonsuicidal Self-inflicted Injuries)
				2.2.3 Skin-Picking Syndromes (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders and Related Disorders)
			2.3 Delusional Disorders (Delusion of Parasitosis, Morgellons Disease)
			2.4 Somatoform Disorders
		3 Dermatoses with Multifactorial Basis, the Course of Which Is Subject to Psychological Influences
			3.1 Atopic Eczema
			3.2 Psoriasis Vulgaris
			3.3 Acne Vulgaris
			3.4 Alopecia Areata
			3.5 Other Hair Diseases
			3.6 Herpes Labialis and Genitalis
			3.7 Hyperhidrosis
			3.8 Hidradenitis Suppurativa - Acne Inversa
			3.9 Rosacea
			3.10 Vitiligo
		4 Secondary Mental Disorders as a Result of Dermatoses
		5 The Traumatized Patient
			5.1 Neglect
			5.2 Physical Abuse
			5.3 Sexual Abuse
		References
			The Traumatic Patient
			First Describer
	86 Psychosocial and Lifestyle-Associated Skin Diseases
		1 Introduction
		2 Lifestyle Diseases in Dermatology
			2.1 Burn-out Syndrome
			2.2 Leisure Sickness
			2.3 Coronavirus Psychosomatics
			2.4 Paradise Depression
			2.5 Ecology Syndromes
			2.6 Hypochondrial Disorders
			2.7 Corticophobia
			2.8 Fear of Failure (Lifestyle Impotence)
			2.9 Beauty Diseases
				2.9.1 Body Dysmorphic Disorder
				2.9.2 Dorian Gray Syndrome
				2.9.3 Sissi Syndrome and Depression
				2.9.4 Botulinophilia
				2.9.5 Tanorexia
			2.10 Body Modifications: Tattooing, Piercing, Branding, and Scaling
		3 Lifestyle Drugs in Dermatology
		References
	87 Psychiatric and Neurologic Diseases
		1 Neuropathic Ulcer
			1.1 Neuropathic Ulcer of the Face
			1.2 Familial Ulcero-Mutilating Acro-Osteopathy
			1.3 Nonfamilial Ulcero-Mutilating Acro-Osteopathy
		2 Other Neurological Skin Diseases
			2.1 Riley-Day Syndrome
			2.2 Notalgia Paresthetica
			2.3 Meralgia Paresthetica
			2.4 Pants Paresthesia Syndrome
			2.5 Brachioradial Pruritus
			2.6 Thelalgia
			2.7 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Types I and II
			2.8 Myotonic Dystrophy
		References
			First Describer
	88 Sports Dermatology
		1 Introduction
		2 Sport-Associated Dermatoses
			2.1 Acute and Chronic Irritations
				2.1.1 Acute Irritations
				2.1.2 Chronic Irritation
			2.2 Further Types of Mechanical Damage
		3 Infections
			3.1 Bacterial Infections
			3.2 Fungal Infections
			3.3 Virus Infections
			3.4 Protozoal Infections
			3.5 Tropical Dermatoses
		4 Environmental Dermatoses
		5 Other Dermatoses in Athletes
			5.1 Allergies
			5.2 Nail Damage
			5.3 Changes in the Hair
			5.4 Phlebological Disorders
			5.5 Andrological Disorders
		6 Doping-Associated Dermatoses
			6.1 Stimulants
			6.2 Narcotics
			6.3 Anabolic Steroids
			6.4 Diuretics
			6.5 Peptide and Glycoprotein Hormones
			6.6 Blood Doping
			6.7 Other Doping Agents
		References
			Further Literature: Sports
			Further Literature: Doping
	89 Diseases in Skin of Color
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Differences in Structure and Function of Skin and Hair
		2 Pigment Changes
			2.1 Normal Pigmentation Variants
				2.1.1 Demarcation Lines
				2.1.2 Linea Nigra and Linea Alba
				2.1.3 Palmar and Plantar Hyperpigmentation
				2.1.4 Melanonychia Striata
				2.1.5 Mucosal Pigmentation
			2.2 Pathological Pigment Changes
				2.2.1 Hypopigmentation
					Vitiligo
					Albinism
					Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
					Secondary Hypopigmentation
				2.2.2 Hyperpigmentation
					Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
					Familial Periorbital Hyperpigmentation
					Melasma, Chloasma
					Acquired Exogenous Ochronosis
					Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans
					Prurigo Pigmentosa
					Hori Nevus
					Dyschromatosis Universalis, Dyschromatosis Symmetrica Hereditaria
					Congenital Dermal Melanocytoses
		3 Keratoses and Fibroses
			3.1 Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids
			3.2 Acanthosis Nigricans
			3.3 Prayer Nodules and Hyperkeratosis Malleoli Laterales (``Yoga Sign´´)
		4 Inflammatory Dermatoses
			4.1 Acne Vulgaris, Acne Medicamentosa, Acne Cosmetica, Acne Tropica
			4.2 Granulomatous Periorificial Dermatitis
			4.3 Contact Eczema
			4.4 Actinic Prurigo
			4.5 Lupus Erythematosus
			4.6 Sarcoidosis
			4.7 Pityriasis Rosea
			4.8 Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica
			4.9 Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis
			4.10 Papuloerythroderma Ofuji
			4.11 Kimura Disease
			4.12 Pemphigus
		5 Infections
			5.1 Pityriasis Versicolor
			5.2 Leprosy
			5.3 Syphilis
		6 Tumors
			6.1 Spinocellular Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Bowen´s Disease
			6.2 Melanoma
			6.3 Kaposi´s Sarcoma
			6.4 Mycosis Fungoides
		7 Diseases of the Hair and Scalp
			7.1 Pseudofolliculitis Barbae
			7.2 Acne Keloidalis Nuchae
			7.3 Folliculitis and Perifolliculitis Capitis Abscedens et Suffodiens
			7.4 Traction Alopecia
		8 Other
			8.1 Lichenoid Diseases
			8.2 Primary Cutaneous Amyloidosis
			8.3 Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra
			8.4 Podoconiosis
			8.5 Ainhum
			8.6 Artificial Penis Granulomas and Related Conditions
			8.7 Coin Rubbing
			8.8 Moxibustion
		References
			Systematic Reviews and Further Literature
			First Describer
Part XIX: Metabolic Diseases
	90 Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
		1 Introduction
		2 Lipoproteins
			2.1 Classification
			2.2 Lipoprotein Metabolism
				2.2.1 Diagnostic Procedure
		3 Dyslipoproteinemia
			3.1 Secondary Dyslipoproteinemia
				3.1.1 Retinoid-Induced Dyslipoproteinemia
			3.2 Primary Dyslipoproteinemia
				3.2.1 Xanthelasma and Xanthomas
				3.2.2 Familial Hypercholesterolemia
				3.2.3 Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia
				3.2.4 Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia (Goldstein et al. 1973)
				3.2.5 Chylomicronemia Syndrome
				3.2.6 Familial Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency (Bürger and Grütz 1932; Havel and Gordon 1960)
				3.2.7 Tangier Disease (Fredrickson et al. 1961; Bodzioch et al. 1999)
		4 Normolipidemic Histiocytosis with Xanthoma
			4.1 Langerhans Cell and Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
