Brain mechanisms for the integration of posture and movement

521.pdf......Page 0
List of Contributors......Page 2
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Introduction......Page 16
Posture and control of body orientation during movement......Page 17
Vocalization and expression of emotions......Page 18
Forebrain centers control integrated motor behavior......Page 19
Visuomotor coordination during locomotion: a corticospinal precursor..........Page 20
Most motor patterns performed at will are not labeled as voluntary......Page 21
Reaching......Page 22
Concluding thoughts: innate versus learned movements represents a false dichotomy......Page 23
References......Page 24
Introduction......Page 26
Interface between perception and action......Page 27
Genetic model of posture......Page 28
Limitations of the genetic model......Page 29
Hierarchical model of posture......Page 30
"Referent posture"......Page 32
Concept of dual, coordinated control......Page 33
References......Page 37
Introduction......Page 41
Coordination of complex movements......Page 42
Purposive-associated movements-leg elevation in the sit-up......Page 44
Nonpurposive-associated movements-three-joint flexion......Page 45
Control of complex movements......Page 46
Mobility versus stability......Page 47
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 51
Pathways involved in reproductive behavior in cats......Page 52
The spino-brainstem-spinal circuit for the mating reflex......Page 53
Mating behavior in the human......Page 54
References......Page 56
Background: locomotor activity in an in vitro preparation in the neonatal rat......Page 60
Fetal motor activity: developmental changes and their mechanisms......Page 61
Glycinergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in rhythmogenesis......Page 63
Developmental changes of the intersegmental connection of the CPG......Page 64
References......Page 65
Introduction......Page 67
Flexibility of locomotor behavior in adult species......Page 68
The adult......Page 69
The neonate......Page 71
Descending pathways......Page 72
Summary......Page 73
Concluding thoughts......Page 74
References......Page 75
Introduction......Page 77
Subtle aspects of respiratory center terminology......Page 78
In vitro analysis of the RVLM/pre-BOT......Page 79
Correspondence between neurons studied in in vivo versus in vitro preparations......Page 80
Concluding thoughts......Page 82
References......Page 83
Plateau potentials and amplification of synaptic input......Page 87
Transduction of the summated synaptic current into a spike-frequency code .........Page 93
Effects of the distribution of synaptic excitation and inhibition on recruitment.........Page 96
The Renshaw system as a variable gain regulator at the spinal motor output stage......Page 98
Comments on normal function and pathophysiology......Page 100
Concluding thoughts......Page 101
References......Page 102
Introduction......Page 106
NMDA-induction of rhythmical activity in n. XII......Page 107
Tongue activity inferred from NMDA-induced rhythmical n. XII activity......Page 108
Demonstration of separate CRGs to n. V, VII and XII motoneurons......Page 109
Rhythmical jaw muscle activity induced by pyramidal tract stimulation in an in vitro preparation ...l......Page 110
References......Page 111
Introduction......Page 113
NRA projections defined anatomically......Page 114
Multifunctionality......Page 115
Recent experiments......Page 116
Discussion......Page 118
References......Page 120
Overview of the forelimb CPG......Page 123
The stimulus time-locked-response approach to studying the forelimb CPG......Page 125
Analysis and interpretation of stimulus-time-locked responses of MNs......Page 126
Further thoughts on the stimulus time-locked PSPs of MNs......Page 127
Concluding remarks......Page 128
References......Page 129
Introduction......Page 131
Sensory feedback regulates phase transitions during stepping......Page 132
Sensory feedback contributes to flexor and extensor burst generation during stepping......Page 133
Adaptive modifications of the motor program for walking requires sensory feedback......Page 134
Conclusions......Page 135
References......Page 136
Failure of axonal regeneration and retrograde degeneration of axotomized neurons.........Page 140
Contusions or surgical lesions?......Page 141
How to test for recovery of function?......Page 142
Test selection......Page 143
How to test for the efficacy of local regeneration and sprouting?......Page 144
What to transplant?......Page 145
Nonneuronal transplants......Page 146
Neuronal transplants......Page 147
Rehabilitative training......Page 148
References......Page 149
Dorsal root ganglia provide advantages for studying regeneration......Page 154
Astrocytes at the DREZ as well as spinal cord are not permissive for regenerating axons......Page 155
Modifying the terrain improves dorsal root regeneration......Page 156
Enhancing the regenerative response improves dorsal root regeneration......Page 157
Future directions......Page 158
References......Page 159
Introduction......Page 162
Results......Page 163
Ungrafted group......Page 164
ESC-grafted preparations......Page 165
Comment......Page 167