			4.2 Other Xanthomas
		5 Alagille Syndrome (Watson and Miller 1973; Alagille et al. 1975)
		References
			Lipoproteins and Lipid Metabolism
			Xanthelasma and Xanthomas
			Primary and Secondary Dyslipoproteinemia
			Sterol Storage Disorders
			Xanthomas and Xanthomatization in Nonlipid Disorders
			First Describer
	91 Disorders of Purine, Sphingolipid, and Amino Acid Metabolism
		1 Purine Metabolic Disorders
			1.1 Gout
			1.2 Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
		2 Sphingolipid Metabolic Disorders
			2.1 Fabry Disease
			2.2 Gaucher´s Disease
			2.3 Niemann-Pick Disease
			2.4 Farber´s Disease
		3 Amino Acid Metabolic Disorders
			3.1 Phenylketonuria
			3.2 Tyrosinemia Type 2
			3.3 Hartnup Syndrome
			3.4 Alkaptonuria
			3.5 Argininosuccinic Aciduria
			3.6 Homocystinuria
			3.7 Prolidase Deficiency
			3.8 Hyperoxaluria
		References
			Overviews
			Purine Metabolic Disorders
			Sphingolipid Metabolic Disorders
			Amino Acid Metabolic Disorders
			First Describer
	92 Gammopathies
		1 Introduction and Classification of Skin Symptoms in Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathies
		2 Classical Entities
			2.1 Multiple Myeloma
			2.2 Macroglobulinemia
			2.3 Hypergammaglobulinemic Purpura
			2.4 Schnitzler Syndrome
			2.5 Cryoglobulinemia
			2.6 POEMS Syndrome
			2.7 Follicular Spicules
			2.8 Capillary Leak Syndrome or Clarkson´s Syndrome
			2.9 TEMPI Syndrome
		References
			Introductory Remarks
			Other Gammopathies
			First Describer
	93 Amyloidoses and Hyalinoses
		1 Amyloidoses
			1.1 Fundamentals
			1.2 Primary Cutaneous Amyloidoses
				1.2.1 Lichen Amyloidosus
				1.2.2 Macular Amyloidosis
				1.2.3 Nodular Amyloidosis
			1.3 Secondary Cutaneous Amyloidoses
			1.4 Systemic Amyloidoses
				1.4.1 AL-Amyloidosis
				1.4.2 AA-Amyloidosis
			1.5 Hereditary Amyloidoses
		2 Hyalinoses
			2.1 Lipoid Proteinosis
			2.2 Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome
				2.2.1 Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis
			2.3 Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis
			2.4 Winchester Syndrome
		References
			Amyloidoses
			Hyalinoses
			First Describer
	94 Mucinoses
		1 Introduction
		2 Primary Cutaneous Mucinoses
			2.1 Dermal Mucinoses
				2.1.1 Diffuse Mucinoses
					Lichen Myxoedematosus
					Scleroderma
					Reticular Erythematous Mucinosis
					Dysthyroid Mucinoses
					Generalized Myxedema
					Localized Myxedema
					Self-Healing Juvenile Cutaneous Mucinosis
				2.1.2 Focal Mucinoses
					Acral Persistent Papular Mucinosis
			2.2 Follicular Mucinoses
				2.2.1 Mucinosis Follicularis
		3 Secondary Mucinoses
		References
			First Describer
			Further Literature
	95 Porphyrias
		1 Introduction
		2 Acute Porphyria
			2.1 Acute Intermittent Porphyria
			2.2 Variegate Porphyria
			2.3 Hereditary Coproporphyria
			2.4 ALA Dehydratase Deficiency Porphyria
		3 Non-acute Porphyrias
			3.1 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
			3.2 Protoporphyria
				3.2.1 Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
				3.2.2 X-chromosomal Dominant Protoporphyria
				3.2.3 Autosomal-Recessive Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
				3.2.4 Autosomal-Recessive Erythropoietic Protoporphyria with Palmar Keratoderma
				3.2.5 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
				3.2.6 Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria
			3.3 Pseudoporphyria
		References
			First Describer
	96 Cutaneous Calcification
		1 Introduction
		2 Calcifying Uremic Arteriolopathy
		3 Dystrophic Calcinosis
			3.1 Subepidermal Calcified Nodule
			3.2 Calcinosis of the Scrotum and Vulva
			3.3 Auricular Calcinosis
		4 Hereditary Calcinoses
			4.1 Hyperphosphatemic Familial Tumoral Calcinosis
			4.2 Normophosphatemic Familial Tumoral Calcinosis
			4.3 Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
		References
			First Describer
	97 Diseases of Mineral Metabolism
		1 Iron
			1.1 Iron Deficiency
			1.2 Hemochromatosis
		2 Zinc
			2.1 Zinc Deficiency
				2.1.1 Zinc Deficiency Syndrome Through Parenteral Nutrition
					Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
				2.1.2 Zinc Deficiency with Increased Excretion or Reduced Absorption
				2.1.3 Miscellaneous
			2.2 Zinc Intoxication
		3 Copper
			3.1 Menkes Syndrome
			3.2 Wilson´s Disease
		4 Sulfur
		5 Mercury
		6 Lead
		7 Iodine
		8 Selenium
		References
			Iron
			Zinc
			Copper
			Other Minerals
			First Describer
	98 Nutritional Diseases
		1 Nutritional Disorders
			1.1 Protein Energy Malnutrition
				1.1.1 Marasmus
				1.1.2 Kwashiorkor
			1.2 Deficiency of Essential Fatty Acids
			1.3 Eating Disorders
				1.3.1 Bulimia Nervosa
				1.3.2 Anorexia Nervosa
			1.4 Obesity
		2 Vitaminosis
			2.1 Vitamin A
				2.1.1 Vitamin A Deficiency
				2.1.2 Hypervitaminosis A
			2.2 Vitamin B
				2.2.1 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
				2.2.2 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
				2.2.3 Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Niacinamide, Nicotinamide)
					Pellagra
					Vitamin B3 Hypervitaminosis
				2.2.4 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
					Pyridoxine Deficiency
					Vitamin B6 Hypervitaminosis
				2.2.5 Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
					Vitamin B12 Deficiency
				2.2.6 Folic Acid (Pteroylglutamic Acid, Vitamin B9, Vitamin B11, Vitamin M)
					Folic Acid Deficiency
				2.2.7 Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
					Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
			2.3 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
				2.3.1 Scurvy
			2.4 Vitamin D
				2.4.1 Vitamin D Deficiency
				2.4.2 Vitamin D Hypervitaminosis
			2.5 Vitamin E
				2.5.1 Vitamin E Deficiency
			2.6 Biotin (Vitamin H)
				2.6.1 Biotin Deficiency
			2.7 Vitamin K
				2.7.1 Vitamin K Deficiency
		References
			Eating Disorders
			Obesity
			Vitaminosis
			First Describer
	99 Endocrine Diseases
		1 Introduction
		2 Pituitary Gland
			2.1 Hypopituitarism
			2.2 Hyperpituitarism
				2.2.1 Acromegalia
				2.2.2 Hyperprolactinemia
				2.2.3 Cushing´s Disease
		3 Adrenal Glands
			3.1 Hypoadrenalism
				3.1.1 Glucocorticoid Deficiency
			3.2 Hyperadrenalism
				3.2.1 Hypercorticism
				3.2.2 Hyperandrocorticism
				3.2.3 Pheochromocytoma
		4 Gonads
			4.1 Androgens
				4.1.1 Hyperandrogenism
				4.1.2 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
				4.1.3 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
				4.1.4 Hypoandrogenism
			4.2 Estrogens
				4.2.1 Hyperestrogenism
				4.2.2 Hypoestrogenism
		5 Thyroid Gland
			5.1 Hypothyroidism
				5.1.1 Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism)
				5.1.2 Hashimoto´s Thyroiditis
			5.2 Hyperthyroidism
				5.2.1 Graves´ Disease
		6 Parathyroid Gland
			6.1 Hypoparathyroidism
			6.2 Hyperparathyroidism
		7 Pancreas
			7.1 Erythema Necroticans Migrans
			7.2 Diabetes Mellitus
				7.2.1 Neuropathic Ulcer
				7.2.2 Charcot Foot
				7.2.3 Diabetic Gangrene
				7.2.4 Necrobiosis Lipoidica
				7.2.5 Diabetic Dermopathy
				7.2.6 Finger Pebbles
				7.2.7 Bullosis Diabeticorum
				7.2.8 Diabetic Cheiroarthropathy
				7.2.9 Lipodystrophy
		8 Diffuse Neuroendocrine System
			8.1 Carcinoid
		9 Polyendocrine Diseases
			9.1 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
			9.2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias
		References
			General Information
			Pituitary Gland
			Adrenal Glands
			Gonads
			Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Gland
			Pancreas
			Polyendocrine Diseases
			First Describer
Part XX: Tumors
	100 Cysts
		1 Introduction
		2 True Cysts
			2.1 Epithelial Cysts
				2.1.1 Epidermal Cyst
				2.1.2 Milium
				2.1.3 Scrotal and Vulval Cysts
				2.1.4 Giant Comedo
				2.1.5 Trichilemmal Cysts
				2.1.6 Proliferating Trichilemmal Cyst
				2.1.7 Steatocystoma Multiplex
				2.1.8 Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts
			2.2 Glandular Cysts
				2.2.1 Salivary Gland Cysts
				2.2.2 Ganglion Cysts
			2.3 Developmental Cysts
				2.3.1 Dermoid Cyst
				2.3.2 Median Raphe Cyst
				2.3.3 Ciliated Cyst
				2.3.4 Bronchogenic Cyst
				2.3.5 Lateral Cervical Cyst/Branchiogenic Cyst
				2.3.6 Preauricular Cyst
				2.3.7 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
				2.3.8 Other Developmental Cysts
		3 Pseudocysts
			3.1 Mucoid Cyst
			3.2 Metaplastic Synovial Cyst
		4 Cystic Tumors
		References
			First Describer
	101 Benign Epithelial Tumors
		1 Overview
		2 Seborrheic Keratosis
		3 Stuccoceratosis
		4 Lichenoid Keratosis
		5 Clear Cell Acanthoma
		6 Epidermolytic Acanthoma
		7 Acantholytic Acanthoma
		8 Psoriasiform Keratosis
		9 Acanthosis Nigricans
		10 Papillomatosis Confluens et Reticularis
		11 Childhood Waxy Keratosis
		12 Multiple Digitiform Hyperkeratoses
		References
			First describer
	102 Basal Cell Carcinoma
		1 Basal Cell Carcinoma
		2 Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
		3 Other Rare Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndromes
			3.1 Bazex-Dupré-Christol Syndrome
			3.2 Rombo Syndrome
			3.3 Multiple Hereditary Infundibulocystic Basal Cell Carcinomas
			3.4 Basaloid Follicular Hamartomas
			3.5 Syndromes with Different Adnexal Tumors
		References
			First Describer
	103 Malignant Epithelial Tumors
		1 Introduction
		2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			2.1 In Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				2.1.1 Actinic Keratosis
				2.1.2 Further Carcinogen-Induced Squamous Cell In-Situ Carcinomas
				2.1.3 Skin Horn
				2.1.4 Bowen´s Disease
				2.1.5 Erythroplasia of Queyrat
			2.2 Verrucous Carcinoma
				2.2.1 Oral Verrucous Carcinoma
				2.2.2 Papillomatosis Cutis Carcinoides
				2.2.3 Buschke-Löwenstein Tumor
				2.2.4 Epithelioma Cuniculatum
			2.3 Keratoacanthoma
				2.3.1 Solitary Keratoacanthoma
				2.3.2 Multiple Common Keratoacanthomas
				2.3.3 Generalized Eruptive Keratoacanthomas
				2.3.4 Muir-Torre Syndrome
				2.3.5 Multiple Self-Healing Squamous Epitheliomas
			2.4 Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			2.5 Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Special Localizations
				2.5.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip
				2.5.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Mucosa
				2.5.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis
				2.5.4 Anal Carcinoma
		3 Skin Tumors in Immunosuppressed Patients
		4 Cutaneous Metastases
		References
			Actinic Keratoses
			Keratoacanthoma
			First Describer
	104 Adnexal Tumors
		1 Introduction
		2 Hair Follicle Tumors
			2.1 Benign Hair Follicle Tumors
				2.1.1 Trichoblastoma
				2.1.2 Trichoepithelioma
				2.1.3 Desmoplastic Trichoepithelioma
				2.1.4 Trichilemmoma
				2.1.5 Pilomatrixoma
				2.1.6 Matrixoma
				2.1.7 Trichoadenoma
				2.1.8 Tumor of the Follicular Infundibulum
				2.1.9 Trichofolliculoma
				2.1.10 Hair Sheath Acanthoma
				2.1.11 Giant Pore
				2.1.12 Inverted Follicular Keratosis
				2.1.13 Warty Dyskeratoma
				2.1.14 Fibrofolliculoma and Trichodiscoma
			2.2 Malignant Hair Follicle Tumors
		3 Sweat Gland Tumors
			3.1 Benign Sweat Gland Tumors
				3.1.1 Cylindroma
				3.1.2 Hidrocystoma
				3.1.3 Syringoma
				3.1.4 Poroma
				3.1.5 Hidradenoma
				3.1.6 Spiradenoma
				3.1.7 Mixed Tumor of the Skin
				3.1.8 Tubulopapillary Adenoma
				3.1.9 Eccrine Syringofibroadenoma
				3.1.10 Eccrine-Angiomatous Hamartoma
				3.1.11 Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum
				3.1.12 Hidradenoma Papilliferum
				3.1.13 Tumors of Modified Apocrine Glands
				3.1.14 Papillary Adenoma of the Nipple
				3.1.15 Clear Cell Papulosis
				3.1.16 Oncocytoma
			3.2 Malignant Sweat Gland Tumors
				3.2.1 Paget´s Disease
				3.2.2 Extramammary Paget´s Disease
				3.2.3 Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
				3.2.4 Mucinous Carcinoma
				3.2.5 Porocarcinoma
				3.2.6 Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma
				3.2.7 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
				3.2.8 Primary Cutaneous Cribriform Apocrine Carcinoma
				3.2.9 Primary Cutaneous Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Eyelid