References......Page 168
Introduction......Page 170
The spinal locomotor generator......Page 171
The importance of sensory inputs......Page 174
The importance of midlumbar segments......Page 176
Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 182
Spinal-column kinematics during level versus upslope walking......Page 183
The EMG of m. longissimus during level versus upslope walking......Page 186
References......Page 187
Introduction......Page 189
Features of Qp versus Bp locomotion......Page 190
Stepping parameters as a function of forward speed......Page 191
Joint kinematics during Qp versus Bp locomotion......Page 192
Hip joint......Page 193
Postural considerations......Page 194
References......Page 195
Introduction......Page 197
Reactive locomotor patterns during slanted walking......Page 198
Anticipatory and reactive adjustments during obstacle-encountered.........Page 200
Comment and summary......Page 202
References......Page 203
Introduction......Page 205
Which brain structures are involved in the volitional control of human gait?......Page 206
What CNS disturbances are evident during Parkinsonian gait?......Page 207
Why do PD patients walk better upstairs than on a level surface?......Page 208
Summary and comment......Page 209
References and further reading......Page 211
Introduction......Page 212
Task considerations......Page 213
Examples of not considering interactive torques......Page 214
Analysis of interactive torques......Page 215
Role of interactive torques in multijoint movements......Page 217
References......Page 220
Introduction......Page 226
Basic variations in the impulse patterns......Page 227
Abrupt shifts in hindbrain neuronal discharge......Page 228
Doubling of the discharge rhythm of hindbrain neurons......Page 230
Nonlocked responses of hindbrain neurons......Page 231
Basic variations in hindbrain neuron responses to MLR stimulation......Page 232
Evolution of hindbrain neuronal behavior throughout a stimulus train delivered to MLR......Page 233
References......Page 234
Introduction......Page 236
Basic neural architecture......Page 237
The GABAergic basal ganglia-brainstem systems......Page 238
Normal and abnormal operation of the basal ganglia-brainstem system......Page 239
References......Page 241
Introduction......Page 243
Cortical areal specificity of the CR projection......Page 244
Morphological heterogeneity of RS pathway......Page 246
Morphology and physiology of lumbar commissural INs......Page 248
Summary and comments......Page 249
References......Page 251
Introduction......Page 254
Cortical contribution to the control of locomotion......Page 255
The integration of movement and posture......Page 256
Contributions of the reticulospinal system to the control ........Page 257
Contributions of the reticulospinal system to the control of reaching......Page 259
Conclusions......Page 261
References......Page 262
Introduction......Page 265
Corticospinal inputs to the premotoneuronal network......Page 266
The relative importance of cortico-motoneuronal effects......Page 267
Monosynaptic and oligosynaptic effects on spinal MNs from the CST.........Page 268
Inhibition......Page 269
Differences in corticospinal organization in two primate species......Page 270
Lack of convergent facilitatory peripheral inputs to C3-C4 PNs......Page 272
Demonstration of functional CM and premotoneuronal control during natural........Page 273
Significance of species differences in the extent of C-C4 propriospinal transmission......Page 276
Conclusions......Page 277
References......Page 278
Introduction......Page 284
Descending modulation......Page 285
Current issues......Page 286
Future possibilities......Page 288
Summary......Page 289
References......Page 290
Introduction......Page 292
Ascending modulation......Page 293
Disorders of the RAS......Page 294
Current issues......Page 295
Future possibilities......Page 297
References......Page 298
Introduction......Page 300
Activity of SC neurons during express versus regular saccades......Page 301
The neural basis of ‘gating’ and its modulation......Page 303
Sensorimotor-gating hypothesis......Page 304
References......Page 305
Introduction......Page 309
Comparison of CN-evoked, surface-recorded potentials across mammals......Page 310
Comparison of CN activation of MCx neurons across mammals......Page 311
Cat......Page 312
Monkey......Page 313
Functional perspectives......Page 314
Concluding thoughts......Page 315
References......Page 316
Introduction......Page 318
Evolution of the controversy......Page 319
Initial support for the concept of task-dependency......Page 320
Role of the cerebellum in task acquisition......Page 322
Task- and condition-dependence in the learning of volitional movements......Page 324
Conclusions......Page 325
References......Page 327
Introduction......Page 329
Cerebellar involvement in eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit......Page 330
Cerebellar involvement in eyeblink conditioning in humans......Page 332
References......Page 335
Introduction......Page 338
Characteristics requisite of a locomotion integration center......Page 339
Fastigial nucleus as an integration center for the control of multiple.........Page 341