				3.2.10 Primary Cutaneous Apocrine Adenocarcinoma
				3.2.11 Primary Cutaneous Secretory Carcinoma
				3.2.12 Other Rare Sweat Gland Carcinomas
				3.2.13 Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
		4 Sebaceous Gland Tumors
			4.1 Benign Sebaceous Gland Tumors
				4.1.1 Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia
				4.1.2 Sebaceous Adenoma
				4.1.3 Sebaceoma
			4.2 Malignant Sebaceous Gland Tumors
				4.2.1 Sebaceous Carcinoma
				4.2.2 Sebaceous Tumors and Muir-Torre Syndrome
		References
			Hair Follicle Tumors
			Sweat Gland Tumors
			Sebaceous Gland Tumors
			First Describer
	105 Melanotic Spots and Melanocytic Nevi
		1 Introduction
		2 Melanotic Spots
			2.1 Ephelides
			2.2 Café-au-Lait Spot
			2.3 Melanosis Naeviformis
			2.4 Melanotic Macule of the Mucosa
			2.5 Lentigo
			2.6 Lentigines Syndromes
				2.6.1 LEOPARD Syndrome
				2.6.2 Carney Syndrome
			2.7 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
				2.7.1 Lentiginosis and Arterial Dissection Syndrome
				2.7.2 Lentiginosis Centrofacialis
				2.7.3 Lentiginosis Mediofacialis
				2.7.4 Laugier-Hunziker-Baran Syndrome
				2.7.5 Speckled Lentiginous Nevus
		3 Melanocytic Nevi
			3.1 Basic Principles
			3.2 Dermal Melanocytoses
				3.2.1 Mongolian Spot
				3.2.2 Nevus of Ota
				3.2.3 Nevus of Ito
				3.2.4 Generalized Dermal Melanocytosis
				3.2.5 Nevus Coeruleus
				3.2.6 Dermal Melanocytosis with Systemic Sclerosis
			3.3 Melanocytic Nevus of Junction Type, Compound Type, and Dermal Type
				3.3.1 General Information
				3.3.2 Clinical Manifestations
					Nevoid Lentigo
					Nevus Pigmentosus
					Miescher Nevus
					Unna Nevus
					Clark Nevus
					Molluscoid Nevus
					Divided Nevus
					Melanocytic Nevi in Defined Body Sites
					Multiple Nevi for Mulvihill-Smith Syndrome
				3.3.3 Histopathology
			3.4 Atypical (Dysplastic) Nevus/Melanoma Simulators
				3.4.1 Dysplastic Nevus
				3.4.2 Ancient Nevus
				3.4.3 Halo Nevus
				3.4.4 Nevus Recurrens
				3.4.5 Spitz Nevus
				3.4.6 Wiesner Nevus
				3.4.7 Nevus Spilus
			3.5 Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
				3.5.1 Melanosis Neurocutanea
		References
			Melanotic Spots and Lentigines Syndromes
			Melanocytic Nevi
			First Describer
	106 Melanoma
		1 Basics
		2 Types of Melanoma
			2.1 Superficially Spreading Melanoma
			2.2 Nodular Melanoma
			2.3 Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
			2.4 Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
			2.5 Mucosal Melanoma
			2.6 Amelanotic Melanoma
			2.7 Desmoplastic Melanoma
			2.8 Polypoid Melanoma
			2.9 Verrucous Melanoma
			2.10 Animal-Like Melanoma (Animal Type Melanoma)
			2.11 Malignant Blue Nevus
			2.12 Dermal Melanoma
			2.13 Spitzoid Melanoma
			2.14 Nevoid Melanoma
			2.15 Balloon Cell Melanoma (Balloon Cell Melanoma)
			2.16 Ocular Melanoma
			2.17 Melanoma and Pregnancy
			2.18 Melanoma in Children
			2.19 Melanoma with Unknown Primary Tumor
		3 Diagnostics and Treatment
		References
			First Describer
			Further Literature
	107 Mesenchymal and Neuronal Tumors
		1 Introduction
		2 Connective Tissue
			2.1 Hamartomas
				2.1.1 Fibroma Molle
				2.1.2 Fibrous Papule (Graham et al. 1965)
				2.1.3 Fibrokeratoma (Bart et al. 1968)
				2.1.4 Angiofibroma
				2.1.5 Connective Tissue Nevus
				2.1.6 Fibroblastic Connective Tissue Nevus (Feraudy and Fletcher 2012)
				2.1.7 Elastofibroma (Jarvi and Saxen 1961)
				2.1.8 Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy (Reye 1956)
				2.1.9 Infantile Myofibromatosis and Myofibroma (Stout 1954)
			2.2 Inflammatory Lesions/Processes
				2.2.1 Dermatofibroma
				2.2.2 Dermatomyofibroma (Hügel 1991)
				2.2.3 Sclerotic Fibroma (Rapini and Golitz 1989)
				2.2.4 Superficial Fibromatoses
				2.2.5 Desmoplastic Fibroblastoma (Evans 1995)
				2.2.6 Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma (Keasbey 1953)
				2.2.7 Nuchal Fibroma (Lister et al. 1988)
				2.2.8 Infantile Digital Fibromatosis (Frank 1908; Reye 1956)
				2.2.9 Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis
				2.2.10 Gingival Fibromatosis
				2.2.11 Nodular Fasciitis (Konwaler et al. 1955)
			2.3 Benign Neoplasms
				2.3.1 Fibroma of Tendon Sheath (Chung and Enzinger 1979)
				2.3.2 Benign Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath (Chassaignac 1852)
				2.3.3 Plaque-Like CD34-Positive Dermal Fibroma (Rodriguez-Jurado et al. 2004)
				2.3.4 Pleomorphic Fibroma (Kamino et al. 1989)
				2.3.5 Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma (Fetsch et al. 2001)
				2.3.6 Cutaneous (Angio)-Myxoma (Lund 1957; Headington 1976)
			2.4 Malignant Neoplasms
				2.4.1 Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (Darier and Ferrand 1924)
				2.4.2 Myxofibrosarcoma (Weiss and Enzinger 1978)
				2.4.3 Other Fibrosarcomas
				2.4.4 Desmoids
				2.4.5 Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Klemperer and Rabin 1931)
				2.4.6 Hemosiderotic Fibrolipomatous Tumor (Marshall-Taylor and Fanburg-Smith 2000)
				2.4.7 Epithelioid Sarcoma (Enzinger 1970)
				2.4.8 Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma (Enzinger 1979)
				2.4.9 Atypical Fibroxanthoma (Helwig 1963)
		3 Adipose Tissue
			3.1 Hamartomas
				3.1.1 Nevus Lipomatosus Superficialis
				3.1.2 Precalcaneal Congenital Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma (Larralde de Luna et al. 1990)
				3.1.3 Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma of Nerve (Silverman and Enzinger 1985)
			3.2 Inflammatory Lesions/Processes
				3.2.1 Nodular Cystic Fat Tissue Necrosis (Sahl 1978)
			3.3 Benign Neoplasms
				3.3.1 Lipomas
				3.3.2 Angiolipoma (Howard and Helwig 1960)
				3.3.3 Hibernoma (Gery 1914)
				3.3.4 Lipoblastoma (Vellios et al. 1958)
			3.4 Malignant Neoplasms
				3.4.1 Adipocytic Tumors with Intermediate Malignancy and Liposarcoma
		4 Smooth Muscle
			4.1 Hamartomas
				4.1.1 Becker Nevus
			4.2 Benign Neoplasms
				4.2.1 Pilar Leiomyoma
				4.2.2 Leiomyomatosis (Kloepfer et al. 1958; Reed et al. 1973)
				4.2.3 Angioleiomyoma
			4.3 Malignant Neoplasms
				4.3.1 Leiomyosarcoma
		5 Striated Muscle