A nonhuman primate model for studying reactive and anticipatory .........Page 343
A conceptualization of the integrated CNS control of posture and locomotion......Page 344
References......Page 345
Human signs of cerebellar disease in stance and gait......Page 349
Effect of focal cerebellar lesions on stance and gait in humans......Page 350
Localization of effects of focal cerebellar lesions on stance and gait in animals......Page 351
Mapping across the deep cerebellar nuclei......Page 353
Neural recording studies in animals......Page 355
The "cerebellar" thalamus......Page 356
Does the cerebellum play a role in adapting and learning stance and gait?......Page 357
Is gait rehabilitation feasible for patients with diffuse cerebellar disease?......Page 359
References......Page 360
Introduction......Page 365
Kinematics of the overcomplete head–neck musculoskeletal system......Page 366
Dynamics of head-neck system and its neural controllers......Page 367
Supranuclear commands for voluntary head movements......Page 368
Neuromuscular strategies underlying eye-head gaze shifts......Page 371
Future directions......Page 373
References......Page 374
Pathways controlling the orienting of head movements......Page 378
Relation between orienting and forelimb kinetics......Page 379
Summary and comment......Page 382
References......Page 383
Smooth-gaze tracking system: smooth-pursuit and vergence eye movements......Page 385
Gaze-velocity and retinal image slip-velocity signals in the caudal FEF......Page 388
Predictive response of pursuit neurons in the caudal FEF......Page 389
Vergence-velocity signals in the caudal FEF......Page 390
Chemical deactivation of the caudal FEF impairs smooth-gaze tracking......Page 391
Concluding thoughts......Page 393
References......Page 394
Experimental features......Page 396
Cross-striolar inhibition in the saccular system......Page 398
Comment......Page 399
Conclusions......Page 401
References......Page 402
Introduction......Page 403
Morphology of single CST and other long, descending motor-tract axons......Page 404
The axonal trajectories of single vestibulospinal axons......Page 405
Convergent patterns of input from the semicircular canals to neck motoneurons......Page 407
Innervation patterns of single MVST axons......Page 409
Summary......Page 411
References......Page 412
Introduction......Page 414
Anatomical substrate for spatiotemporal transformations.........Page 415
Anatomical heterogeneity of orienting-related tectal efferent neurons......Page 418
Tectal control of movements with different kinematic properties......Page 420
Anatomical and functional heterogeneity of reticular formation neurons .........Page 423
Conclusions......Page 426
References......Page 428
Introduction......Page 430
Execution of saccadic eye movements......Page 431
Arousal and attention......Page 432
Cognitive processes......Page 433
References......Page 435
Introduction......Page 439
Some technical details on rabies transneuronal transport......Page 440
Third-order projections to M1 and Area 46......Page 441
Input–output coupling......Page 444
An open-loop circuit......Page 445
Summary and conclusions......Page 447
References......Page 448
Circuitry......Page 450
The new model......Page 451
Future issues......Page 453
References......Page 454
Introduction: motor areas of the cerebral cortex......Page 456
Reorganization of cortical motor areas following a cortical lesion in the monkey......Page 458
Plasticity of the motor cortex in the human......Page 460
Rehabilitation and functional recovery......Page 461
References......Page 462
Introduction......Page 465
Behavioral task......Page 466
Experimental paradigm......Page 468
Perturbation effects on the arm-reaching movement......Page 469
Behavior of Area 5 versus 4 neurons during the perturbation trials......Page 471
Trajectory compensation versus stiffness regulation......Page 474
Comment......Page 475
Concluding thoughts......Page 476
References......Page 477
Introduction: from manual skills of the pebble culture to present artistic skills......Page 479
Higher-order skills are controlled by a memory-based feedforward model .........Page 480
Interactions between limbs and the occurrence of phase transitions .........Page 481
Coordinative rules in a bimanual drawer-opening task: experiments on the monkey......Page 483
Bimanual coordination during a drawer-opening task: experiments on the human......Page 485
Cerebellar dysfunction......Page 486
Congenital and acquired callosal damage......Page 487
Bimanual coordination and its neural representation......Page 488
Conclusions and future trends......Page 489
References......Page 490
Overview of studies characterizing the PMd and PMv......Page 494
Specification of target-choice and effector-choice in PMd versus PMv......Page 495
Functional specialization in PMd and PMv......Page 497
References......Page 498
Introduction......Page 499
Update on the egocentric/allocentric dichotomy......Page 500
Prefrontal lesions selectively disrupt egocentric performance......Page 501
Neuronal activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex......Page 502
Conclusions......Page 504
References......Page 505
Subject Index......Page 507