			5.1 Hamartomas
				5.1.1 Rhabdomyomatous Mesenchymal Hamartoma (Mills 1989)
			5.2 Benign Neoplasms
				5.2.1 Rhabdomyomas
			5.3 Malignant Neoplasms
				5.3.1 Rhabdomyosarcomas
		6 Cartilage and Bone Tissue
			6.1 Hamartomas
				6.1.1 Accessory Tragus
				6.1.2 Cartilaginous Branchial Remains/Lateral Neck Cyst
			6.2 Inflammatory Lesions/Processes
				6.2.1 Subungual Exostosis
				6.2.2 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
			6.3 Benign Neoplasms
				6.3.1 Extraskeletal Chondroma (Soft Tissue Chondroma) (Chung and Enzinger 1978)
				6.3.2 Osteomas of the Skin
				6.3.3 Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy (Albright et al. 1942)
				6.3.4 Plaque-Like Cutaneous Osteoma (Worret and Burgdorf 1978)
			6.4 Malignant Neoplasms
				6.4.1 Extraskeletal Chondrosarcomas (Enzinger and Shiraki 1972)
				6.4.2 Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
				6.4.3 Chordoma
		7 Peripheral Nervous System
			7.1 Hamartomas
				7.1.1 Neurofibroma
				7.1.2 Neuromuscular Hamartoma (Markel and Enzinger 1982)
				7.1.3 Meningothelial Hamartoma
				7.1.4 Glial Hamartoma
				7.1.5 Heterotopic Ependymal Residues
				7.1.6 Mucosal Neuromas
			7.2 Inflammatory Lesions/Processes
				7.2.1 Traumatic Neuromas
			7.3 Benign Neoplasms
				7.3.1 Schwannoma (Schwann 1838; Stout 1935)
				7.3.2 Acoustic Neurilemmomatosis and Schwannomatosis
				7.3.3 Solitary Circumscribed Neuroma (Reed et al. 1972)
				7.3.4 Nerve Sheath Myxoma (Harkin and Reed 1969)
				7.3.5 Granular Cell Tumor (Abrikossoff 1926)
				7.3.6 Perineurioma (Pulitzer and Reed 1985)
				7.3.7 Extraspinal Ependymoma
			7.4 Malignant Neoplasms
				7.4.1 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
				7.4.2 Clear Cell Sarcoma (Enzinger 1965)
				7.4.3 Ewing Sarcoma (Stout 1918; Ewing 1921)
				7.4.4 Neuroblastoma
				7.4.5 Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Toker 1972)
		References
			Connective Tissue
			Fatty Tissue
			Smooth Muscle
			Striated Muscle
			Cartilage and Bone
			Peripheral Nervous System
			Various Tumors
			First Describer
	108 Vascular Tumors
		1 Introduction
		2 Benign Vascular Tumors
			2.1 Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia
			2.2 Pyogenic Granuloma
			2.3 Acroangiodermatitis
			2.4 Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis
			2.5 Angiomatosis
			2.6 Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis
			2.7 Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
			2.8 Glomeruloid Hemangioma
			2.9 Tufted Hemangioma
			2.10 Microvenular Hemangioma
			2.11 Sinusoidal Hemangioma
			2.12 Verrucous Hemangioma
			2.13 Cherry Angioma
			2.14 Spindle Cell Hemangioma
			2.15 Glomus Tumor
			2.16 Cutaneous Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor
			2.17 Myopericytoma
			2.18 Symplastic Hemangioma
			2.19 Acral Arteriovenous Hemangioma
			2.20 Angiohistiocytoma with Giant Cells
		3 Benign Lymphatic Tumors
			3.1 Targetoid Hemosiderotic Hemangioma
			3.2 Benign Lymphangiomatous Papules
			3.3 Acquired Progressive Lymphangioma
		4 Hemangioendotheliomas
			4.1 Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
			4.2 Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma
			4.3 Retiform Hemangioendothelioma
			4.4 Rare Hemangioendotheliomas
		5 Malignant Vascular Tumors
			5.1 Kaposi´s Sarcoma
			5.2 Angiosarcoma
				5.2.1 Spontaneous Angiosarcoma
				5.2.2 Lymphedema-Associated Angiosarcoma
				5.2.3 Post-Radiation Angiosarcoma
				5.2.4 Atypical Vascular Lesion After Radiation
				5.2.5 Pseudolymphoma-Like Angiosarcoma
				5.2.6 Epithelioid Angiosarcoma
				5.2.7 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
		References
			Overviews
			Benign Vascular Tumors and Hyperplasias
			Malignant Vascular Tumors and Hemangioendotheliomas
			First Describer
	109 Pseudolymphomas
		1 Introduction
		2 B-Cell Pseudolymphomas
			2.1 Lymphadenosis Benigna Cutis
			2.2 Cutaneous Inflammatory Pseudotumour
			2.3 Lymphoplasmacytic Plaque
			2.4 Cutaneous Plasmacytosis
		3 Pseudolymphomas of Mixed B and T Cell Immunophenotype: Lymphocytic Drug Reaction
		4 T Cell Pseudolymphomas
			4.1 Actinic Reticuloid
			4.2 Lymphomatoid Contact Dermatitis
			4.3 Lymphocytic Infiltration of the Skin
		5 Pseudolymphomas Resulting from a Response to Insects
		6 Acral Pseudolymphomatous Angiokeratoma of Children
		7 Non-Classifiable Pseudolymphomas
		8 Primary Cutaneous CD4+ Small to Medium-Sized T Cell Lymphoproliferative Disease
		References
			Further Literature
			First Describer
	110 Cutaneous Lymphomas
		1 Introduction
		2 Precursor T- and B-Cell Neoplasias
		3 Mature (Peripheral) T-Cell and NK-Cell Neoplasias
			3.1 Mycosis Fungoides
				3.1.1 Mycosis Fungoides Subtypes
					Pagetoid Reticulosis
					Cutaneous Elastolytic Lymphoma
					Sézary Syndrome
			3.2 Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders
				3.2.1 Lymphomatoid Papulosis
				3.2.2 Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
			3.3 Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma
			3.4 Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas, Unspecified
				3.4.1 Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cell Lymphoma
				3.4.2 Cutaneous γ/δ T-Cell Lymphoma
				3.4.3 Primary Cutaneous CD4+ Small/Medium-Sized T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
				3.4.4 Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified
			3.5 Extranodal T-/NK-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas
			3.6 Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic-Cell Neoplasm
		4 Mature (Peripheral) B-Cell Lymphomas
			4.1 Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma
			4.2 Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma (Extranodal MALT Lymphoma)
				4.2.1 Cutaneous Immunocytoma
			4.3 Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large-Cell B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type
			4.4 Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large-Cell B-Cell Lymphoma, NOS
			4.5 EBV-Associated Diffuse Large Cell B-Cell Lymphoma
			4.6 Intravascular Large-Cell B-Cell Lymphoma
			4.7 Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
			4.8 Mantle Cell Lymphoma
		5 Hodgkin´s Lymphoma
		6 Parapsoriasis en Plaques
			6.1 Small Plaque Parapsoriasis
			6.2 Large Plaque Parapsoriasis
		7 Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
		References
			General Information
			Mycosis Fungoides
			Other Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
			Blastoid Neoplasia of Plasma Cytoid Dendritic Cells
			Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas
			Other Lymphoproliferative Diseases
			First Describer
	111 Cutaneous Aspects of Leukemia
		1 Introduction
		2 Skin Changes in Leukemias
			2.1 Leukemia Cutis
			2.2 Neonatal Leukemia Cutis
			2.3 Nonspecific Skin Changes
		3 Myeloid Neoplasias
			3.1 Acute Myeloproliferative Diseases
				3.1.1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia
			3.2 Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases
			3.3 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
			3.4 Juvenile Myeloid Monocytic Leukemia
			3.5 Polycythemia Vera
		4 Lymphoid Neoplasias
			4.1 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
			4.2 Hairy Cell Leukemia
			4.3 Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
		References
	112 Mastocytoses
		1 Classification of Mastocytosis
		2 Basics
		3 Cutaneous Mastocytosis
			3.1 Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
			3.2 Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis
			3.3 Mastocytoma
		4 Systemic Mastocytosis
		References
			Mast Cells
			Mastocytosis
			First Describer
	113 Histiocytoses
		1 Introduction
		2 Classification
		3 The Langerhans Group (L-Group)
			3.1 Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses (Allen 2018)
			3.2 Histiocytosis of Indeterminate Cells (Wood et al. 1985)
			3.3 Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD) (Chester 1930)
		4 Cutaneous Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses (C Group)
			4.1 Xanthogranuloma Family
				4.1.1 Polymorphic
					Xanthogranuloma
				4.1.2 Monomorphic: Vacuolated
					Benign Cephalic Histiocytosis (BCH)
					Generalized Eruptive Histiocytosis (GEH)
				4.1.3 Monomorphic: Xanthomatized
					Xanthelasma
					Verruciform xanthoma
					Papular Xanthoma (PX)
					Diffuse Normolipemic Xanthomes
					Xanthoma disseminatum (XD)
				4.1.4 Monomorphic: Oncocytic
					Reticulohistiocytoma (RH)
					Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis (MRH)
				4.1.5 Monomorphic: Spindle-Shaped
					Progressive Nodular Histiocytosis
			4.2 Non-Xanthogranuloma Family
				4.2.1 Rosai-Dorfman Disease
				4.2.2 Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
				4.2.3 Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma (NXG)
		5 Rosai-Dorfman Disease (R-Group)
			5.1 Rosai-Dorfman Disease
		6 Malignant Histiocytosis (M Group)
		7 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (H Group) (Farquhar and Claireaux 1952)
		8 Summary
		References
			The Langerhans Group (L-Group)
			Cutaneous Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses (C Group)
			Rosai-Dorfman Disease (R Group)
			Malignant Histiocytoses (M Group)
			Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (H Group)
			First Describer
	114 Paraneoplastic Disorders
		1 Introduction
		2 Obligate Cutaneous Paraneoplasias
			2.1 Acanthosis Nigricans Maligna
			2.2 Leser-Trélat Syndrome
			2.3 Acrokeratosis of Bazex
			2.4 Erythema Gyratum Repens
			2.5 Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
			2.6 Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Acquisita
			2.7 Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
			2.8 AESOP Syndrome
		3 Facultative Cutaneous Paraneoplasias
			3.1 Chronic Pruritus
			3.2 Collagenoses and Rheumatological Diseases
				3.2.1 Dermatomyositis
				3.2.2 Scleroderma
				3.2.3 Palmar Fasciitis and Arthritis Syndrome
			3.3 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
				3.3.1 Sweet´s Syndrome
				3.3.2 Pyoderma Gangrenosum
				3.3.3 Other Neutrophilic Dermatoses
			3.4 Vascular Diseases
			3.5 Other Hematological or Paraneoplastic Dermatoses Associated with Dysproteinemia
				3.5.1 Amyloid Light-Chain Amyloidosis
				3.5.2 POEMS Syndrome
				3.5.3 Schnitzler Syndrome
				3.5.4 Scleromyxedema
				3.5.5 Scleredema Adultorum of Buschke
				3.5.6 Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
				3.5.7 Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
				3.5.8 Erythromelalgia
				3.5.9 Cutaneous Paraneoplastic Granulomatous Skin Infiltrations
			3.6 Disorders of Cornification and Erythematosquamous Skin Diseases
		References
			Overviews
			Acanthosis Nigricans Maligna, Tripe Palms, and Leser-Trélat Signs
			Erythema Gyratum Repens
			Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Acquisita
			Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
			POEMS Syndrome
			AESOP Syndrome
			Optional Paraneoplasias
			First Describer
	115 Cancer-Associated Genodermatoses
		1 Introduction
		2 Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome
		3 Cowden Syndrome
		4 Gardner Syndrome
		5 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I
		6 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type IIa
		7 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type IIb
		8 Muir-Torre Syndrome
		References
			Overviews
			Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome
			Cowden Syndrome
			Gardner Syndrome
			MEN Syndromes
			Muir-Torre Syndrome
			First Describer
Part XXI: Therapy
	116 Topical Therapy
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Individual Host Factors
			1.2 Influence of the Vehicle
			1.3 Medicinal products, Cosmetics, and Formulations
			1.4 Principles of the Regulation
		2 Indifferent Treatment: Therapy with Dermatological Base
			2.1 Liquid Bases
			2.2 Semi-Solid External Agents
				2.2.1 Ointments
				2.2.2 Creams
				2.2.3 New Vehicles
				2.2.4 Gels
				2.2.5 Pastes
			2.3 Dressings
				2.3.1 Moist Dressing (Cover)
				2.3.2 Lipophilic Moisturizer Bandage
				2.3.3 Occlusive Dressing
				2.3.4 Other Hydroactive Wound Dressings
			2.4 Lacquers (Varnishes)
			2.5 Rules for the Selection of Suitable Vehicles
				2.5.1 Skin Type
					Lipophilic Vehicles
					Hydrophilic Vehicle
					Bath Additives, Oil Baths
				2.5.2 Degree of Acuity of Inflammatory Skin Changes
				2.5.3 Basic Therapy
				2.5.4 Application Quantities of Topical Agents
		3 Differentiated Treatment: Use of Drugs in Vehicles
			3.1 Anti-Infectives
				3.1.1 Disinfectants
					Alcohols and Phenols
					Halogens and Halogen Compounds
					Oxidizing Agents
					Dyestuffs
				3.1.2 Antibiotics
				3.1.3 Antimycotics
				3.1.4 Virustatics
				3.1.5 Antiparasitic Agents
				3.1.6 Azelaic Acid
			3.2 Glucocorticoids
			3.3 Local Immunosuppressants (Calcineurin Inhibitors)
			3.4 Anti-Inflammatory Phytopharmaceuticals
				3.4.1 Chamomile Extract
				3.4.2 Hamamelis Virginiana Distillate
			3.5 Cytostatic Agents
				3.5.1 5-Fluorouracil
				3.5.2 Podophyllotoxin
			3.6 Retinoids
				3.6.1 Tretinoin (Vitamin A Acid)
				3.6.2 Isotretinoin
				3.6.3 Adapalene
			3.7 Vitamin D3 Analogs
			3.8 Keratolytics
				3.8.1 Salicylic Acid
				3.8.2 Urea
			3.9 Astringents and Caustics
				3.9.1 Tamol
				3.9.2 Silver Nitrate
				3.9.3 Trichloroacetic Acid
			3.10 Antipruritics
				3.10.1 Capsaicin
				3.10.2 Polidocanol
			3.11 Immunomodulators
			3.12 Antihidrotics
				3.12.1 Aluminum Salts
				3.12.2 Botulinum Toxin
			3.13 Depigmenting and Pigmenting Drugs
				3.13.1 Depigmenting Drugs
				3.13.2 Pigmenting Medicinal Substances
			3.14 Commercial Skin Protection Preparations
			3.15 Skin Cleansing Products
				3.15.1 Soaps
				3.15.2 Synthetic Detergents
		References
	117 Systemic Therapy
		1 Introduction
		2 Antibiotics
			2.1 Basic Principles
			2.2 Aminoglycosides
			2.3 β-Lactam Antibiotics
				2.3.1 Cephalosporins
				2.3.2 Penicillins
			2.4 Quinolones (Gyrase Inhibitors)
			2.5 Cubicin
			2.6 Glycopeptide Antibiotics (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Oritavancin)
			2.7 Lincosamides (Clindamycin)
			2.8 Macrolide Antibiotics
			2.9 Monobactams and Carbapenems
			2.10 Oxazolidinones (Linezolid, Tedizolid)
			2.11 Sulfonamides
			2.12 Tetracyclines
				2.12.1 Glycylcyclines (Tigecycline)
		3 Antihistamines
			3.1 Basic Principles
		4 Antibodies and Recombinant Protein Antagonists
			4.1 Immunoglobulins
			4.2 Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Protein Antagonists
				4.2.1 Basic Principles
				4.2.2 Adalimumab
				4.2.3 Belimumab
				4.2.4 Brodalumab
				4.2.5 Canakinumab
				4.2.6 Cemiplimab
				4.2.7 Cetuximab
				4.2.8 Etanercept
				4.2.9 Golimumab
				4.2.10 Guselkumab
				4.2.11 Infliximab
				4.2.12 Ipilimumab
				4.2.13 Ixekizumab
				4.2.14 Lanadelumab
				4.2.15 Mogamulizumab
				4.2.16 Nivolumab
				4.2.17 Omalizumab
				4.2.18 Pembrolizumab
				4.2.19 Risankizumab
				4.2.20 Rituximab
				4.2.21 Secukinumab
				4.2.22 Tildrakizumab
				4.2.23 Ustekinumab
		5 Antimycotics
		6 Antiparasitic Agents
			6.1 Ivermectin
		7 Glucocorticoids
			7.1 Basic Principles
		8 Immunosuppressants and Immunomodulators
			8.1 Introduction
			8.2 Apremilast
			8.3 Ciclosporin A
			8.4 Fumaric Acid Esters (Fumarates)
			8.5 Leflunomide
			8.6 Mycophenolate Mofetil and Mycophenolic Acid
			8.7 Calcineurin and mTOR Inhibitors
			8.8 Interferons
		9 Kinase Inhibitors
			9.1 Binimetinib
			9.2 Dabrafenib
			9.3 Encorafenib
			9.4 Imatinib
			9.5 Trametinib
			9.6 Vemurafenib
		10 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
			10.1 Other Anti-inflammatory Substances
		11 Opioid Antagonists
		12 Photosensitizers
		13 Prostanoids
			13.1 Iloprost (Prostaglandin I2, Prostacyclin)
		14 Psychotropic Drugs
		15 Retinoids
		16 Rheologics
			16.1 Bosentan
			16.2 Pentoxifylline
			16.3 Sildenafil
		17 Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
		18 Sex Steroids and Anti-androgens
		19 Antiviral Drugs
		20 Cytostatic Drugs
			20.1 Background
			20.2 Alkylating Agents
				20.2.1 Selected Alkylating Agents
			20.3 Antimetabolites
				20.3.1 Methotrexate
			20.4 Purine Analogs (Azathioprine)
			20.5 Antitumor Antibiotics
			20.6 Hydroxyurea, Hydroxycarbamide
			20.7 Colchicine
			20.8 Vinca Alkaloids (Vinblastine, Vincristine)
		21 Other Substances
			21.1 Antimalarials (Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine)
			21.2 Aprepitant
			21.3 Beta Blockers
			21.4 Clofazimine
			21.5 Cromoglicic Acid
			21.6 Dapsone (Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone, DADPS)
			21.7 Gabapentin
			21.8 Icatibant
			21.9 Lenalidomide
			21.10 Montelukast
			21.11 Pregabalin
			21.12 Sonidegib
			21.13 Thalidomide
			21.14 Vismodegib
		Further Literature
	118 Physical Therapy: Light
		1 Light Sources and General Requirements for Phototherapy
			1.1 Definition and Classification of Optical Radiation
			1.2 Radiation Sources
				1.2.1 Natural Light Sources
				1.2.2 Artificial Light Sources
			1.3 Structural Requirements for Photo- or Photochemotherapy
			1.4 General Guidelines for the Implementation of Phototherapy or Photochemotherapy
		2 UV-B Phototherapy
			2.1 History
			2.2 Indications
			2.3 Practical Approach
			2.4 Balneophototherapy
		3 UV-A1 Phototherapy
			3.1 History
			3.2 Practical Approach
		4 Photochemotherapy
			4.1 History
			4.2 Photosensitizers and Procedures
			4.3 Indications and Contraindications
			4.4 Practical Approach
			4.5 Extracorporeal Photoimmunomodulation
			4.6 Mechanisms of Action of Photo- or Photochemotherapy
			4.7 Risks and Side Effects of Photo- and Photochemotherapy
		References
			Overviews
			UV-A1 Phototherapy
			Photochemotherapy
			First Describer
	119 Physical Therapy in Dermatology: Cold, Heat, Electromagnetic Radiation
		1 Introduction
		2 Cold
			2.1 Local Cold Application in Dermatology
			2.2 Cryosurgery
				2.2.1 Cryobiological Background
				2.2.2 Differences Between Tissue Sensitivity and Cryosurgery
				2.2.3 Cryosurgical Units
				2.2.4 Treatment Techniques
				2.2.5 Contact Procedure
				2.2.6 Spray Technique
				2.2.7 Intralesional Cryosurgery
				2.2.8 Clinical Development of the Skin Reaction to Cryosurgery
				2.2.9 Indications for Cryosurgery in Dermatology
				2.2.10 Contraindications to Cryosurgery
		3 Heat
		4 Electromagnetic Radiation
			4.1 Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
		References
			Cold/Cryosurgery
			Heat/Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
	120 Laser and Photodynamic Therapy
		1 Laser
			1.1 History
			1.2 Physical Basics
			1.3 Laser Safety
			1.4 Laser Devices
				1.4.1 Phototherapy
				1.4.2 Acne Therapy
				1.4.3 Coagulation
				1.4.4 Selective Photothermolysis
				1.4.5 Vaporization and Ablation
				1.4.6 Fractional Lasers
				1.4.7 Endovenous Therapy
		2 High-Energy Flash Lamps
		3 Clinical Applications of Lasers and High-Energy Flash Lamps
		4 Photodynamic Therapy
			4.1 History
			4.2 Fundamentals
			4.3 Light Sources
			4.4 Photosensitizers
			4.5 Biophysical Effects
			4.6 Clinical Applications
		References
	121 Therapy with Ionizing Radiation
		1 Introduction
		2 Dose Terms and Dose Units
		3 Planning for Irradiation
		4 Irradiation Sources
			4.1 Grenz Rays
			4.2 Soft X-Rays
			4.3 Particle Accelerator
			4.4 Telecurie Devices
			4.5 Artificial Radioactive Isotopes
			4.6 Artificial β Emitters
			4.7 Radiation Types for Special Applications (Neutrons, Protons, Heavy Ions)
		References
			First Describer
	122 Dermatologic Surgery
		1 General Aspects
			1.1 Pre- and Post-Operative Issues
				1.1.1 Indications for Surgical Treatment
				1.1.2 History and Pre-Operative Examination
				1.1.3 Informed Consent
			1.2 Peri-Operative Considerations
				1.2.1 Antisepsis
				1.2.2 Antibiotic Prophylaxis
				1.2.3 Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
				1.2.4 Management of Patients Taking Anticoagulants (Coumarins, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, DOAKs)
			1.3 Planning the Operation
				1.3.1 Excision Margins and Incision Lines
				1.3.2 Aesthetic Units
				1.3.3 Surgical Instruments
				1.3.4 Suture Material
			1.4 Post-Operative Measures
		2 Anesthesia
			2.1 Local Anesthetic Agents
			2.2 Superficial Anesthesia
			2.3 Infiltration Anesthesia
			2.4 Tumescent Anesthesia
			2.5 Regional Anesthesia
			2.6 General Anesthesia
		3 Basic Surgical Techniques
			3.1 Suturing Techniques
				3.1.1 Dermal Sutures
				3.1.2 Epidermal Suture
					3.1.2.1.Simple Interrupted Suture
					3.1.2.2.Horizontal Mattress Suture
					3.1.2.3.Vertical Mattress Suture
					3.1.2.4.Running Transcutaneous Suture
					3.1.2.5.Running Intracutaneous Suture
					3.1.2.6.Skin Staples
					3.1.2.7.Alternatives for Superficial Wound Closure
				3.1.3 Suture Removal
			3.2 Diagnostic Procedures
				3.2.1 Skin Biopsy
				3.2.2 Lymph Node Biopsy
					Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
			3.3 Superficial Tissue Removal
				3.3.1 Curettage
				3.3.2 Horizontal Excision
				3.3.3 Scissors Excision
				3.3.4 Dermabrasion
				3.3.5 Dermabrush
		4 Micrographic Excision Techniques
			4.1 Mohs´ Fixed Tissue Technique
			4.2 Mohs´ Fresh Tissue Technique
			4.3 Microscopically Controlled Surgery
		5 Simple Excision and Repair Techniques
			5.1 Healing by Secondary Intention
			5.2 Elliptical Excision with Primary Closure
			5.3 Elliptical Excision with Undermining
			5.4 Modifications of Elliptical Excision
			5.5 Serial Excision
			5.6 Dog-Ear Repair
			5.7 Excision of Cysts
			5.8 Excision of Lipomas
		6 Plastic Procedures
			6.1 Local and Regional Flaps
				6.1.1 Advancement Flap
				6.1.2 Rotation Flap
				6.1.3 Rotation or Advancement Flap with Back Cut
				6.1.4 Transposition Flaps
				6.1.5 Island Pedicle Flap
				6.1.6 Temporary Pedicled Flaps (Interpolated Flap)
				6.1.7 Tunneled Island Pedicle Flap
			6.2 Tissue Expansion
			6.3 Grafts and Transfers
				6.3.1 Split-Thickness Skin Graft
				6.3.2 Mesh Graft
				6.3.3 Pinch Grafts
				6.3.4 Full-Thickness Skin Graft
				6.3.5 Horizontal Skin Graft
				6.3.6 Composite Graft
				6.3.7 Lipotransfer
		7 Electrosurgery
			7.1 Electrocautery
			7.2 Monopolar Surgical Diathermy
				7.2.1 Electrotomy
				7.2.2 Electrocoagulation
				7.2.3 Electrofulguration and Electrodesiccation
			7.3 Bipolar Surgical Diathermy
				7.3.1 Argon Plasma Coagulation
		8 Cryosurgery
			8.1 Principles of Cryobiology
			8.2 Techniques
			8.3 Tissue Reactions
			8.4 Indications
		9 Complications in Dermatosurgery
		References
			Specific References
			First Describers
			Further Literature
	123 Scar Therapy
		References
	124 Wound Healing
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
			1.2 Epidemiology
		2 Systemic Diseases and Other Causes of Impaired Wound Healing
			2.1 Systemic Diseases as a Cause of Impaired Wound Healing
			2.2 Local Factors as Causes of Impaired Wound Healing
			2.3 Neoplasia
		3 Diagnostics of Chronic Wounds
		4 Treatment of Chronic Wounds
			4.1 Treatment of Systemic Diseases Associated with Chronic Wounds
			4.2 Local Treatment of Chronic Wounds
				4.2.1 Wound Cleansing
				4.2.2 Debridement
				4.2.3 Antimicrobial Treatment
				4.2.4 Granulation Tissue Proliferation
					Dressings
					Growth Factors
					Negative-Pressure Wound Treatment
				4.2.5 Cell Treatment and Skin Equivalents
				4.2.6 Stimulation of Epithelization
			4.3 Pain Treatment
			4.4 Compression Treatment
		5 Perspectives
		References
	125 Aesthetic Dermatology
		1 General Aspects
		2 Body Contouring
			2.1 Liposuction
			2.2 Injection Lipolysis
			2.3 Cryolipolysis
		3 Wrinkle Treatment: Skin Rejuvenation
			3.1 Chemical Denervation with Botulinum Toxin a
			3.2 Augmentation
			3.3 Subcision
			3.4 Peeling
			3.5 Dermabrasion
			3.6 Laser Treatment
				3.6.1 Ablative Laser Resurfacing
				3.6.2 Non-Ablative Laser Resurfacing
				3.6.3 Fractionated Photothermolysis
			3.7 Skin Tightening Procedures with Radiofrequency and Ultrasound Waves
				3.7.1 The Thermage Procedure
				3.7.2 The Ultherapy Procedure
		References
			Liposuction
			Injection Lipolysis
			Cryolipolysis
			Chemical Denervation with Botulinum Toxin A
			Augmentation
			Subcision
			Peeling
			Ablative Laser Resurfacing
			Non-ablative Laser Resurfacing
			Fractionated Photothermolysis
			Skin Tightening Methods with Radio Frequency and Ultrasound
			First Describer
	Index